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An adaptive process to improve the raw water quality of a WTP allowing to increase treatment capacity and saving OPEX of chemicals.
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River Bank Filtration for
Cilandak Water Treatment Plant
Raw Water Optimization
Draft REPORT
2012
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT SECTION
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT & PROCESS OPTIMIZATION DEPARTMENT
WATER ENGINEERING SERVICES DIRECTORATE
WRD & PO WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
DEPARTMENT SECTION
Riverbank Filtration for Cilandak WTP Raw Water Optimization | i
LIST OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ii
LIST OF FIGURES ii
LIST OF ATTACHMENTS ii
1. BACKGROUND 1
2. OBJECTIVE 2
3. HYDROGEOLOGICAL STUDY 2
3.1 Exploration Wells and Pumping Test 2
3.2 Water Quality 3
4. RBF WELLFIELD DESIGN AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT 6
4.1 Design 6
4.2 Cilandak Shallow Aquifer Simulation 7
5. COST AND BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT 7
5.1 Cost 7
5.2 Benefit 7
5.3 Cost and Benefit Analysis 9
6. WELLFIELD CONSTRUCTION 9
7. RBF FURTHER STAGES FOR THE FUTURE 11
ATTACHMENTS
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Water Quality of Surface Water and RBF Wells 4
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Riverbank Filtration Techniques 1
Figure 3.1 Pilot pumping tests at two RBF wells 2
Figure 3.2 Pumping Test of Cilandak wells 3
Figure 3.3 Electrical Logs Interpretation 3
Figure 3.4 Manganese, Ammonium and Turbidity of Cilandak raw water (2009 –
2010) 4
Figure 4.1 Wellfield and its Piping 6
Figure 4.2 Well / Borehole Design 6
Figure 5.1 Ammonium at Cilandak raw water 7
Figure 5.2 Manganese at Cilandak raw water 8
Figure 5.3 Detergent at Cilandak raw water 8
Figure 6.1 Drilling Activity 10
Figure 6.2 Coarse Sand Additions 10
Figure 6.3 New Well Constructed 11
LIST OF ATTACHMENTS
Attachment 1 Estimation Cost for Electrical Consumption of RBF Pumps 11
Attachment 2 Chemical Saving Calculation 12
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1. BACKGROUND
Cilandak Water Treatment Plant is classical clarification / filtration treatment plant,
treating Krukut river waters since 1980, with a production capacity of 400 l/s. As there is an
increasing urban development in the upstream of Cilandak WTP, raw water becomes
progressively more polluted with domestic used water, thus rising Ammonia, Detergent and
Organic load, exceeding WTP’s ability to eliminate it completely, mainly during dry season. In
addition, Chemical OPEX has highly increased (mainly Activated Carbon and Chlorine
consumption) and raw water shortages are common when dry season reaches its peak.
Based on the above, riverbank filtration (RBF) technique could solve this deficit as RBF is a
cost-effective, natural treatment technology that takes advantage of geological and biological
natural filtration, instead of chemicals use, to treat surface water and groundwater supplies.
So, this technology is at the forefront as a method for not only treating existing raw surface
water supplies but also for developing new and sustainable water supplies. The use of
chemicals and production of sludge are minimized.
Moreover, RBF is a technique to capture water of the river by inducing it to flow through the
bank. So the advantages of RBF are:
� As bank storage
� Natural treatment process occurred
� Reduce dramatically turbidity
� Heavy metal sorption
� Adsorption and inactivation of microorganisms
� Biodegradation of organic pollutants
The illustration of RBF is available at Figure 1.1 below:
Figure 1.1 Riverbank Filtration techniques
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2. OBJECTIVE
River Bank Filtration in Cilandak Water Treatment Plant is a project aiming to improve
raw water quality in a first stage by capturing it by shallow wells near Krukut River through
natural biological and mechanical filtration. In a second stage, after upsizing transmission,
RBF water will be added at the outlet of the Plant in order to increase Cilandak WTP
production.
3. HYDROGEOLOGICAL STUDY
Hydrogeology Study is important for the project as it studies the water beneath the
earths’ surface, in particular groundwater. It also involves the flow and chemical interactions
of groundwater within aquifers and requires understanding of geology, math, physics and
chemistry. Groundwater dynamics, exploration, drilling and aquifers tests, sustainable
allocation of groundwater, contamination, and computer modeling are part of the study.
By the study, we will be able to explain in detail the impact of RBF wells to the surrounding
areas’ groundwater.
3.1 EXPLORATION WELLS AND PUMPING TEST
Feasibility study of RBF in Cilandak consisted in 2 exploration wells of 6 inches diameter and
30 meters depth. These boreholes were drilled at about 10 and 20 m respectively from
Krukut River.
The superficial geology of the region (Quaternary) is quite homogenous, composed by three
meters of red silt (soil) overlaying black volcanic sands until 30 m depth. Water table was
detected at 1 m below the soil surface level. Hydraulic conductivity of the sands is in the
order of 20 m/day, resulting from long term pumping tests, as seen in Figure 3.1 and 3.2.
Figure 3.1 Pilot pumping tests at two RBF wells
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Figure 3.2 Pumping Test of Cilandak Wells
Electrical logging is also a valuable water well drilling tool. It could locate and determine the
exact thickness and position of water bearing formations at specific site. For Cilandak wells,
the electrical logs interpretation is illustrated in Figure 3.1.
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Figure 3.3 Electrical Logs Interpretation
3.2 WATER QUALITY
The quality of Krukut River as Cilandak raw water is much fluctuated. Below is the graph
of Cilandak raw water quality 2009 – 2010.
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Figure 3.4 Manganese, Ammonium and Turbidity of Cilandak raw water
(2009 – 2011)
We estimate that Cilandak WTP has a limited capacity to eliminate Ammonium, a frequent
indicator of organic pollution, no more than 0,5 mg/l in raw water. As Krukut River waters
very often exceeds this concentration of Ammonium, it can be found in the treated water in
very fluctuant contents, normally below PERMENKES regulation maximal limits (1 mg/l) .
However, being Ammoniun a high consumer of Chlorine, it is very difficult to maintain a well
stable concentration of Free Chlorine in the treated water.
Another concern of raw water quality impacting on treated water is the high concentration of
Detergent.
While compared to the water coming from the RBF wells, the surface water was highly
polluted. Table 3.1 below shows the values by each parameter analyzed.
Table 3.1 Water Quality of Surface Water and RBF Wells
Surface Water RBF Water
Drinking
Water Standar
pH - 7.0 6.9 6.5-8.5
Turbidity NTU 79 2 5
Conductivity μmhos/cm 180 209
Nitrite mg/L 0.2 <0.01 3
Sulfate mg/L 13 6 250
Color PtCo
<4 15
Ammonium mg/L 0.8 <0.1 1.5
Iron mg/L 15.4 0.6 0.3
Manganese mg/L 1.6 0.2 0.4
Detergent mg/L 0.4 0.1 0.05
0
100
200
300
400
500
0
2
4
6
8
10
Jan-09 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-10 Jan-11 Jul-11 Jan-12
NT
U
mg
/L
Manganese Ammonium Turbidity
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Fluoride mg/L <0.1 0.2 1.5
Sulfide mg/L 0.003 0.001
Chromium mg/L <0.023 0.004 0.05
Phosphate mg/L 2.7 0.3
Cuprum mg/L
0.02 2
Hardness mg/L 77 83 500
Chloride mg/L 16 4 250
Organic Matter mg/L 22 3 10
Fecal Coliform Col/100mL 1,600,000 10
4. RBF WELLFIELD DESIGN AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT
4.1 DESIGN
There are 10 wells constructed in the area of Cilandak WTP, at the Krukut Riverbank. Each
well has 6 inches diameter and 30 meters depth. Figure 4.1 below shows the wellfield design
and its piping, while Figure 4.2 is showing the well / borehole design.
Figure 4.1 Wellfield and Pipeline design
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Figure 4.2 Well / Borehole Design
4.2 CILANDAK SHALLOW AQUIFER SIMULATION
An aquifer model was designed in order:
1) to optimize the design of the wellfield
2) to simulate the impact of the wellfield over groundwater levels in Cilandak area.
The model was designed using the software Aquifer Simulation for Windows (ASMWIN 6.0), a
finite difference two dimenssional aquifer model.
The input data were taken from the hydrogeological study.
Wellfield configuration: 10 wells, 15 lps each one
Hydraulic conductivity: 2 x 10-5 m/s
Speciphic yield (aquifer storage): 15%
Krukut River leakeage: 10-4 1/s
Time: Transient condition, until 30 years since start running
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Figure 4.3 Origin of water pumped by RBF wellfield. After less than 3 months of started
pumping, more than 90% of the water will come from Krukut River leakeage.
Figure 4.4. Water levels drawdown after 100 days and 30 years after start pumping. Water
table will On the West of Krukut River the levels will not be affected.
WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
Riverbank Filtration for Cilandak WTP Raw Water Optimization
water pumped by RBF wellfield. After less than 3 months of started
pumping, more than 90% of the water will come from Krukut River leakeage.
Figure 4.4. Water levels drawdown after 100 days and 30 years after start pumping. Water
e West of Krukut River the levels will not be affected.
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Riverbank Filtration for Cilandak WTP Raw Water Optimization | 8
water pumped by RBF wellfield. After less than 3 months of started
pumping, more than 90% of the water will come from Krukut River leakeage.
Figure 4.4. Water levels drawdown after 100 days and 30 years after start pumping. Water
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5. COST AND BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT
5.1 COST
The total CAPEX of RBF Project
a. Drilling wells: 368 MIDR
b. Pumps: 560 MIDR
c. Piping: 372 MIDR
For electricity OPEX raised due to 10 pumps utilization, it will be about
267 MIDR electricity cost year
5.2 BENEFIT
Assumption of combining 250 l/
of parameters, such as Ammonium and Detergent. It will
especially for Chlorine and Activ
For Ammonium, the highest value recorded in 201
water from surface water and wells was resulted not more than
calculation. Figure 5.1 below shows the detail
calculated quality of mixed water
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Riverbank Filtration for Cilandak WTP Raw Water Optimization
BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT
of RBF Project is 1.3 BIDR, with the breakdown below:
MIDR
raised due to 10 pumps utilization, it will be about
MIDR electricity cost yearly. Detail calculation available in Attachment 1
Assumption of combining 250 l/s of Krukut River and 150 l/s of RBF, will decrease some
of parameters, such as Ammonium and Detergent. It will impact on reducing
especially for Chlorine and Activated Carbon.
For Ammonium, the highest value recorded in 2011 was around 3.4 mg/l, while mixing the
rom surface water and wells was resulted not more than 2 mg/l
below shows the detail of raw water quality data in 201
calculated quality of mixed water.
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raised due to 10 pumps utilization, it will be about 44.2 KWH or about
Attachment 1.
s of RBF, will decrease some
on reducing chemical use
mg/l, while mixing the
mg/l, based on the
of raw water quality data in 2011 and the
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Figure 5.1 Ammonium at Cilandak raw water
The same methodology also applied for manganese quality. For the highest value in 2011,
which was 0.7 mg/l, it could be decreased into 0.5 mg/l by mixing the raw water coming from
the surface water and wells. Figure 5.2 shows the whole data recorded in 2011 and its
calculated mixed water for manganese parameter.
Figure 5.2 Manganese at Cilandak raw water
For Detergent, 2 mg/l had been recorded in 2011 to be the highest value. By mixing the
water from Krukut River and water coming from RBF, the value could be decreased up to
1.3 mg/l. refer to Figure 5.3 for the whole data and mixed water values.
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Figure 5.3 Detergent at Cilandak raw water
5.3 COST AND BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Total investment of RBF Project construction = 1,300,000,000 IDR
Cost of electrical due to pumps utilization = 267,000,000 IDR
Saving is calculated based on the chemicals reduction, data of 2011.
Chlorine saving = 405,979,451 IDR
Activated Carbon saving = 749,218,725 IDR
Coagulant saving = 291,963,591 IDR
KMnO4 saving = 42,285,600 IDR
Total chemical saving = 1,489,447,364 IDR
Total saving = total chemical saving – electrical cost
= 1,489,447,364 IDR – 267,321,600 IDR
= 1,222,125,764 IDR
Payback period of the project is calculated based on the investment divided by total saving:
= 1,300,000,000 IDR / 1,222,125,764 IDR
= 1.06 years
Detail calculation can be found on the Attachment 2.
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6. WELLFIELD CONSTRUCTION
The initial 2 wells, the construction was made in the end of 2010. For the rest 8 wells
was drilled in mid of 2011.
Figures below show the activities during construction.
Figure 6.1 Drilling Activity
Figure 6.2 Coarse Sand Additions
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Figure 6.3 New Well Constructed
7. RBF FURTHER STAGES FOR THE FUTURE
Based on the results given from the Project of RBF at Cilandak WTP, RBF could be useful to
the other places in order to improve the raw water quality. Of course, it will need further
assessment.
For Cilandak in particular, the second stage, after upsizing transmission, RBF water will be
added at the outlet of the Plant in order to increase Cilandak WTP production.
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Attachment 1
Estimation Cost for Electrical Consumption of RBF Pumps
Pump of RBF wells:
For 6 wells use pump with capacity 12 l/s@20, each electrical power is 3.7 Kw
For 4 wells use pump with capacity 15 l/s@20, each electrical power is 5.5 Kw
Power Electricity of the 10 pumps:
For 12 lps � 6 pumps x 3.7 Kw = 22.2 Kw
For 15 lps � 4 pumps x 5.5 Kw = 22 Kw
Total power = 22.2 Kw + 22 Kw
= 44.2 Kw
Estimation of electrical cost is 700 IDR/Kwh
Total estimation of electrical cost for RBF pumps per year:
= 700 IDR / Kwh x 44.2 Kw x 24 hours x 30 days x 12 months
= 267,321,600 IDR / year
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Attachment 2
Table 1 Activated Carbon Saving Calculation
2011 Actual Data Calculation with Mixed Water (Krukut + RBF)
Month Detergent
Avg. (mg/l)
Activated Carbon
Consumption (Kg)
Cost of
Activated
Carbon (IDR)
Detergent Avg.
(mg/l) % Removal
Activated Carbon
Consumption (Kg)
Cost of Activated
Carbon (IDR)
Jan-11 0.4
18,000
131,400,000 0.3 27% 13,074 95,442,568
Feb-11 0.5
20,450
149,285,000 0.3 29% 14,448 105,473,098
Mar-11 0.5
33,000
240,900,000 0.3 29% 23,375 170,637,500
Apr-11 0.2
29,925
218,452,500 0.2 21% 23,582 172,150,068
May-11 0.2
37,800
275,940,000 0.2 19% 30,713 224,201,250
Jun-11 0.3
18,025
217,442,500 0.2 26% 13,378 161,383,105
Jul-11 0.4
17,100
166,170,000 0.3 27% 12,469 121,165,625
Aug-11 0.9
33,500
244,550,000 0.6 33% 22,365 163,264,915
Sep-11 0.4
28,400
207,320,000 0.3 28% 20,553 150,034,211
Oct-11 0.7
25,000
309,700,000 0.5 32% 17,045 211,159,091
Nov-11 0.6
11,150
81,395,000 0.4 31% 7,654 55,875,666
Dec-11 0.7
32,800
430,840,000 0.5 32% 22,336 293,389,179
Total 305,150 2,673,395,000 220,992 1,924,176,275
Activated Carbon
Saving 749,218,725
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Table 2 Chlorine Saving Calculation
2011 Actual Data Calculation with Mixed Water (Krukut + RBF)
Month Ammonium
Avg. (mg/l)
Chlorine
Consumption (Kg)
Cost of Chlorine
(IDR)
Ammonium
Avg. (mg/l) % Removal
Chlorine
Consumption (Kg)
Cost of
Chlorine (IDR)
Jan-11 0.5
14,455 104,798,750
0.32 30% 10,118.50 73,359,125
Feb-11 0.5
13,245 96,026,250
0.35 31% 9,154.63 66,371,085
Mar-11 0.7
14,500 105,124,275
0.47 33% 9,771.74 70,844,620
Apr-11 0.4
12,855 93,200,708
0.28 29% 9,119.02 66,114,252
May-11 0.5
13,545 98,201,250
0.35 31% 9,361.99 67,874,393
Jun-11 0.5
12,500 90,626,233
0.35 31% 8,639.71 62,638,720
Jul-11 0.7
14,300 103,675,653
0.44 32% 9,680.00 70,180,442
Aug-11 1.4
15,800 114,547,463
0.92 35% 10,253.19 74,333,992
Sep-11 1.6
13,050 94,612,863
1.00 35% 8,440.40 61,193,158
Oct-11 2.2
15,350 111,287,500
1.42 36% 9,827.11 71,246,558
Nov-11 1.6
15,750 114,187,500
1.02 35% 10,180.18 73,806,319
Dec-11 1.0
15,250 110,563,588
0.65 34% 10,056.44 72,909,917
Total 170,600 1,236,852,033
114,603 830,872,582
Saving klorin 405,979,451
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Table 3 Coagulant Saving Calculation
2011 Actual Data Calculation with Mixed Water (Krukut + RBF)
Month Raw Water
Volume (m3)
Turbidity
(NTU)
Coagulant
Consumption
(kg)
Cost of
Coagulant
(IDR)
Turbidity
(NTU) % Removal
Coagulant
Consumption (kg)
Cost of
Coagulant
(IDR)
Jan-11 1,057,931 80.3 35,063 59,607,100 50.9 37% 22,242 37,811,513
Feb-11 958,828 70.3 32,204 54,746,863 44.7 36% 20,471 34,800,611
Mar-11 1,049,449 70.7 35,403 60,185,653 44.9 36% 22,502 38,254,404
Apr-11 1,011,999 78.5 36,406 61,890,200 49.8 37% 23,101 39,272,532
May-11 1,043,812 91.4 35,192 59,826,400 57.9 37% 22,284 37,882,256
Jun-11 1,009,513 78.6 42,421 72,115,700 49.9 37% 26,918 45,760,790
Jul-11 1,002,624 67.6 39,429 67,029,198 43.0 36% 25,080 42,636,476
Aug-11 1,038,651 50.0 44,445 75,556,160 32.0 36% 28,445 48,355,489
Sep-11 988,391 72.3 45,418 77,210,039 45.9 36% 28,858 49,057,652
Oct-11 1,066,708 72.4 51,968 88,346,265 46.0 36% 33,018 56,131,226
Nov-11 1,025,331 70.3 36,046 61,277,435 44.7 36% 22,914 38,952,511
Dec-11 1,062,904 71.0 37,266 63,352,685 45.1 36% 23,685 40,264,647
Total 12,316,141
471,261 801,143,698
299,518 509,180,107
Coagulant Saving 291,963,591
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Table 4 KMnO4 Saving Calculation
2011 Actual Data Calculation with Mixed Water (Krukut + RBF)
Month
Manganese
Avg.
(mg/l)
KMnO4
Consumption
(kg)
Cost of
KMnO4(IDR)
Manganese
Avg. (mg/l) % Removal
KMnO4
Consumption (kg)
Cost of KMnO4
(IDR)
Jan-11 0.09
0.13
Feb-11 0.095
0.13
Mar-11 0.111
0.14
Apr-11 0.111
0.14
May-11 0.093
0.13
Jun-11 0.076
0.12
Jul-11 0.127
0.15
Aug-11 0.386 825 39,190,683 0.32 18% 675.98 32,108,946
Sep-11 0.432 926 43,980,298 0.35 20% 739.43 35,123,154
Oct-11 0.524 1,461 69,397,331 0.40 23% 1,122.23 53,306,156
Nov-11 0.335 365.73 17,372,175 0.28 15% 310.46 14,746,902
Dec-11 0.344 1,023 48,607,662 0.29 16% 862.68 40,977,389
Total
4,601 218,548,148
3,711 176,262,549
KMnO4 Saving 42,285,600