Rise of Nation States

Foundations of Modern European Boundaries & Countries

How did we get here?

The answer to the question lies in our past

during the HIGH MIDDLE AGES!

Characteristics of the New Monarchies

Characteristics of the New Monarchies

1. They offered the institution of monarchy as a guarantee of law and order.

2. They proclaimed that hereditary monarchy was the legitimate form of public power all should accept this without resistance.

3. They enlisted the support of the middle class in the towns tired of the local power of feudal nobles.

4. They would have to get their monarchies sufficiently organized & their finances into reliable order.

Characteristics of the New Monarchies

Characteristics of the New Monarchies

5. They would break down the mass of feudal, inherited, customary, or “common” law in which the rights of the feudal classes were entrenched.

6. The kings would MAKE law, enact it by his own authority, regardless of previous custom or historic liberties What pleases the prince has the force of law!

What forces Unified or Blocked Unification for Each

Country?

NATIONALISM

• 1. a sentiment based on common cultural characteristics that binds a population and often produces a policy of national independence or separatism

• 2. loyalty or devotion to one's country; patriotism

England stability under the Tudors

France consolidation of power.

Spain unification by marriage.

Russia Vikings make Moscow. Ivan the Terrible rules with an Iron Fist.

Italy unification denied by outside forces and the Vatican/Pope.

HR Empire different model: the cost of decentralization.

Ottoman Empire Turks conqueror Constantinople laying foundation for modern Turkey.

ENGLAND

England• Anglo-Saxons had been in

control of England since about the 5th century

• Their last King was Edward the confessor.

• In 1051 Edward the Confessor promised William Duke of Normandy that he would name him the heir to the throne of England.

• However When Edward dies in 1066 the witenagemot (an Anglo-Saxon council of 100 nobles that advise the King), chose Harold of Wessex to be the new King

The Norman Conquest!

Norman = Normandy

Norseman = Vikings

The Battle of Hastings

• Occurred on 14 October 1066

• Hastings is located in Southeast England (see the red dot!)

• The battle was between William Duke of Normandy and Harold II King of England (formerly Harold of Wessex) The Battle of Hastings so a close fight. It was only by chance that Harold was killed before William, giving the Normans the victory.

• For some contemporaries of the battle the outcome was the result of divine will, rather than military prowess.

The Bayeux Tapestry

long embroidered cloth which depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England as well as the events of the invasion itself.

Harold II dies; William wins!

Harold gets shot through the eye with an arrow and dies! His troops flee at the sight of their fallen leader.

• The Bayeux Tapestry (an embroidered strip of linen) tells the story of William’s conquest of England.

• After his victory, William Duke of Normandy became known as William I of England.

• William is credited with kick-starting England into the phase known as Medieval England. He introduced modern castle building techniques and by his death in 1087, he had financially tied down many people with the Domesday Book.

William of England

• The Domesdays Book is the written record of a census and survey of English landowners and their property made by order of William the Conqueror in 1085–1086

• If you know who owns

what land… you can tax them!!!!

Henry II

• Strengthen the legal system throughout England

• Established Common Law

• Established Grand Jury and Petit Jury

Common Law

• The system of laws originated and developed in England and based on court decisions, on the doctrines implicit in those decisions, and on customs and usages rather than on codified written laws.

• Precedent: former court decision

Grand Jury

• A jury of 12 to 23 persons convened in private session to evaluate accusations against persons charged with crime and to determine whether the evidence warrants a bill of indictment.

• Normally done by Nobels.

Petit Jury

• a jury of 12 persons empanelled to determine the facts of a case and decide the issue pursuant to the direction of the court on points of law.

• Judged by your own Class of people

• a.k.a. “Jury of your peers”

Thomas à Becket

• Archbishop of Canterbury

• Quarreled with King over who had ultimate power: The Church or the King.

• Thomas à Becket believed the Pope had ultimate power.

• “Will no one rid me of [him.]”

• 4 Knights killed Thomas à Becket while praying.

Murder of Thomas à Becket

Eleanor of Aquitaine• Only woman ever to be both Queen of

England and Queen of France.

Eleanor: Queen of France

• She owned the large tract of land called Aquitaine in Southern France.

• Married for her land and wealth by King of France

Divorce / Annulment

• Queen could not produce a male heir

• She only produced two daughters

• King of France divorced her for…(His Creative Reason)… they were related!

• But in Reality it was because she could nor produce a son!

Consanguinity - Relatedness

Eleanor: Queen of England

• Married King Henry II.• Married for her land and

wealth.• She tried to overthrow

Henry II unsuccessfully• Imprisoned for 16 years• Freed when Henry Died• Ruled England as “Firm

but Fair” leader

• Caused England to own/hold French lands.

• Lead to the 100 Years War

Hundred Years War• We will talk about this later when we talk about French Nationalism.• Just know England Lost!

Richard I “The Lionhearted”

• Fought in the 3rd Crusade

• Was captured by Saladin

• Mother Eleanor ruled England as Reagent in his absence

• Ransomed and returned to England

King John (“Lackland”)

• Very Unpopular King

• Fought with everyone

• Lost many lands

• Chased into a barn and forced to sign the Magna Carta

• “A horse, a horse; my kingdom for a horse!”

Magna Carta• The Great Charter• Gave Due Process• Habeas Corpus• Guaranteed “No

Taxation without Representation”

• Gave some power back to the Nobles;

• Took away some of King’ s Power

Why is the Magna Carta Important?

• Established the foundations for Democracy.

• Creates a Limited Monarchy.

• Established Man’s Rights to certain Freedoms or Inalienable Rights

Parliament

• House of Commons

• House of Lords

• Model Parliament of 1295

• King could no longer tax without the consent of the people

Hundred Years War• Henry V fights for English land in

France.• He defeats a much larger force at the

Battle of Agincourt.• Extremely Popular!• Wins Battles, but loose the War!

“From this day to the ending of the world,But we in it shall be remembered-We few, we happy few, we band of brothers;For he to-day that sheds his blood with meShall be my brother!”

War of the Roses

• English Civil War

• No Clear Successor when King Died

• 2 different division of the family fought for control: the Lancaster and the York

The House of Lancaster

The House of York

Henry VII

• The House of Tudor

• Defeated Richard at the Battle of Bosworth Field.

• Strengthened his position by marrying Elizabeth of York, reuniting the two royal houses

Henry VIII• Wanted a Divorce from

1st Wife, but Pope would not grant it!

• Separated from the Catholic Church; made Anglican Church.

• Began Protestant branch of Christianity

Henry’s 7 Wives

Henry’s 7 Wives

Elizabeth I

• Virgin Queen

• Our State of Virginia was named after her

How did we get here? The Windsors

The Windsors

• Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was the original name… changed to Windsor during WW1 due to anti-German sentiment.

• Queen Victoria (1837-1901) married Prince Albert of Germany.

• Name/House changed due to Marriage (i.e. taking his name)

Enjoy the Wedding!

FRANCE

France• After the rule of

Charlemagne the Frankish Kingdom began to fail.

• His grandsons split the kingdom into 3 parts, this weakened their power.

• By the 890’s (not even 100’s after Charlemagne’s death) The Carolingian Dynasty was under attack

• From 893 to 987 the throne bounced back and forth between the Carolingians and the descendants of Robert the Strong.

• In 987 Hugh Capet became king and his direct descendents would rule France until 1328 with the death of Charles IV

• This became known as the Capetian Dynasty

• The Valois and Bourbon (Louis XIV!) dynasties were actually related branches of the original Capetian dynasty

Hundred Years War• When Charles IV (last of the Capetians) died in 1328, he had no heir• Dispute erupted over how should succeed him.

– Edward III of England claimed that because Charles IV’s sister was his own mother, that he should have the rightful claim to the French throne

– It was decided by the French, however, that Charles’ cousin Philip would become king.• Edward was outraged by the decision but was unable to launch an attack on France

until 1337• This began a conflict that lasted for 116 years known as the Hundred Years War.

Joan of Arc • Joan of Arc was born in 1412 in the Champagne region of France.

• At the age of 14 she began hearing voices that she believed were that of 3 Saints. They told her that she must free France from English dominance.

• In 1429 Joan lead troops in the name of French King Charles VII at the city Orléans.

• Joan helped raise troop moral and for the 1st time the war began to shift in France’s favor.

• Unfortunately Joan was captured by the Burgundians (England’s French allies) during a battle in 1430.

• Joan was put on trial by the church 3 times and eventually found guilty of being a heretic.

• Joan was burned at the stake by the British on May 30th 1431

• Joan of Arc is still a idolized Patriot of France. She was canonized (turned into a saint) in the 1920’s by the Catholic Church.

Results of the Hundred Year War• The war laid waste to

much of France and caused enormous suffering; it virtually destroyed the feudal nobility and thereby brought about a new social order.

• By ending England's status as a power on the continent (Europe, remember England is on an island), it led the English to expand their reach and power at sea.

100 Years War-first Modern war

• Cannon could batter down walls with ease

• No longer needed to use siege weapons

100 Years War-first Modern war

• Very basic Handguns

100 Years War

Longbow•Accurate, Deadly

& Long Range•Knights in Heavy Armor were in terror of the Longbow

•“Pluck You” with the Yew Tree

Effects of the 100 Yrs War

Weapons:•Because of the longbow people stopped wearing heavy suits of Armor

•Only Heavy breast plates were warn to stop bullets from muskets.

• Weapons• Because of the

Cannon… walls and castles became obsolete

• Walls were lowered and became much thicker

RUSSIA

The Vikings !!!The Vikings !!!

Early RussiaEarly RussiaVikings invaded along the coastline into the Black Sea.

Some called the “Rus” went sailing up the Dnieper River.

They settled down and made a their capital at Kiev.

Early Byzantine Early Byzantine Influences:Influences:

Orthodox ChristianityOrthodox Christianity

Early Byzantine Early Byzantine Influences:Influences:

Orthodox ChristianityOrthodox Christianity

Early Byzantine Early Byzantine Influences:Influences:

Cyrillic AlphabetCyrillic Alphabet

NovgorodNovgorod

Russian Russian BoyarsBoyars

The Mongols Invade The Mongols Invade RussiaRussia

Who were the Mongols?

How did they conquer one of the largest empires in

history?

*Notes*

Geography of Central Asia• Steppes- belt of grasslands that sweeps for roughly 5,000 miles in between

Europe and China

• Treeless plains that make up 15% of the earth’s surface

• Steppes provide a feeding ground for pastoral animals such as sheep and goats

• Little to no rainfall (10-20 inches per year)

• Present day Mongolia

• Long, cold winter and hot summers

• Home to many nomadic tribes such as the Turks, Tartars, Huns and Mongols

“The nation of the Huns… surpasses all other Barbarians in wildness of life… And though they do just bear the likeness of men… they are so little advanced in civilization that they make no use of fire, nor of any kind of relish, in the preparation of their food, but feed upon the roots which they find in the fields and the half-raw flesh of any sort of animal. I say half-raw, because they give it a kind of cooking by placing it between their own thighs and the backs their horses…”

Would you be willing to live this type of life???????????

Yurt- tent with a wooden frame and covering used by people of the Steppes

Domesticated animals such as the sheep below were important to the survival of the people on the Steppes

Where are the Steppes of Central Asia????

What people/civilizations do you suppose these warrior societies came into contact with?

LIFESTYLE OF PEOPLE IN THE STEPPES:

*excellent on horseback

*nomadic- constantly on the search for resources

*reliant on domesticated animals for survival

*tough, fierce warriors feared by the civilized world

*NOTES*

“They keep hovering about the enemy, discharging their arrows first from one side and then from the other…Their horses are so well broken-in to quick changes of movement, that upon the signal given, they instantly turn in any direction, and by these rapid maneuvers many victories have been obtained.”

Marco Polo, A Description of the World

Why do you think the Chinese made the Great Wall of

China????

Because the Mongols were some BAD DUDES!

• Fake retreats and attacked when enemy was vulnerable

• Used life-like dummies on horses to trick the enemy

• Slaughtered a few cities in attempt to scare other cities to surrender without a fight

• Used civilians as shields • Drank horse’s blood to stay alive • Could travel up to 100 miles per day on horseback • On occasion, used biological warfare (spread of

disease) • Used Chinese silk underwear so arrows had a hard

time penetrating past the thick silk • Leather armor, saddle, stirrups, helmets, shield,

bows and arrows, battle axe, curved sword, lance and used catapults

Genghis Khan was their leader

Ivan the Great Ivan the Great (r. 1462-1505)(r. 1462-1505)

Ivan III Tearing the Great Khan’s Letter Ivan III Tearing the Great Khan’s Letter Requesting More Tribute in 1480.Requesting More Tribute in 1480.

Russia in the Late 1500sRussia in the Late 1500s

Tzar (Czar)Czar = Caesar

A strong absolute ruler

Ivan the Great

Ivan the Terrible

SPAIN

Spain• Until 1479 Spain did not truly exist as a

united Kingdom. The Iberian peninsula had 5 different Kingdoms on it.

• In 1479 the Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, brought together the two largest kingdoms on the peninsula into a political alliance.

• Since the 700’s Muslims, had occupied parts of Spain. In 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella used their armies to drive out the Moors, Spanish Muslims, from their last strong hold in the south, the Kingdom of Granada.

• The two monarchs consolidated their power by taking away powers from the church courts and the nobles in their lands.

• Ferdinand and Isabella were very devout Catholics. They initiated the state persecution of non-Christians (non-Catholics), by forcing Jews and Muslims to convert to Christianity.

• Spanish monarchs remained loyal to the catholic church for centuries

• A hundred years later King Philip II continues this devotion to the Catholic Church as he expanded the empire to the west and tried to defeat Protestants in France.

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Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain

Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain

The Madonna of the Monarchs

Kingdoms of Spain: 1492Kingdoms of Spain: 1492

RECONQUISTA -1492 AD

• DROVE MOORS (Muslims/Islam) out of Spain and back into North Africa

• DROVE Jews out of Spain

• Inquisition: (Large Religious Trial)

• Killed or converted Heretics and non-believers/ non-faithful

ITALY

ITALY• Dominated by outside

forces like France• Dominated by forces

inside: Vatican/Pope• Smaller kingdoms that

did not unite• the Italian peninsula

into the single state of Italy in the 19th century.

Papal States

GERMANY

Holy Roman Empire(Germany)

• Germany does not become a nation.• Germany is too fractured into mini-kingdoms• It is too busy doing Rome’s bidding• Holy Roman Emperor is the president

representing all the mini-states.• He does not have absolute authority.• GERMANY DOES NOT UNIFY UNTIL 1871.

The Habsburg DynastyThe Habsburg Dynasty

Empire of Charles VEmpire of Charles V

The Empire of Philip IIThe Empire of Philip II

The Holy Roman Empire: Late 1512

The Holy Roman Empire: Late 1512

The Holy Roman Empire: Late 16c

The Holy Roman Empire: Late 16c

Central Europe in 1600Central Europe in 1600

The Holy Roman Empire

• 1453 AD the OttomanTurks sack and destroy the Byzantine Empire

• With the use of new weapons like cannons they can now breach Constantinople’s walls.

• Rename it Istanbul!• The Ottomans rule here

till World War 1.

OTTOMANTURKS

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire

• 1453 AD the OttomanTurks sack and destroy the Byzantine Empire

• With the use of new weapons like cannons they can now breach Constantinople’s walls.

• Rename it Istanbul!• The Ottomans rule here

till World War 1.

Eastern Europe in 1550Eastern Europe in 1550

The Modern World is taking Shape!

The Modern World is taking Shape!