RIICCM205E Carry Out Manual Excavation

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RIICCM205E Carry Out Manual Excavation

Reference Material

August, 2016 — J/N 9327-4G — © www.pertrain.com.au Page i

Carry Out Manual Excavation

Contents1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1

2. Operator Obligations ........................................................................................................................... 2

2.1 Comply with Legislation and Site Procedures .......................................................................... 2

2.1.1 Environmental Legislation ........................................................................................ 4

2.2 Safety Obligations .................................................................................................................... 4

2.3 Meet Quality Requirements ..................................................................................................... 5

3. Civil Construction Techniques ............................................................................................................. 5

3.1 Geological Information ............................................................................................................. 6

3.2 Basic Principles of Soil Technology .......................................................................................... 6

3.2.1 Visual and Feel Moisture Test .................................................................................. 7

3.2.2 Compaction and Swell ............................................................................................. 8

3.3 Levelling ................................................................................................................................... 9

3.4 Survey Information ................................................................................................................... 9

3.4.1 Plans, Drawings and Maps .................................................................................... 10

4. Plan and Prepare for Operations ...................................................................................................... 13

4.1 AttendWorkBriefings ............................................................................................................ 13

4.1.1 Job Requirements ................................................................................................. 14

4.1.2 Site and Task Procedures ...................................................................................... 14

4.2 Interpret Information and Plan Work ..................................................................................... 14

4.3 Conduct Site Safety Inspections ............................................................................................ 15

4.4 Exclusion Zone ...................................................................................................................... 15

5. Work with Others ............................................................................................................................... 16

5.1 Communication ...................................................................................................................... 16

5.1.1 Verbal Communication ........................................................................................... 16

5.1.2 Written Communication .......................................................................................... 17

5.1.3 Signals ................................................................................................................... 18

6. Safety ................................................................................................................................................ 19

6.1 Safety and Health Management System ............................................................................... 19

6.2 Safe Work Method Statements .............................................................................................. 19

6.3 Permit to Work Systems ......................................................................................................... 19

6.3.1 Excavation Permit or Permit to Dig ........................................................................ 20

6.4 Signage .................................................................................................................................. 20

6.5 TrafficManagement ............................................................................................................... 21

6.6 Barricades and Tape .............................................................................................................. 23

CARRY OUT MANUAL EXCAVATION

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6.6.1 Demarcation Tape .................................................................................................. 23

6.6.2 Barricades .............................................................................................................. 23

6.7 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ................................................................................... 24

6.8 Manual Handling .................................................................................................................... 25

7. Hazards ............................................................................................................................................. 26

7.1 HazardIdentification .............................................................................................................. 26

7.1.1 Job Safety Analysis ................................................................................................ 27

7.1.2 Hazard Report ........................................................................................................ 27

7.1.3 Types of Hazards ................................................................................................... 28

7.1.4 Underground Service Hazards ............................................................................... 28

7.2 Hazard Control Options ......................................................................................................... 30

7.3 Noise ...................................................................................................................................... 31

7.4 Dust and Fumes ..................................................................................................................... 31

7.5 Housekeeping ........................................................................................................................ 32

7.6 Hazardous Chemicals ............................................................................................................ 32

7.6.1 Safety Data Sheets ................................................................................................ 32

8. Select and Evaluate Equipment for the Job ...................................................................................... 33

8.1 Selecting Tools and Equipment for Manual Excavation ......................................................... 34

8.2 Perform Equipment Checks and Inspections ......................................................................... 34

9. Locate and Identify Underground Services ....................................................................................... 35

9.1 Types of Underground Services ............................................................................................. 35

9.1.1 Underground Service Codes .................................................................................. 36

9.2 Identifying Underground Services .......................................................................................... 36

9.2.1 Dial Before You Dig ................................................................................................ 36

9.2.2 Secondary Sources of Information ......................................................................... 37

9.2.3 Underground Services No-Go Zone ....................................................................... 38

9.2.4 Underground Services Burial Depth ....................................................................... 38

9.3 Locating Underground Services ............................................................................................. 39

9.3.1 Contact Site Owners and Service Providers .......................................................... 39

9.3.2 Underground Service Markers ............................................................................... 40

10. Perform Manual Excavation Tasks .................................................................................................... 40

10.1 Site Inspection ....................................................................................................................... 40

10.2 Using Shovels and Spades to Excavate ................................................................................ 41

10.3 Post Hole Excavation ............................................................................................................. 42

10.3.1 Preparing to Dig Post Holes ................................................................................... 42

10.3.2 Digging Post Holes ................................................................................................. 43

10.3.3 Installing Posts into the Holes ................................................................................ 43

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10.4 Using Concreting Tools and Equipment ................................................................................. 44

10.4.1 Jack Hammer ......................................................................................................... 44

10.5 Manual Excavation of Pits and Trenches ............................................................................... 45

10.5.1 Marking Out an Excavation Site ............................................................................. 46

10.5.2 Depth and Grade .................................................................................................... 46

10.5.3 Spoil Management ................................................................................................. 47

10.6 Damage to Services ............................................................................................................... 47

11. Excavation Safety ............................................................................................................................. 48

11.1 Working Safely ...................................................................................................................... 48

11.2 Access and Egress ................................................................................................................ 49

11.3 Excavation Support Methods ................................................................................................. 49

11.3.1 Shoring ................................................................................................................... 50

11.3.2 Benching and Battering .......................................................................................... 51

11.4 Excavation Failure Indications ............................................................................................... 52

11.5 Complete and Isolate the Excavation .................................................................................... 52

12. Environmental Conditions ................................................................................................................. 53

12.1 Hot, Dry and Dusty Conditions ............................................................................................... 53

12.2 Rainy, Wet and Muddy Conditions ......................................................................................... 53

12.3 Poor Visibility Conditions and Working at Night ..................................................................... 53

13. Responding to Emergency Situations ............................................................................................... 54

13.1 Emergency Response ............................................................................................................ 54

13.2 Fire ......................................................................................................................................... 54

13.3 Spills ...................................................................................................................................... 55

13.4 First Aid .................................................................................................................................. 55

13.5 Evacuation Procedures .......................................................................................................... 55

14. Post Operational Tasks ..................................................................................................................... 56

14.1 Maintenance of Plant and Equipment .................................................................................... 56

14.2 Storing Tools, Plant and Equipment ....................................................................................... 57

14.3 Work Area Clean-up ............................................................................................................... 58

14.3.1 Hazardous Chemical Disposal ............................................................................... 58

14.4 End of Shift Reports ............................................................................................................... 59

15. Completing Your Training Program ................................................................................................... 59

15.1 Formal Assessment Process ................................................................................................ 59

16. Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 59

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Disclaimer

This resource has been developed after extensive consultation with industry partners. It is a collaborative view

anddoesnotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewofanyspecificbody.Forthesakeofbeingconcise,itmayomit

factors that could be pertinent in particular cases. This product is meant for educational purposes only and is not

a substitute or replacement for the workplace's existing policy and procedures.

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August, 2016 — J/N 9327-4G — © www.pertrain.com.au Page 1


1. Introduction This training resource is provided to introduce you to the obligations you have to work safely when carrying out manual excavations. It also outlines the ways in which you can improve safety by applying personal and operational safety measures.

This resource contains information that will assist you to:

• plan and prepare for manual excavation

• access and apply site safety procedures

• dig small excavations by hand

• complete excavation activities

• perform housekeeping activities.

NOTE This training resource is a guide only. Always follow your site standard operating procedures when performing work.

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2. Operator ObligationsYou have an obligation to ensure the safety and health of yourself and others and to protect the environment in which you work.

The following actions will help you to do this.

• Ensurethatyouarephysicallyandmentallyfitforworkbeforestarting any job.

• Comply with your organisation's Code of Conduct on how you interact with others, for example, no bullying, discrimination, unethical or unsafe behaviour.

• Donotattemptanytaskunlessyouarequalifiedandauthorisedto perform the task.

• Make sure that you have the required licences and permits to perform your work and that they are current. Advise your supervisor immediately if you lose your licence or permit.

• Select, check and use the correct personal protective equipment (PPE). Make sure that the PPEfitsproperlyandissuitableforthetask.

• Identify and report unsafe conditions, activities, incidents or near misses to your supervisor or safety representative.

• Report damaged or defective equipment for repair.

• Usemanualtoolswithinmanufacturerspecificationsandlimitationsandaccordingtositeprocedures.

• Use your site lock and tag system.

• Adhere to site environmental guidelines to prevent damage to the natural environment and designated heritage sites.

2.1 Comply with Legislation and Site ProceduresDuringyourgeneralandsitespecificinductionsyouwouldhavebeenfamiliarised with organisational and site policies and procedures. These have been developed in accordance with legislation and are designed to ensure that work is undertaken safely.

Gather and read all relevant documents and procedures for the task that you are doing. Ensure that you understand the documents and how they apply to your work.

The general hierarchy of statutory and organisational compliance documentation is shown in the following table.

HERE‛S TO A SAFEDAY‛S WORK !

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6.3.1 Excavation Permit or Permit to Dig

A Permit to Dig or an Excavation permit is required before any digging, excavation or trenching can take place. It is important that you know the location of utility services in the work area.

The services that could be damaged during excavation work include:

• gas

• water

• electricity

• communications

• sewage

• drainage.

An authorised person will be appointed to be responsible for the excavation. They will ensure that the requirements of the permit are complied with during the work.

If you damage any services, immediately notify your supervisor or the person responsible for the job.

6.4 SignageA sign displays a distinct message about how to protect personnel from exposure to hazards. A sign displaying a safety message carries the same authority as a direct instruction from your supervisor. Failure to obey a sign can result in disciplinary action, injury or death.

The following table displays a sample of each type of sign along with a brief description.

Description Example Description Example

Mandatory Signs

Indicate an instruction that must be carried out.

Prohibitory Signs

Indicate an action or activity that is not permitted.

Warning Signs

Indicate a hazard or hazardous condition that is not likely to be life threatening.

Danger Signs

Warn of a hazard or hazardous condition that is likely to be life threatening.

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EXCAVATION PERMITINITIATOR NAME W/O

DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION OF JOS P/N

ENGINEERINGLOCATION DRAWING AVAILABLE FOR SERVICES OUTLINED BELOW YES NO

NAME SIGNATURE DATE MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL SERVICE CHECKED SERVICE CHECKED YES NO YES NO

FIRE WATER LINE 11 Kv

WATER LINE 3.3 KV

AIR LINE 415 Volts

SEWER 240 Volts

DRAIN EXISTING OPTICS

SERVICE LINES EXISTING PABX

OVERHEAD HAZARDS EXISTING EARTHS

CATHODIC PROTECTION

OVERHEAD HAZARDS

HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE SOUGHT HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE SOUGHTCONDITIONS

I DETECTION OF ANY RADIATING 50Hz SIGNAL WITH C.A.T. SERIAL No CD338888 REQUIRED

2 EXCAVATION BY HAND ONLY

3 SUPERVISION "ESSENTIAL" FOR THE DURATION OF EXCAVATION

4 ELECTRICAL ISOLATION REQUIRED

5

6

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10MECHANICAL INSPECTION ELECTRICAL INSPECTION

NAME NAME

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

DATE DATE

NAME: SIGNATURE: DATE:

NAME SIGNATURE DATE

RESPONSIBLE ENGINEER

INITIATORPROCEED WITH CAUTION AS UNIDENTIFIED HAZARDS MAY BE ENCOUNTERED!

SAFETY FOOTWEARMUST BE WORN

IN THIS AREA

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SMOKINGPROHIBITED

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SLIPPERYSURFACE

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DANGER

EXPLOSIVE POWEREDTOOL IN USEKEEP CLEAR

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Description Example Description Example

Emergency Information Signs

Indicate the location of, or direction to, emergency related facilities such as exits, safety equipment or firstaidfacilities.

Fire Related Signs

Indicate the location offirealarmsandfirefightingequipmentand facilities.

Traffic Signs

Indicate speed limits, road conditions and road rules.

Hazard and barrier tape temporarily identifiessafetyhazards,ordefinesanarea into which you should not enter.

Demarcation tape is used to permanently definetheboundariesof areas

NOTE Signs are placed for your protection. Always keep signs clean and in good condition. Do not remove a sign unless you are authorised to do so.

6.5 Traffic ManagementTrafficmanagementattheworksiteisessentialtocontroltraffichazardsandensuresafework.Thepurposeoftrafficmanagementistomovepeopleandvehiclesthroughoraroundtheworksiteassafelyandefficientlyaspossible.

Hazardsassociatedwithworkingneartrafficinclude:

• closeproximityofworkerstoroadtraffic

• hightrafficvolumes

• motorists approaching at high speed and/or with limited visibility of the work

• mobile plant and equipment on site

• reduced visibility due to shade, light and glare throughout the day

• parked vehicles, plant and equipment.

Thesiteorprojecttrafficmanagementplanassists personnel to manage risks and documents information about the control measures.

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Traffic Controller in Front of Work Area



Thetrafficmanagementplanmayincludedetailsof:

• required pedestrian and vehicle movements during the work

• interaction between mobile plant, vehicles and pedestrians

• trafficcontrols,includingbarricades,signageandwalkways

• rolesandresponsibilitiesoftrafficmanagementpersonnel

• instructionsfortrafficcontrol

• emergency procedures.

NOTE Refertoyoursiteproceduresandthetrafficmanagementplanforthecontrolsthatmust be applied.

Acontractormaybehiredtomanagetrafficandimplementtherequiredcontrols.Ensurethatyouunderstandthetrafficcontrolresponsibilitiesandauthoritiesforyoursite.

Yourroleintrafficmanagementincludesthefollowing.

• Wear appropriate high visibility clothing.

• Coordinate with all personnel involved.

• Identifyandobtainthesignagerequirementsfromthesitetrafficmanagementplan.

• Erectsigns,barricadesandothertrafficcontrolsaccordingtoyoursiteproceduresandthetrafficmanagementplan.

• Maintainadequateseparationbetweentrafficandtheworkarea.• Obey site speed limits, and observe the requirements for overtaking and giving way on site.• Use vehicle mounted warning signs and lights to increase work vehicle visibility.• Useshadowvehiclesand/ortruckmountedsignalstoalertoncomingtrafficofworkactivities.• Refertothepolicetrafficcoordinatorsforroadtrafficenforcementarrangements.• Observe the site parking regulations. Where possible make sure that work vehicles are parked

inlocationsawayfrompassingtraffic,forexampleonsideorserviceroads,inbreakdownbays,or behind guard rails. Only the driver of a parked vehicle should remain in the vehicle, and then onlyifthevehicleisperformingtrafficcontrol.

NOTE You must obtain approval from the relevant authority before working on or adjacent to a public road.

Cone Barrier Barrier Fence



6.6 Barricades and TapeDemarcationtapeandbarricadesidentifieshazardsordefinesanareaintowhichyoushouldnotenter.

6.6.1 Demarcation Tape

Areas where demarcation tape is used may include:

• clearance areas where automatic movement of machinery creates a safety hazard

• clear access areas where accesstofiresuppressionequipment, exits etc should be available at all times

• set-down areas where materials or equipment may safely be put down and left

• safe areas such as walkways and shoulders.

6.6.2 Barricades

Use barricades to indicate restricted access into areas that contain holes, excavations, openings or areas in which a danger from falling objects is present. Anyone who creates a hole, opening or is working at height, is responsible for erecting a barricade.

CAUTION Do not enter a barricaded area without authorisation.

Hazard Colour Codes

YELLOW AND BLACK

Danger: no access allowed

Caution: area may be entered but use caution

or

RED AND WHITE

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9.3 Locating Underground ServicesInformation provided by service providers and other sources is compiled on a site service plan. The plan does not indicate the precise location and depth of the buried cables or pipes, but is a guide to locating the services on the ground.

Locate underground services following these steps.

1. Contact all concerned parties, for example service providers.

2. Determine the location of the buried services on the ground using the available information and mark with survey pegs.

3. Dig potholes to determine the exact location, alignment, depth and grade of the services.

4. Mark out the exact location of the underground services.

5. Based on this information, mark the excavation zone and determine the equipment required for the excavation or other job.

9.3.1 Contact Site Owners and Service Providers

The address and contact numbers of all concerned parties should be obtained during the information gathering process. Contact site land owners by telephone or in writing before excavating on the land. Provide information on the following:

• scope of the project

• estimated environmental or other disturbances

• operations schedule

• contact numbers.

Service providers may require that one of their employees is available during the exposure of their service conduits to monitor or give advice on excavation procedures and shoring requirements. Contact service providers in writing or by telephone as soon as the excavation schedule is known to give them enough time to respond accordingly.

Urban Site Stormwater Plan

Stormwater Line

North

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Urban Site Stormwater Plan



10.5.1 Marking Out an Excavation Site

Consult the plan and drawings at the site to determine where the excavation should be marked out. Mark the boundaries of the excavation clearly using standard survey pegs, pins or tape.

Construction Site Pegs and Markers

Pegs and markers are used to indicate proposed construction area work and ensure that construction qualityrequirementsaremet,suchasdimensions,tolerancesandtechnicalspecifications.

• Markers are placed by engineers and surveyors, who identify locations using site drawings and survey equipment.

• Surveyors refer to a bench mark, which is a wooden or steel pin that is tied into a grid that indicates location and elevation.

• Survey and other reference control pegs are marked with information relating to the construction activity.

• Construction site survey pegs are coloured white, with a red top for easy visibility and identification.

• Instructions, chainage and other measurements are written on the pegs.

Excavation Offset Pegs

Excavation offset pegs are used where nearby construction activity may disturb the excavation pegs or markers. In this case, there are two ways of marking out the excavation area.

A. Offset pegs 5 metres to one side of the excavation at half metre intervals.

B. Offset pegs at regular intervals 100mm away from the excavation and joined by a string line.

10.5.2 Depth and Grade

Maintainthecorrectgradeinanexcavationsuchasatrenchtoensurecorrectwaterflow.

• If pipes are to be laid, keep the grade uniform along the entire length of the pipeline to prevent ponding at the pipe joints.

• The trench depth determines whether support and stabilisation are required to minimise the risk of collapse.

• A trench deeper than 1.5 metres deep will require support/stabilisation but this may vary depending on the nature of the soil.

• Thestabilisationmethodwilldeterminetheprofileofthetrench.

Survey Reference Peg MarkersSurvey Reference Peg Markers

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FACING

Cut to 2.35 m at the Centre Line

The Centre Line is 5.0 m from this peg

C2.35

5.0m

CL

C2.35

5.0m

BACK VIEW

This peg is 50 m from the start of

construction

50.0

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Excavatio Offset Pegs

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EXCAVATION

Offset Pegs

5 m 5 m

A

EXCAVATION

Offset Pegs String

100 mmB

Excavation Offset Pegs



11.2 Access and EgressA safe means of access and egress must be provided at all times when personnel are working in a trench or excavation.

• If ladders are used, they:

- must not be spaced more than nine metres apart

- should extend at least one metre above the top of the excavation.• Gangways and walkways are required for access across a trench or excavation.

• Toe boards and guard rails must be supplied if the drop is more than two metres.

A ladder, stairway or ramp must be used for personnel access to a trench excavation deeper than 1 metre. Ladders, stairways or ramps must not be positioned less than 30 metres apart. Personnel must not gain access to, or leave, a trench by climbing over shoring.

11.3 Excavation Support MethodsTrenches and other excavations deeper than 1.5 metres require the implementation of collapse control measures. Collapse control measures may have to be installed in shallower excavations in poor ground conditions. A major hazard when working in or around pits and trenches is the possibility of collapse, causing engulfment and injury or death due to suffocation.

Follow these general guidelines to minimise the risks associated with pit or trench collapse.

• Shore up the excavation.

• Keep spoil and materials a minimum of 1.5m from the edge of the excavation.

• Chock pipes or other underground structures with wedges.

• Isolate upstream and downstream water sources.

• Monitor the site constantly.

You must know the principal methods to control the risk of collapse, so that you can ensure your personal safety as you work, especially if you are working in a deep trench. The material to be excavatedinfluencesthetypeoftrenchsupportsystemselected.

There are three principal methods to control the risk of collapse:

• shoring

• benching

• battering.

Access/Egress Ladder

Ladder1 m

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Trench Shoring

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Terms and AcronymsThe following are terms commonly used on some sites. Space is provided over the page for you to add terms and acronyms common to your site.

Term Meaning

Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

A risk management process that focuses on job tasks to identify potential hazards, assess risks and determine suitable controls to manage risks.

A JSA:

• must be completed before a high risk task commences

• is a written record that could be used in a court of law if a serious incident occurs in the workplace

• must be signed off by all parties who have responsibility for the work to be performed under the JSA.

Also called a Job Step Analysis (JSA), Job Safety and Environment Analysis (JSEA) or Job Hazard Analysis (JHA).

Permits Permits are required for certain jobs that have high risk potential. Some permits used on work sites include Hot Work Permit, Permit to Dig/Penetrate,ConfinedSpaceandWorkatHeightsPermits.

Site Procedures Site procedures are documented ways of working to achieve an acceptable level of risk. A procedure can be a Standard Work Procedure (SWP), Safe Work Instruction (SWI) or Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). Procedures are a legal requirement and outline the workplace method and processes for carrying out tasks safely and in an environmentally sustainable way. Procedures are developed after consultation with workers and are monitored and amended as required. Procedures contain detailed information such as:

• a description of the task

• a list of tools and equipment required

• informationonidentifiedhazardsassociatedwiththetask

• risk controls, including training requirements

• sequentialstepstoperformthetasksafelyandefficiently

• references to applicable workplace health and safety acts, regulations and policies.

Safe Work Method Statement (SWMS)

A SWMS documents a process for identifying and controlling health and safety hazards and risks. A SWMS must be prepared for all high-risk activities and contains detailed information such as:

• the type of high risk work to be performed

• associated hazards and risks

• risk management controls to be put in place

• how the risk controls will be implemented, monitored and reviewed.



Supporting Document RegisterUse this register to note the location of important supporting documentation such as your site operating and safety procedures, work instructions, relevant standards, equipment manuals and safety alerts/bulletins.

Document Name Document Description Location/How to Access Document

P +61 7 5445 2233 F +61 7 5445 2245

E [email protected]

PostalPO Box 713

Buderim Qld 4556Australia

Office8 Ure Court

Buderim Qld 4556Australia

Copyright © 2014 Pertrain Pty Limited. All rights reserved.

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RIICCM205E Carry Out Manual Excavation