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Rise of ultra-nationalism and WW II
1920s in Germany
• The new democracy is saddled with admitting responsibility, giving up reparations and territory, and suffering inflation.
• When Germany is unable to make payments, French occupy the Ruhr
• German state prints more money to pay its bills
German Marks needed to buyone US dollar:
• 1919 April--12• December--47• 1921 November--263• 1922 July--493 • December--7,000• 1923 January--17,000• July--53,000• August--4,621,000 • October--25,260,000,000 • November--2,193,600,000,000 • December--4,200,000,000,000
1930’s--Depression and increase of nationalism
• rise of militant nationalism--”fascism”--in Germany, Italy, and Japan
In Germany
• Depression hits especially hard• 1932 Hitler and Nazis claiming Germany
had been “stabbed in the back” in WWI and after, gains about 1/3 of electorate
• January 1933 Hitler becomes Chancellor• February—responding to mysterious
Reichstag fire, receives emergency powers, ending the democracy
Burning of the Reichstag 1933 and Kristallnacht 1938
German Expansion
• Under Hitler, Germany rebuilds military
• 1938 Germany annexes Austria, justified with bogus plebiscite
• Then invades Czechoslovakia
• France and England do nothing--for “peace in our time”
World War II begins
• Hitler-Stalin Pact allows partition of Poland between Soviet Union and Germany
• 1939 they invade, and Britain and France declare war
• 1940 Germany occupies France
• 1941 Germany attacks Soviet Union
• months later, Japan attacks at Pearl Harbor
In the East
• since 1910 Japan had colonized Korea
• 1931 Japan occupied Manchuria
• 1937 Japan invades China proper
“Asian holocaust”
• the rape of Nanking
• unit 731--American cover-up
• “comfort women”
• Induced famine in Vietnam and Indonesia
Continuing anti-Japanese sentiment in China
Axis powers--Germany, Italy, JapanAllies--Britain, France, then Soviet Union,
and United States
1945 Allies victorious in Europe, then Japan
• Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki