RISE OF THE CITIES1865-1900

IMMIGRATION

Population in 1850-23.2 millionPopulation in 1900-76.2 million“New immigration”

Late 1880sSouthern & Eastern EuropeCatholic & JewishSettled in cities

IMMIGRATION

Laws restricting immigration Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

Ban on all new immigrants from China

Restriction on “undesirables” Ban on criminals & mentally/physically incompetent

Ellis Island (1882) Immigration center Medical tests Documentation Entry fee

URBANIZATION

By 1900-40% of Americans lived in cities Movement from farms

Improvements Street cars Elevated railroads & subways Steel suspension bridges-suburbs Segregation by income Sky scrapers

1885 in Chicago Only possible with invention of elevator

URBANIZATION

Ethnic Neighborhoods Immigrants kept culture

“Chinatown”, “Little Italy” Dumb bell tenements

Sanitary conditions Disease easily spread Need for water & sewage systems Expand police & fire departments

Political Machines Controlled ethnic neighborhoods

REFORMS

LiteratureHenry George

Progress & Poverty (1879) Inequalities caused by industrialization

Edward BellamyLooking Backward 2000-1887 (1888)

Envisioned a future free of poverty, greed & crime

Encouraged government regulation

REFORMS

Settlement HousesSocial services for immigrantsFirst-”Hull House”

Chicago1889Jane Addams

By 1910-400 in the nation

REFORMS

Temperance MovementAnti-saloon League (1893)

Persuaded 21 states to close down all saloons & bars

Carrie Nation of KansasRaided saloons & smashed barrels of beer with

a hatchet

RELIGION

Protestant leaders “Social Gospel”

Importance of applying Christian principles to social problems

Catholic leaders Supported organized labor-Knights of Labor

Salvation Army Established 1879 Provided basic necessities of life for the poor & homeless

Christian Science Attracted urban middle class Founded by Mary Baker Eddy Related health to religion

EDUCATION

Public Schools McGuffey Reader-education through moral

principles Compulsory attendance laws

Literacy rate rose to 90% by 1900

Tax-supported high schools College prep curriculum Focus less on agriculture & more on vocational

skills for changing society

EDUCATION

Higher EducationNumber of colleges increase

Morrill Act (1862) Western agricultural colleges

Philanthropists University of Connecticut-Rockefeller

Colleges just for women100 coeducational colleges

EDUCATION

Higher Education Introduction of electives-languagesEmphasis in social studies

Psych, sociology, anthropology, political scienceAdvance degree programsFirst generation of scholars that could

compete with European scholarsDominated by social activities

Sports, fraternities, sororities

LITERATURE

Themes Realism-greed, violence, racism Naturalism-human v. nature

Mark Twain-first realist author Huck Finn ( 1884)

William Dean Howells-unequal wealth in industry Rise of Silas Lapham (1885) A Hazard of New Fortunes (1890)

Stephen Crane Maggie: a girl of the streets (1893) Red Badge of Courage (1895)

Jack London-first naturalist author Call of the Wild (1903)

Theodore Dreiser Sister Carrie (1900)

CULTURE

Painting Social Realism Ashcan School Painted scenes of life in poor urban neighborhoods

Architecture Louis Sullivan

Chicago “Form follows function”

Frederick Law Olmsted Planned city parks Central Park-New York City Grounds of US Capitol building (Mall)

CULTURE

Music John Phillip Sousa

Popular marches-outdoor bandstands African American influence

New Orleans Scott Joplin

Ragtime

Pop Culture Newspapers-less objective news & more amusement Joseph Pulitzer-New York World William Randolph Hearst Barnum & Bailey Circus Buffalo Bill Cody’s Wild West Show

SPORTS

Most popular Baseball & boxing

John Sullivan Heavyweight boxer

1909-Pres. Taft began tradition of throwing out the first baseball

Basketball Invented in 1891 First professional game (1898)

First intercollegiate football game (1869) First professional (1920s)

AFRICAN-AMERICANS

Booker T. Washington Emphasized vocational training Believed in gradualism Founded Tuskegee Institute (1881) in Alabama

George Washington Carver Shift agriculture in south

WEB DuBois Doctorate from Harvard Advocated immediate full rights for African-Americans “Talented tenth” 1909-founded The National Associated for the Advancement

of Colored People (NAACP)