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Rise of Fascism. Mussolini & Hitler. Fascism. As a result of the post-WWI economic & political problems, U.S., Britain, France, & Scandinavia maintained democratic gov’ts Others turned to various totalitarian rulers to strengthen their country and economy. What does fascism mean?. Fascism. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Rise of FascismRise of Fascism
Mussolini & HitlerMussolini & Hitler
FascismFascism
As a result of the post-WWI As a result of the post-WWI economic & political problems, U.S., economic & political problems, U.S., Britain, France, & Scandinavia Britain, France, & Scandinavia maintained democratic gov’tsmaintained democratic gov’ts Others turned to various totalitarian Others turned to various totalitarian
rulers to strengthen their country and rulers to strengthen their country and economyeconomy
What does fascism What does fascism mean?mean?
FascismFascism
FascismFascism—new, militant political —new, militant political movement that emphasized loyalty movement that emphasized loyalty to state & obedience to rulerto state & obedience to ruler
What fascism promisedWhat fascism promised Revive economiesRevive economies Punish those responsible for hard timesPunish those responsible for hard times Restore national prideRestore national pride Repair damage of Treaty of VersaillesRepair damage of Treaty of Versailles
FascismFascism CharacteristicsCharacteristics
No clearly defined No clearly defined theorytheory
Preached extreme Preached extreme nationalismnationalism
Believed that nations Believed that nations must strugglemust struggle
Pledged loyalty to Pledged loyalty to authoritarian leadersauthoritarian leaders
Leaders wore Leaders wore uniforms, had salutes, uniforms, had salutes, held ralliesheld rallies
FascismFascism Fascism & Communism Fascism & Communism
ComparisonComparison Both ruled by dictators w/ 1 Both ruled by dictators w/ 1
party ruleparty rule Both thought state was Both thought state was
supremesupreme Neither practiced democracyNeither practiced democracy Fascist believed each class Fascist believed each class
had its place; communists had its place; communists believed it should be a believed it should be a classless societyclassless society
Aristocrats v. workersAristocrats v. workers Fascists were nationalists, Fascists were nationalists,
communists were communists were internationalistsinternationalists
Mussolini’s Rise to Mussolini’s Rise to Power Power
Benito Mussolini’s RiseBenito Mussolini’s Rise Fascism was fueled by disappointment over Treaty of Fascism was fueled by disappointment over Treaty of
VersaillesVersailles Rising inflation & high unemployment contributed to Rising inflation & high unemployment contributed to
social unrestsocial unrest Middle & upper classes feared a communist Middle & upper classes feared a communist
revolutionrevolution Mussolini founded Fascist Party in 1919Mussolini founded Fascist Party in 1919
Promised to revive economy, provide strong leadershipPromised to revive economy, provide strong leadership Began attacking socialists & communists on streetsBegan attacking socialists & communists on streets
October 1922…30,000 fascists marched on Rome to October 1922…30,000 fascists marched on Rome to demand King Emmanuel III name Mussolini Prime demand King Emmanuel III name Mussolini Prime MinisterMinister
Fearing a civil war, King appointed him new head of gov’tFearing a civil war, King appointed him new head of gov’t
Mussolini’s Rise to Mussolini’s Rise to PowerPower
Il Duce’s Leadership (Mussolini)Il Duce’s Leadership (Mussolini) Abolished democracy & outlawed all Abolished democracy & outlawed all
parties but fascistsparties but fascists Secret police jailed opponentsSecret police jailed opponents Gov’t forced radios and publications to Gov’t forced radios and publications to
broadcast fascist doctrinesbroadcast fascist doctrines Strengthened Italy’s economyStrengthened Italy’s economy Became model of fascism to comeBecame model of fascism to come
QuestionsQuestions
How did Mussolini maintain power How did Mussolini maintain power in Italy?in Italy?
How did Mussolini gain power in How did Mussolini gain power in Italy?Italy?
Why was Mussolini able to gain Why was Mussolini able to gain power in Italy?power in Italy?
Hitler Controls GermanyHitler Controls Germany
Hitler before NazisHitler before Nazis Little known political Little known political
leader born in Austria in leader born in Austria in 18891889
High school drop-out, High school drop-out, failed artist, WWI German failed artist, WWI German soldier…won 2 Iron soldier…won 2 Iron Crosses for BraveryCrosses for Bravery
Moved to Munich after Moved to Munich after war to join a right wing war to join a right wing political group…later to political group…later to become Nazisbecome Nazis
Hitler Controls GermanyHitler Controls Germany Hitler & the NazisHitler & the Nazis
Overturn Treaty of Versailles and stop Overturn Treaty of Versailles and stop communismcommunism
Munich group was known as National Socialist Munich group was known as National Socialist German Worker’s Party (Nazi)German Worker’s Party (Nazi)
Favored policies of middle classFavored policies of middle class Adopted swastika, hooked crossAdopted swastika, hooked cross
Means “well-being” in Sanskrit…ancient good luck Means “well-being” in Sanskrit…ancient good luck symbolsymbol
Formed private militia called stormtroopers or Formed private militia called stormtroopers or “brownshirts”“brownshirts”
Hitler became Hitler became der Fuhrerder Fuhrer, the leader, of Nazi , the leader, of Nazi PartyParty
Tried to seize power in Munich, similar to Tried to seize power in Munich, similar to Mussolini, in 1923Mussolini, in 1923
Failed & was arrested for treason, serving 9 months Failed & was arrested for treason, serving 9 months of a 5 year sentenceof a 5 year sentence
Brown ShirtsBrown Shirts
Hitler Controls GermanyHitler Controls Germany
Hitler & NazisHitler & Nazis Wrote Wrote Mein KampfMein Kampf, “My Struggle” in prison, , “My Struggle” in prison,
mapping out his beliefs and goals for Germanymapping out his beliefs and goals for Germany Declared “Aryan”, blond-haired & blue eyed, the master Declared “Aryan”, blond-haired & blue eyed, the master
racerace Non-Aryans were inferior sub-humansNon-Aryans were inferior sub-humans
Was outraged by Treaty of Versailles, vowed to regain Was outraged by Treaty of Versailles, vowed to regain lands lost by itlands lost by it
Declared that Germany was overcrowded, vowed to gain Declared that Germany was overcrowded, vowed to gain space by conquering E. Europe & W. Russiaspace by conquering E. Europe & W. Russia
Revived Nazi Party in 1924Revived Nazi Party in 1924 Depression takes hold w/ Germans turning to Depression takes hold w/ Germans turning to
Hitler to gain controlHitler to gain control
Mein KampfMein Kampf
Hitler Controls GermanyHitler Controls Germany Hitler Becomes ChancellorHitler Becomes Chancellor
Nazis had become largest political party by 1932Nazis had become largest political party by 1932 Conservatives believed he was easily controllableConservatives believed he was easily controllable
Asked President Paul von Hindenburg to name him Chancellor…Asked President Paul von Hindenburg to name him Chancellor…gaining power legallygaining power legally
Called for new parliamentary elections hoping to gain majority Called for new parliamentary elections hoping to gain majority controlcontrol
Reichstag burns down a few days before…Nazis blamed Reichstag burns down a few days before…Nazis blamed CommunistsCommunists
Fear of Communism gave Nazis majorityFear of Communism gave Nazis majority Hitler had Enabling Act passedHitler had Enabling Act passed
Granted him dictatorial powers for 4 yearsGranted him dictatorial powers for 4 years Hitler banned all other political parties, having opponents Hitler banned all other political parties, having opponents
arrestedarrested Created SS, protection squad loyal to only HitlerCreated SS, protection squad loyal to only Hitler Gestapo, secret police, shocked w/ brutal force into obedienceGestapo, secret police, shocked w/ brutal force into obedience
GestapoGestapo
Hitler Controls GermanyHitler Controls Germany
Hitler takes control of EconomyHitler takes control of Economy Bans labor unions, gov’t control of labor Bans labor unions, gov’t control of labor
& business& business Put Germans to work building factories, Put Germans to work building factories,
highways, weapons, serving in militaryhighways, weapons, serving in military Decreased unemployment Decreased unemployment
Hitler Controls GermanyHitler Controls Germany
Der FuhrerDer Fuhrer Hitler became totalitarian, controlling Hitler became totalitarian, controlling
everything everything Used propaganda…radio, press Used propaganda…radio, press
literature, filmsliterature, films Burned booksBurned books Churches couldn’t criticizeChurches couldn’t criticize Children joined Hitler Youth programsChildren joined Hitler Youth programs Heavily influenced by Social DarwinismHeavily influenced by Social Darwinism
Hitler Controls GermanyHitler Controls Germany Campaign against JewsCampaign against Jews
Anti-Semitism—hatred for JewsAnti-Semitism—hatred for Jews Jews represented less than 1% of population Jews represented less than 1% of population
but were blamed for all of Germany’s illsbut were blamed for all of Germany’s ills Jew were stereotyped as the evil bankers causing Jew were stereotyped as the evil bankers causing
all the economic problemsall the economic problems Nuremburg Laws, 1933Nuremburg Laws, 1933
Nazi laws depriving Jews of their rights, Nazi laws depriving Jews of their rights, sparking violencesparking violence
KristallnachtKristallnacht—Night of Broken Glass—Nov. —Night of Broken Glass—Nov. 9, 1933, Nazi mobs attacked Jewish homes, 9, 1933, Nazi mobs attacked Jewish homes, stores, churchesstores, churches
KristallnachtKristallnacht
Other Dictators Other Dictators WorldwideWorldwide
Dictators arose in Czechoslovakia, Dictators arose in Czechoslovakia, Soviet Union, Spain, AustriaSoviet Union, Spain, Austria
World split into democracies & World split into democracies & totalitarians totalitarians
QuestionsQuestions
1.1. Why did a movement like fascism, and Why did a movement like fascism, and leaders like Mussolini and Hitler, come to leaders like Mussolini and Hitler, come to power during a period of crisis?power during a period of crisis?
2.2. Compare and contrast Hitler & Mussolini. Compare and contrast Hitler & Mussolini. Their rise to power, their way of governing, Their rise to power, their way of governing, their control mechanisms, their economic their control mechanisms, their economic reforms.reforms.
3.3. Compare and contrast fascism & Compare and contrast fascism & communism.communism.
4.4. Which countries maintained democracies? Which countries maintained democracies? Lost?Lost?
QuestionsQuestions
Who was Il Duce?Who was Il Duce? Who was Who was Der FuhrerDer Fuhrer?? What was What was KristallnachtKristallnacht? ? How did Hitler & Mussolini maintain How did Hitler & Mussolini maintain
power?power? What was What was Mein KampfMein Kampf about? about?