River Bend South Stages 1-2 - London, Ontario · River Bend South Part of Lots 49 and 50, ... areas immediately around the house and out buildings that were previously ... just east

Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2)

River Bend South

Part of Lots 49 and 50, Concession B

Geo. Township of Westminster, now City of London

Middlesex County, Ontario

Submitted to

Sifton Properties Ltd.

195 Dufferin Avenue, Suite 410, London, ON N6A 1K7

Tel: (519) 434-1000 Fax: (519) 434-1009

and

Ontario Ministry of Culture

Prepared by

ARCHAEOLOGIX INC.

14 Oxford Street West, London, ON N6H 1P9

Tel: (519) 642-7836 Fax: (519) 642-7733

Archaeological License Number P001

CIF # P001-434-2008

Corporate Project Number 2008-036

June 2008

Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South

City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario

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Table of Contents

Personnel iii

Acknowledgments iii

Project Summary iv

1.0 PURPOSE 1

2.0 STUDY METHODS 3

2.1 Stage 1 Background Research 3

2.2 Stage 2 Field Assessment Methods 3

3.0 RESULTS 5

3.1 Stage 1 Background Research 5

3.1.1 Natural Environment 5

3.1.2. Pre-Contact Aboriginal Archaeological Resources and Potential 5

3.1.3 Potential for Historic Archaeological Sites 6

3.2 Stage 2 Field Assessment Results 8

4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 29

References Cited 30



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Personnel

Project Coordinator Jim Wilson, M.A.

Report Production Tracie Carmichael, B.A., B.Ed.

Jeffrey Muir, B.A.

Field Directors Arthur Figura, M.A.

Field/Office Assistants Courtney Adams, B.A.

Brad Anderson, B.A.

Cassandra Duckworth-Robb

Jessica Figura

Chris Gervais

Kevin Gohm

Amanda Hardman

Alex Hernould

Cara Hernould

Bear John

Kurt Kostuk

Courtney Merner, B.A.

Aaron Robb

Sean Thomson

Scott van Raay, B.A.

Acknowledgments

The completion of this report was facilitated by the assistance of the following

individuals:

• Maureen Zunti, Planner, Sifton Properties Limited, London.

• Rob Von Bitter, Archaeological Data Coordinator, Archaeology Unit, Heritage

Branch, Ontario Ministry of Culture, Toronto.



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Project Summary

An archaeological assessment (Stages 1 & 2) was conducted for a 61.1 hectare

property located on part of Lots 49 and 50, Concession B, Geographic Township of

Westminster, now City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario. This assessment was

undertaken in order to meet the requirements of a standard condition of development

approval.

The study area consists primarily of ploughed agricultural fields with lesser areas

of overgrown woodlot, orchard and manicured lawn. An area of previous disturbance

associated with a house and out buildings is also located within the study limits. The

Stage 2 assessment of the ploughed fields were conducted by the standard pedestrian

survey method at an interval of five metres and the Stage 2 assessment of the wooded

areas, the orchard and the manicured lawn was conducted by the standard shovel test pit

method, also at an interval of five metres. All areas that were not disturbed were subject

to the Stage 2 archaeological field assessment.

The Stage 2 archaeological assessment resulted in the identification of eleven

archaeological sites, including eight pre-contact Aboriginal sites (Locations 1, 2 and 4 to

9) and three 19th

century Euro-Canadian sites (Locations 3, 10 and 11). Due to the small

amount of material recovered from six of the pre-contact Aboriginal sites, their

significance and information potential was judged to be low and no further archaeological

work is recommended for Locations 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Due to the probable significance

and information potential of the remaining two pre-contact Aboriginal sites, AfHi-346

and AfHi-348 (Locations 1 and 5) it is recommended that they be subject to additional

Stage 3 assessment in advance of any development activities. Due to the fact that two of

the Euro-Canadian locations AfHi-347 and AfHi-350 (Locations 3 and 11) produced

artifacts primarily dating to the early to mid part of the 19th

century further Stage 3

assessment is recommended for both sites. The third Euro-Canadian site, AfHi-349

(Location 10) consists of primarily late 19th

century artifacts, however due to the

inclusion of early 19th

century artifacts at this location, a precautionary Stage 3

assessment is recommended.

The Stage 1-2 archaeological assessment was conducted in order to fulfill a

standard condition of development approval, as imposed by the province of Ontario. The

Ontario Ministry of Culture is asked to review the findings presented in this report and

issue a standard letter of concurrence with the results presented. As additional Stage 3

archaeological fieldwork is recommended, a letter of clearance for the subject property is

not requested at this time.

Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2)

River Bend South

Part of Lots 49 and 50, Concession B

Geo. Township of Westminster, now City of London

Middlesex County, Ontario

1.0 PURPOSE





approval.

The Stage 2 field assessment was conducted on May 2nd

, 16th

, 21st and 23

rd, 2008

under archaeological consulting licence P001, issued to Jim Wilson by the Ministry of

Culture. The Stage 2 archaeological assessment resulted in the identification of eleven


9) and three 19th














inclusion of several early 19th

century artifacts at this location a precautionary Stage 3







not requested at this time.



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Figure 1. Location of Study Area



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2.0 STUDY METHODS

2.1 Stage 1 Background Research

In compliance with the provincial regulations set out in the “Archaeological

Assessment Technical Guidelines” (MCzCR 1993), the Stage 1 Archaeological Overview/

Background Study included;

• a review of the land use history, including pertinent historic maps; and

• an examination of the National Site Registration Database to determine the

presence of known archaeological sites in an around the project area.

In addition to the visual evaluation of the subject property, background research

was conducted at the Ministry of Culture Office in Toronto, the University of Western

Ontario Map Library, and the corporate library of Archaeologix Inc.

2.2 Stage 2 Field Assessment Methods

The study area consists primarily of ploughed agricultural fields with lesser areas

of overgrown woodlot, orchard and manicured lawn. An area of previous disturbance

associated with a house and out buildings is also located within the study limits. The

Stage 2 assessment of the ploughed fields were conducted by the standard pedestrian

survey method at an interval of five metres and the Stage 2 assessment of the wooded

areas, the orchard and the manicured lawn was conducted by the standard shovel test pit

method, also at an interval of five metres.

In the event that an artifact was encountered during the pedestrian survey, survey

intervals were intensified to one metre within a twenty metre radius of the find. Each test

pit was approximately 30 centimetres in diameter, and was back filled. In the event an

artifact was encountered in a test pit, additional test pits were dug in close proximity. The

areas immediately around the house and out buildings that were previously disturbed due

to landscaping activities were not assessed. All areas that were not disturbed were subject

to the Stage 2 archaeological field assessment. The agricultural fields at the time of the

assessment were well weathered and visibility was 100%. Figure 3 illustrates the

methods and results of the Stage 2 archaeological assessment.

The weather during the assessment ranged from being cloudy and cool to sunny

and warm. At no time were there conditions detrimental to the recovery of archaeological

remains. Permission to enter the property and remove artifacts was given by Maureen

Zunti of Sifton Properties Limited, London. All recovered artifacts will be housed at the

corporate head office of Archaeologix until their transfer to the Ministry of Culture

collections facility located at 900 Highbury Avenue, London.



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Figure 2. A Portion of the Historic Map of the Township of Westminster



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3.0 RESULTS

3.1 Background Research

3.1.1 The Natural Environment

The study area is situated within the physiographic region known as “London

Annex of the Caradoc Sand Plain” (Chapman and Putnam 1984:146).

Immediately surrounding the City and extending several miles eastward there is a

basin lying between 850 and 900 feet a.s.l. Into this basin the earliest glacial

spillways discharged muddy water, laying down beds of silt and fine sand. Later,

when standing water had retired westward to lower levels, gravelly alluvium was

spread over the lower parts of the basin.

(Chapman and Putnam 1984:146)

The area is drained to the west towards Kilworth by a small, unnamed tributary of

the Thames River (Figure 1).

3.1.2 Pre-Contact Aboriginal Archaeological Resources and Potential

Previous archaeological assessments and research surveys have demonstrated that

this portion of the province of Ontario was intensively utilized by pre-contact Aboriginal

peoples. There are 30 registered sites within a one kilometre radius of the subject

property, ranging from Early Archaic precontact Aboriginal to nineteenth century Euro-

Canadian (Table 2). The most notable site is a Glen Meyer village, the Dunn Site (AfHi-

50), just east of the study area (Pearce 1995:87-88). Table 1 provides a cultural

chronology for the area, taken from Ellis and Ferris (1990). Given the proximity of the

stream and the large number of nearby registered sites, the potential for pre-contact

Aboriginal archaeological resources was judged to be high.

Table 1. Cultural Chronology for London Area

Period Characteristics Time Comments Early Paleo-Indian Fluted Projectiles 9000 - 8400 B.C. spruce parkland/caribou hunters

Late Paleo-Indian Hi-Lo Projectiles 8400 - 8000B.C. smaller but more numerous sites

Early Archaic Kirk and Bifurcate Base Points 8000 - 6000 B.C. slow population growth

Middle Archaic Brewerton-like points 6000 - 2500 B.C. environment similar to present

Late Archaic Lamoka (narrow points) 2000 - 1800 B.C. increasing site size

Broadpoints 1800 - 1500 B.C. large chipped lithic tools

Small Points 1500 - 1100B.C. introduction of bow hunting

Terminal Archaic Hind Points 1100 - 950 B.C. emergence of true cemeteries

Early Woodland Meadowood Points 950 - 400 B.C. introduction of pottery

Middle Woodland Dentate/Pseudo-Scallop Pottery 400 B.C. - A.D.500 increased sedentism

Princess Point A.D. 550 - 900 introduction of corn

Late Woodland Early Ontario Iroquoian A.D. 900 - 1300 emergence of agricultural villages

Middle Ontario Iroquoian A.D. 1300 - 1400 long longhouses (100m +)

Late Ontario Iroquoian A.D. 1400 - 1650 tribal warfare and displacement

Contact Aboriginal Various Algonkian Groups A.D. 1700 - 1875 early written records and treaties

Historic Euro-Canadian A.D. 1796 - present European settlement



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Table 2. Registered Archaeological Sites within One Kilometre of the Study Area

Borden # Site Name Site Type Cultural Affiliation

AfHi-50 Dunn village Glen Meyer

AfHi-51 Miriam village; homestead Glen Meyer; Euro-Canadian

AfHi-57 Warbler's Woods Burial burial Glen Meyer

AfHi-60 findspot Glen Meyer

AfHi-61 campsite; homestead pre-contact Aboriginal

AfHi-62 findspot pre-contact Aboriginal



AfHi-75 Two Forts findspot Glen Meyer

AfHi-76 Timber Drive findspot Western Basin; Glen Meyer

AfHi-77 Warbler Woods North findspot pre-contact Aboriginal

AfHi-120 SoSad special purpose station Uren

AfHi-123 findspot Iroquoian




AfHi-127 findspot Iroquoian

AfHi-189 River Bend 1 findspot pre-contact Aboriginal

AfHi-190 River Bend 2 findspot Early Archaic





AfHi-196 River Bend 8 findspot; homestead pre-contact Aboriginal; Euro-Canadian


AfHi-230 Kilbourne Cemetery cemetery Euro-Canadian

AfHi-261 Kilbourne homestead Euro-Canadian

AfHi-265 Cassady campsite; homestead Early Iroquoian; Euro-Canadian

AfHi-324 The Kains Road Site camp Middle Woodland

AfHi-325 William Rufus homestead Euro-Canadian

3.1.3 Potential for Historic Archaeological Sites

The historic map of the Township of Westminster in the 1878 H.R. Page & Co.’s

Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of Middlesex lists the owners of the relevant

portions of Lot 49, Concession B, as M. Orman and W. Armstrong and lists the owners of

the relevant portions of Lot 50 as W. Armstrong and C. Smith (Figure 2). Two historic

houses are indicated within the limits of the study area, one is located in the same

approximate location as Location 10 in C. Smith’s portion of Lot 50 and one in the same

approximate location as Location 11 in W. Armstrong’s portion of Lot 49. Due to the

major roadway along the north end of the subject area, and the proximity of the historic

communities of Byron and London, the potential for historic material was judged to be

high.



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Figure 3. Stage 2 Survey Methods & Results



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3.2 Stage 2 Field Assessment Results

The Stage 2 archaeological assessment was conducted using the methods

described in Section 2.2. Figure 3 illustrates the areas assessed, the techniques employed

and the locations of the sites. Complete artifact catalogues for each location are provided

as Appendix A.


archaeological sites, including nine pre-contact Aboriginal sites (Locations 1, 2 and 4 to

9) and three 19th

century Euro-Canadian sites (Locations 3, 10 and 11), each of which is

described in greater detail below.

3.2.1 Location 1 (AfHi-346)

Location 1 (AfHi-346) consists of 10 positive test pits found in a 15 by 15 metre

cluster found at GPS co-ordinates 17T MH 70763/56819. The cluster is located on a

large sandy ridge running along a north-south axis and appears to be part of a large

settlement, possibly a village. The artifacts recovered are listed in Appendix 1.

Figure 4. Stage 2 Artifacts Recovered from Location 1 (AfHi-346)

1: Neck Sherd 2: Neck Sherd Actual Size

Nineteen artifacts were recovered in total. The total includes 10 chipped lithic

artifacts (52.63% of the Stage 2 artifact collection) and nine ceramic artifacts (47.37% of

the Stage 2 artifact collection).

The archaeologists recovered a random flake core and nine pieces of chipping

detritus. All chipped lithic artifacts were manufactured on Onondaga chert. Onondaga

chert is a high quality raw material that outcrops along the north shore of Lake Erie east

of the embouchure of the Grand River. This material can also be recovered from

secondary, glacial deposits across much of southwestern Ontario, east of Chatham. The

core measures 32.4 mm long, 22.4 mm wide, and 21.6 mm thick. The chipping detritus

consists of three secondary flakes, three retouch flakes, and three flake fragments.



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The recovered ceramics were all quite small, ranging in size from roughly 1 mm

in diameter to 3 mm in diameter. Six of the sherds were classified as fragmentary. All of

them are well made sherds averaging around 6 mm in thickness with granitic temper

inclusions. Four exhibit surface treatment, probably of various matting or cordage

impressions although it is difficult to assess given their small size. One sherd was a cord

wrapped paddle impressed body sherd that was 7.2 mm thick with granitic temper

inclusions. Finally, two neck sherds (Figure 4) with some decoration visible along the

upper edge were recovered. One has incised decoration where lines were scratched on the

surface (Figure 4:2) while the other might have had the line pushed into the clay (Figure

4:1). Both were 8.4 mm thick and had granitic temper inclusions. Although the pottery

sherds do not offer a lot of decoration to make an analysis, the decorative techniques are

similar to those found on Early Ontario Iroquoian Glen Meyer vessels. This makes sense

given the nearby Glen Meyer sites such as Dunn (AfHi-50) and Miriam (AfHi-51).

Due to the fact that Location 1 (AfHi-346) is a spatially discrete area producing

pre-contact Aboriginal cultural material datable to the Early Ontario Iroquoian Glen

Meyer period, it is recommended that this site should be subject to a Stage 3

archaeological assessment. The Stage 3 assessment should include the mapping of any

surface finds and the hand excavation of a series of one metre square test units.

3.2.2 Location 2

Location 2 is three lithic artifacts found at GPS co-ordinates 17T MH

71054/56255. All three artifacts were manufactured from Onondaga chert. One

Onondaga secondary flake (catalogue number 1) has been intentionally retouched along

one edge while two other edges exhibit expedient utilization. The other two lithic

artifacts are secondary flake chipping detritus, one manufactured from Onondaga chert

and one manufactured from Kettle Point chert (catalogue number 2).

These lithic artifacts were found in three positive test pits found in a 3 by 3 m

area. As detailed in Section 2.2, an additional 20 test pits were dug around the finds but

no further artifacts were found. Given the low information potential of Location 2 and

that the artifacts are non-diagnostic, the cultural heritage value of this site is judged to be

low and no further archaeological assessment is recommended.


Location 3 consists of a large 60 by 60 metre surface scatter of early to late 19th

century Euro-Canadian artifacts found at GPS co-ordinates 17T MH 70367/56904 (Figure

3). In total a representative sample of 361 Euro-Canadian artifacts were collected from

the surface including 319 ceramic, 32 kitchen or food related, six structural, one barn

tack, one miscellaneous glass, one miscellaneous metal and one personal artifact. Each

artifact class is discussed in greater detail below. Table 3 provides a summary of the

Stage 2 artifacts collected from Location 3 and Appendix A provides a complete

catalogue listing of all the Stage 2 recoveries.



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Table 3: Stage 2 Artifact Summary for Location 3, AfHi-347

Artifact Frequency %

Ceramic Artifacts:

whiteware 165 45.7

ironstone 72 19.9

utilitarian 36 10.0

pearlware 31 8.6

creamware 10 2.8

porcelain 3 0.8

yelloware 2 0.6

Total Ceramic Artifacts 319 88.4

Non-Ceramic Artifacts:

kitchen/food related 32 8.9

structural 6 1.7

barn tack 1 0.3

misc. glass 1 0.3

misc. metal 1 0.3

personal 1 0.3

Total Non-Ceramic Artifacts 42 11.6

Total Stage 2 Artifacts 361 100

Ceramic Artifacts

In total 319 fragments of ceramic cups, plates or pots were collected during the

Stage 2 assessment at Location 3. Included in this total are 165 pieces of whiteware, 72

pieces of ironstone, 36 utilitarian ceramic pieces, 31 pieces of pearlware, ten pieces of

creamware, three pieces of porcelain and two pieces of yelloware. Table 4 provides a

breakdown of the ceramic assemblage by ware type, while Table 5 provides a more

detailed breakdown of the ceramic assemblage by decorative style.

Table 4: Summary of Ceramic Collection According to Ware Type, AfHi-347


whiteware 165 51.7

ironstone 72 22.6

utilitarian 36 11.3

pearlware 31 9.7

creamware 10 3.1

porcelain 3 0.9

yelloware 2 0.6

Total 319 100



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White Earthenware

Whiteware was the most common type of ceramic recovered from AfHi-347 with

165 pieces, comprising 51.7% of the ceramic assemblage. Whiteware is a variety of

earthenware with a near colorless glaze that replaced earlier near white ceramics such as

pearlware and creamware by the early 1830’s. Early whiteware tends to have a porous

paste, with more vitrified, harder, ceramics becoming increasingly common later in the

19th

century. 45 Of the whiteware pieces recovered from Location 3 were catalogued as

plain or undecorated.

The most common type of decorated whiteware recovered is transfer printed with

75 pieces. Transfer printed whiteware became popular quite early in the 19th

century and

involved the transfer of an intricate pattern from a sheet of treated paper to the underglaze

surface of the clay. Before 1830, almost all transfer printed wares were blue. After 1830,

colours such as light blue, black, brown, green, purple and red became more common.

Transfer printed whiteware ceramics were less densely decorated than the earlier

pearlware types, with more of the white background showing through the designs. From

this location 67 of the pieces are blue, five are brown and three are black (Figure 5:5).

The second most common type of decorated whiteware recovered from Location 3

is flow transfer printed with seventeen pieces. This style of decoration, in which the

pigment is allowed to flow into the glaze, became popular in the 1840’s and 50’s, with a

later revival in the 1890’s. Fifteen of the flow transfer printed pieces are blue and two are

black.

Twelve pieces of sponged whiteware were recovered from Location 3. Sponged

whiteware ceramics were a form of inexpensive tableware in which a sponge was used to

apply an underglaze pigment. All-over sponging became popular by the 1840’s and

remained common until the 1870’s. All nine of the recovered pieces are blue.

Seven pieces of edged whiteware were also recovered from this Location during

the Stage 2 assessment. Edged whiteware plates became common as early as 1790 and

overlapped with the manufacture of edged pearlware ceramics. Both blue and green

edged wares were popular in the late 18th

and early 19th

centuries with green edged wares

declining in popularity post 1830. Due to the fragmentary nature of most of the edged

pieces it is difficult to clearly identify decorative techniques that were used such as

moulded designs and scalloped rims therefore each piece was only classified according to

the decorative elements that could be clearly identified. Three of the edged pieces are blue

with straight rims and a moulded chicken foot design, one is blue with a scalloped rim

and impressed curved lines, one is blue with a scalloped rim and a fancy moulded design,

one is blue with impressed curved lines and one is blue with a straight rim, impressed

curved lines and no moulding (Figure 5:3). Miller (1987) outlines the production range

for edged whiteware according to rim decoration as follows; scalloped rim with

impressed curved lines, 1780-1820, scalloped rim with impressed straight lines, 1795-

1840, scalloped rim with impressed bud, 1800-1850, embossed raised patterns, 1820-



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1845, unscalloped and impressed rim, 1825-1891, unscalloped and unmoulded rim, 1850-

1897.

Five pieces of stamped whiteware were recovered from Location 3. Stamping

involved the transfer of paint to the bisque surface through the use of a stamp most

frequently made of sponge. This decorative technique usually dates to the second half of

the 19th

century. Three of the stamped pieces are decorated with a blue design and two

with a red.

The remaining type of whiteware recovered form Location 3 during the Stage 2

survey was hand painted with four pieces. The hand painted whiteware from this location

is exclusively polychrome, floral pattern tea ware. Painted wares of this type were

popular from as early as 1830 through to the 1870’s. The prominent colours from this

collection are blue, pink, green and black (Figure 5:4).

Ironstone

The second most common type of ceramic recovered from Location 3 is ironstone

with 72 pieces. Ironstone or graniteware is a variety of refined white earthenware

introduced in the 1840’s that became extremely popular in Upper Canada by the 1860’s

(Kenyon 1985). It is usually much thicker than other whiteware, and often decorated with

raised moulded designs of wheat or fruit. 59 Pieces of plain ironstone and thirteen pieces

of moulded ironstone were recovered from this location. Three of the moulded pieces

are decorated with a wheat design. Starting in the 1860’s the “wheat” design, also

referred to as “Ceres” was the most popular ironstone pattern produced (Kenyon 1985).

Utilitarian Ceramic Wares

In addition to the tableware, 36 pieces of utilitarian ceramics were recovered from

Location 3, comprising 11.3% of the ceramic assemblage. This collection consists of

twenty pieces of red earthenware, eleven pieces of yellow earthenware and five pieces of

stoneware. Red and yellow earthenware vessels were manufactured throughout the late

18th

and 19th

centuries and were the most common utilitarian ware in the first half of the

19th

century, eventually being replaced by more durable stoneware vessels. Stoneware

vessels were also produced throughout the 19th

century.

Pearlware

Pearlware, sometimes referred to as “China glazed”, is a variety of earthenware

that was popular from 1780 to 1840. Pearlware is often difficult to recognize because of

its similar appearance to later whiteware ceramics, however because of the addition of

cobalt, the glaze has a light blue to blue-green tint. When placed on a white earthenware

bisque, this glaze gave the impression of a “whiter” ware than the earlier yellow tinted

creamware. 23 Pieces of plain pearlware and eight pieces of decorated pearlware were

recovered during the Stage 2 assessment at Location 3.



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The most common type of decorated pearlware recovered is painted with six

pieces. The earliest painted designs were done using only one colour, blue with their

appearance beginning in the late 18th

century and declining in popularity around 1830.

The painting for blue painted pearlware was applied directly onto the plain fired bisquit

and then glazed, this type of technique sealed the colour and protected the wares from

daily damage (Lockett 1996:3). Because of this technique of application blue painted

pearlware often looks as crisp today as when the wares were first manufactured which

explains their enduring popularity (Lockett 1996:3). Polychrome painted pearlware

started to become popular around the turn of the century. “Early Palette” colours, such as

muted shades of blue, yellow, orange, brown and green were manufactured from as early

as 1795 to 1815 (Noel Hume 1969:129). More brilliant colours such as red, pink, bright

yellow and bright green were not used until as late as 1840 and referred to as the “Late

Palette” colours (Noel Hume 1969:129). From this assemblage three of the pieces are

decorated using only blue and three with early palette colours: brown, orange, green and

blue (Figure 5:2).

The remaining two pieces of decorated pearlware that were recovered from

Location 3 are transfer printed. Transfer printing was developed as early as 1780, but did

not become common in Upper Canada until around 1810 (Kenyon 1985:46). The early

transfer printed pearlwares were most frequently decorated in blue, with other colours,

such as black, green, red and purple becoming popular after 1820. Early transfer printed

pearlwares were frequently densely decorated, with very little white background apparent.

Both of the transfer printed pearlware pieces are decorated using blue (Figure 5:1).

Creamware

Creamware, often referred to as “Queen’s Ware” was first produced in the 1750’s,

and later perfected by Josiah Wedgwood in the 1760’s. This type of tableware became

very common in Upper Canada by 1770 and continued in popularity until about 1820

when it started to be replaced by later pearlware and whiteware types. Creamware is a

refined, thin bodied earthenware with a clear lead-glaze that appears creamy yellow to

yellowish-green in colour. Creamware was most often manufactured plain or decorated

with moulded designs, however transfer printed, hand painted and banded examples of

creamware do exist. Ten pieces of plain creamware were recovered from Location 3.

Porcelain

Porcelain is a type of earthenware fired at such a high temperature that the clay

has begun to vitrify; consequently the ceramic is translucent when held up to a light.

Because of its high cost, porcelain is extremely rare on 19th

century sites in Ontario,

however by the turn of the century it becomes relatively common, as production

techniques were developed in Europe which greatly reduced costs. Three pieces of

porcelain, including two plain sherds and one transfer printed were recovered during the

Stage 2 assessment at this location. The transfer printed piece is green and appears to be

from the 20th

century.



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Yelloware

The remaining two ceramic pieces recovered from Location 3 are yelloware.

Yelloware ceramics were first manufactured in the 1840’s, and continue to be

manufactured in limited quantities today. Both of the yelloware pieces from this location

are banded, decorated with blue and white bands and a black mocha design (Figure 5:6).


1: Transfer Printed Pearlware 2: Hand Painted Pearlware

3: Edged Whiteware 4: Hand Painted Whiteware

5: Transfer PrintedWhiteware

6: Banded Yelloware 7: Fluted White Clay Pipe Bowl

Actual Size



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Table 5: Summary of Ceramic Collection According to Decorative Style, AfHi-347


whiteware, transfer printed 75 23.5

ironstone, plain 59 18.5

whiteware, plain 45 14.1

pearlware, plain 23 7.2

earthenware, red 20 6.3

whiteware, flow transfer printed 17 5.3

ironstone, moulded 13 4.1

whiteware, sponged 12 3.8

earthenware, yellow 11 3.4

creamware, plain 10 3.1

whiteware, edged 7 2.2

pearlware, painted 6 1.9

stoneware 5 1.6

whiteware, stamped 5 1.6

whiteware, painted 4 1.3

pearlware, transfer printed 2 0.6

porcelain, plain 2 0.6

yelloware, banded 2 0.6

porcelain, transfer printed 1 0.3

Total 319 100

Kitchen/Food Artifacts

32 artifacts were gathered during the Stage 2 assessment at Location 3 that were

classified as part of the kitchen or food related assemblage. This collection consists of

twenty shards of bottle glass and twelve faunal fragments. The colours of bottle glass

represented in this collection includes nine dark olive or “black glass”, nine aqua, one

clear and one brown. The colour of bottle glass alone is very limited with regards to

providing dates of manufacture for glass bottles (Lindsey, 2008). The nine pieces of

black glass however, likely date to the first half of the nineteenth century. The addition of

iron when making glass was common practice up until 1860 and produced dark olive or

dark amber glass that became known as “black glass” (Kendrick 1971). Three of the

faunal remain pieces are butchered.

Structural Artifacts

Six artifacts that were recovered from Location 3 were categorized as part of the

structural collection. This assemblage includes five shards of window glass and one cut

nail. Cut nails were machine cut and have a flat head. They were invented as early as

1790, but did not become common in Ontario until 1830.



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Barn Tack

One sleigh bell was recovered from Location 3 during the Stage 2 assessment.

Misc. Glass Artifacts

One piece of white glass or “milk” glass was recovered from Location 3. Milk

glass was most commonly used for cosmetic containers, toiletry bottles or cream jars.

The opaque white glass was very commonly used for such products dating from about

1870 through to the 20th

century (Lindsey, 2008).

Misc. Metal Artifacts

One piece of miscellaneous metal hardware was recovered during the Stage 2

assessment. This piece appears to be part of a metal hook, possibly a coat hook.

Personal Artifacts

The remaining artifact recovered from Location 3, a white clay pipe bowl

fragment was classified as a personal item. White clay pipes were very popular

throughout the 19th

century, with a decline in use by 1880 when they were replaced by

briar pipes and cigarettes (Adams et al. 1994:93). This pipe bowl fragment is decorated

with a fluted design (Figure 5:7).

Summary

Due to the overwhelming predominance of whiteware over later types of

ceramics and the presence of early creamware and pearlware ceramics it is recommended

that Location 3 (AfHi-347) should be subject to a Stage 3 archaeological investigation to

further evaluate its significance and information potential. The Stage 3 examination

should include the controlled mapping of the surface finds as well as the hand excavation

of a series of one-meter test units to sample the nature and density of the cultural deposits.

Archival research should also be conducted on the 19th

century land registry data for this

lot.

3.2.4 Location 4

Location 4 is a single isolated piece of Onondaga chipping detritus located at GPS

co-ordinates 17T MH 70283/56871. This artifact was not retained for analysis. As

detailed in Section 2.2, survey intervals were intensified to one metre within a twenty

metre radius of the find but no further artifacts were found. Given this is the only find at

Location 4 and is a non-diagnostic artifact, the cultural heritage value of this site is judged

to be low and no further archaeological assessment is recommended.



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3.2.5 Location 5 (AfHi-348 )

Location 5 (AfHi-348) is a scatter of chipping detritus found at GPS co-ordinates

17T MH 70567/56404. These artifacts were not retained for analysis but left in the field

to facilitate relocating the site. Nine Onondaga chert flakes were found within an area of

20 by 15 metres.

Due to the fact that Location 5 (AfHi-348) is a spatially discrete area producing

pre-contact Aboriginal cultural material, it is recommended that this site should be subject

to a precautionary Stage 3 archaeological investigation to further evaluate its significance

and information potential. The Stage 3 assessment should include the mapping of any

surface finds and the hand excavation of a series of one metre square test units.


Table 6: AfHi-351 Projectile Point Characteristics

Cat. # Artifact Length Width Thickness Shoulder Width

Inter-Notch Width

Basal Width

1 projectile point 49.4* 24.8 6.6 25.0 13.2 13.4* all measurements in millimetres

*incomplete measurement

Location 6 is a single isolated notched projectile

point made of Kettle Point chert (Figure 6) that has been

reworked and subsequently damaged. Its GPS co-

ordinates are 17T MH 70645/56313. As detailed in

Section 2.2, survey intervals were intensified to one metre

within a twenty metre radius of the find but no further

artifacts were found. The overall shape of the projectile

point is hard to determine; one barb has been reworked

and the stem base is damaged and it appears to flare

outward. While measurement were taken (see Table 6),

the basal shape, length and width are impossible to

extrapolate or measure accurately now. Given the damage

it is impossible to assign the point to a type or even a

general time period.

While a diagnostic artifact, it was found in isolation and therefore the cultural

heritage value of this site is judged to be low. No further archaeological assessment is

recommended.

3.2.7 Location 7

Location 7 is a single isolated piece of Onondaga chipping detritus located at GPS

co-ordinate 17T MH 71054/56111. As detailed in Section 2.2, an additional 20 test pits

were dug around the finds but no further artifacts were found. Given this is the only find

Figure 6. Stage 2

Artifact Recovered

from Location 6 (AfHi-351)

1: Projectile Point

Actual Size



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at Location 7 and is a non-diagnostic artifact, the cultural heritage value of this site is

judged to be low and no further archaeological assessment is recommended.

3.2.8 Location 8

Location 8 is a single isolated piece of Kettle Point chipping detritus located at

GPS co-ordinate 17T MH 70870/56427. This artifact was not retained for analysis. As

detailed in Section 2.2, survey intervals were intensified to one metre within a twenty

metre radius of the find but no further artifacts were found. Given this is the only find at

Location 8 and is a non-diagnostic artifact, the cultural heritage value of this site is judged

to be low and no further archaeological assessment is recommended.

3.2.9 Location 9

Location 9 is a single isolated piece of Onondaga chipping detritus found in a

positive test pit located at GPS co-ordinates 17T MH 70637/56676. As detailed in

Section 2.2, additional test pits were dug in close proximity but no further artifacts were

found. Given this is the only find at Location 9 and is a non-diagnostic artifact, the

cultural heritage value of this site is judged to be low and no further archaeological





Ceramic Artifacts:

whiteware 4 7.3

ironstone 3 5.5




structural 18 32.7

misc. metal 3 5.5

recent material 2 3.6

barn tack 1 1.8

personal 1 1.8



Location 10 consists of a 40 by 40 metre surface scatter of mid to late 19th

century

Euro-Canadian artifacts found at GPS co-ordinates 17T MH 70637/56776 (Figure 3). In

total a representative sample of 55 Euro-Canadian artifacts were collected from the

surface including seven ceramic, 23 kitchen or food related, eighteen structural, three



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miscellaneous metal, two recent, one barn tack and one personal artifact. Each artifact

class is discussed in greater detail below. Table 7 provides a summary of the Stage 2

artifacts collected from Location 10 and Appendix A provides a complete catalogue

listing of all the Stage 2 recoveries.

Ceramic Artifacts

In total seven fragments of ceramic cups, plates or pots were collected during the

Stage 2 assessment at Location 10. Included in this total are four pieces of whiteware and

three pieces of ironstone. Table 8 provides a breakdown of the ceramic assemblage by

ware type, while Table 9 provides a more detailed breakdown of the ceramic assemblage

by decorative style.



whiteware 4 57.1

ironstone 3 42.9

Total 7 100

White Earthenware


four pieces. Whiteware is a variety of earthenware with a near colorless glaze that

replaced earlier near white ceramics such as pearlware and creamware by the early

1830’s. Early whiteware tends to have a porous paste, with more vitrified, harder,

ceramics becoming increasingly common later in the 19th

century. Two of the whiteware

pieces recovered from Location 10 were catalogued as plain or undecorated (Figure 7:2).

The remaining two pieces of decorated whiteware recovered are both flow transfer

printed. This style of decoration, in which the pigment is allowed to flow into the glaze,

became popular in the 1840’s and 50’s, with a later revival in the 1890’s. Both of the

flow transfer printed pieces from this location are blue (Figure 7:1).

Ironstone

The second most common type of ceramic recovered from Location 10 is

ironstone with three pieces. Ironstone or graniteware is a variety of refined white

earthenware introduced in the 1840’s that became extremely popular in Upper Canada by

the 1860’s (Kenyon 1985). It is usually much thicker than other whiteware, and often

decorated with raised moulded designs of wheat or fruit. All three of the ironstone pieces

recovered from this location are plain or undecorated (Figure 7:3).



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whiteware, flow transfer printed 2 28.6


Total 7 100


23 Artifacts gathered during the Stage 2 Assessment at Location 10 were

classified as part of the kitchen or food related assemblage. This collection consists of

sixteen shards of bottle glass and seven faunal fragments. The colours of bottle glass

represented in this collection includes five aqua, four brown, four clear and three green.

The colour of bottle glass alone is very limited with regards to providing dates of

manufacture for glass bottles (Lindsey, 2008). One of the green bottle glass fragments is

machine manufactured, dating it to the twentieth century. Three of the faunal fragments

that were recovered have been burnt.


1: Flow Transfer Printed Whiteware

2: Plain Whiteware 3: Ironstone

4: Horse Harness Buckle 5: Cut Nail

Actual Size


Eighteen artifacts that were recovered from Location 10 were categorized as part

of the structural collection. This assemblage includes eight wire drawn nails, six shards

of window glass and four cut nails (Figure 7:5). Cut nails were machine cut and have a



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flat head. They were invented as early as 1790, but did not become common in Ontario

until 1830. Wire drawn nails are identical to the type of nails in current use today, with a

flat, round head and a wire shaft. Wire drawn nails became popular in the 1890’s.

Misc. Metal Artifacts

Two pieces of miscellaneous metal hardware and one piece of miscellaneous

metal were recovered during the Stage 2 assessment. The metal hardware consist of one

nut and one bolt.

Recent Material

Two pieces of recent material were found at Location 10. One of these pieces is

the base of a modern tin can and the other is a seal possibly from the inside of a bottle lid.

Barn Tack

One horse harness buckle was recovered from Location 10 during the Stage 2

assessment (Figure 7:4).

Personal Artifacts

The remaining artifact recovered from Location 10, a portion of a zipper, was

classified as a personal item.

Summary

The artifacts collected from Location 10 (AfHi-349) predominantly date to the

second half of the 19th

century. Despite the fact that a large number of late 19th

century

artifacts were recovered from this location, the inclusion of the earlier artifacts such as the

whiteware ceramics and the cut nails suggests that further Stage 3 assessment of Location

10 (AfHi-349) is warranted. The Stage 3 assessment of Location 10 should be aimed

towards determining if there are localized areas of earlier artifact concentrations at this

site. This Stage 3 examination should include the controlled mapping of the surface finds

as well as the hand excavation of a series of one metre test units to sample the nature and

density of this cultural deposit. Archival research should also be conducted on the 19th

century land registry data for this lot.


Location 11 consists of a 35 by 40 metre surface scatter of early to late 19th

century Euro-Canadian artifacts found at GPS co-ordinates 17T MH 70645/56042 (Figure

3). In total a representative sample of 83 Euro-Canadian artifacts were collected from the

surface including 60 ceramic, twelve structural, ten kitchen or food related and one

personal. Each artifact class is discussed in greater detail below. Table 10 provides a



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summary of the Stage 2 artifacts collected from Location 11 and Appendix A provides a

complete catalogue listing of all the Stage 2 recoveries.



Ceramic Artifacts:

whiteware 39 47.0

utilitarian 10 12.0

pearlware 5 6.0

unknown ceramic type 2 2.4

ironstone 2 2.4

porcelain 1 1.2

yelloware 1 1.2



structural 12 14.5


personal 1 1.2



Ceramic Artifacts

In total 60 fragments of ceramic cups, plates or pots were collected during the

Stage 2 assessment at Location 11. Included in this total are 39 pieces of whiteware, ten

utilitarian ceramic pieces, five pieces of pearlware, two unknown ceramic pieces, two

pieces of ironstone, one piece of porcelain and piece of yelloware. Table 11 provides a

breakdown of the ceramic assemblage by ware type, while Table 12 provides a more

detailed breakdown of the ceramic assemblage by decorative style.



whiteware 39 65.0

utilitarian 10 16.7

pearlware 5 8.3


ironstone 2 3.3

porcelain 1 1.7

yelloware 1 1.7

Total 60 100



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White Earthenware


39 pieces, comprising 65% of the ceramic assemblage. Whiteware is a variety of

earthenware with a near colorless glaze that replaced earlier near white ceramics such as

pearlware and creamware by the early 1830’s. Early whiteware tends to have a porous

paste, with more vitrified, harder, ceramics becoming increasingly common later in the

19th

century. 27 Of the whiteware pieces recovered from Location 11 were catalogued as

plain or undecorated.

The most common type of decorated whiteware recovered was edged with six

pieces. Edged whiteware plates became common as early as 1790 and overlapped with

the manufacture of edged pearlware ceramics. Both blue and green edged wares were

popular in the late 18th

and early 19th

centuries with green edged wares declining in

popularity post 1830. Due to the fragmentary nature of most of the edged pieces it is

difficult to clearly identify decorative techniques that were used such as moulded designs

and scalloped rims therefore each piece was only classified according to the decorative

elements that could be clearly identified. Three of the pieces are blue with scalloped rims

and impressed curved lines, two are blue with straight rims and one is a blue fragmentary

piece (Figure 8:4). Miller (1987) outlines the production range for edged whiteware

according to rim decoration as follows; scalloped rim with impressed curved lines, 1780-

1820, scalloped rim with impressed straight lines, 1795-1840, scalloped rim with

impressed bud, 1800-1850, embossed raised patterns, 1820-1845, unscalloped and

impressed rim, 1825-1891, unscalloped and unmoulded rim, 1850-1897.

The second most common type of decorated whiteware recovered from Location

11 was transfer printed with two pieces. Transfer printed whiteware became popular quite

early in the 19th

century and involved the transfer of an intricate pattern from a sheet of

treated paper to the underglaze surface of the clay. Before 1830, almost all transfer

printed wares were blue. After 1830, colours such as light blue, black, brown, green,

purple and red became more common. Transfer printed whiteware ceramics were less

densely decorated than the earlier pearlware types, with more of the white background

showing through the designs. From this location one of the pieces is blue and one is

brown (Figure 8:5).

One piece of hand painted whiteware was recovered form Location 11. This piece

is decorated using green and black. Painted wares of this type were popular from as early

as 1830 through to the 1870’s (Figure 8:3).

A banded piece of whiteware was recovered during the Stage 2 assessment at

Location 11. Banded wares were decorated with horizontal bands of coloured slip

applied in varying widths. Colours are predominantly muted earth tones including, black,

green, brown, orange, yellow, grey, and pale blue. Banded pieces may also include inlaid

and cut away slip decoration and bands of lathe turned grooves or patterns. Banding

occurred both as a primary decorative element and in conjunction with other design



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elements such as marbling, or the dendritic patterns found on mocha ware. Banded

patterns can be found on whiteware dating from 1830 up to the 20th

century (Sussman

1997). Banded designs are most frequently found on whiteware. After 1850 annular wares

became available only on the blue banded variety and its use continued into the 20th

century (Sussman 1997). The banded piece from this site is decorated with brown and

blue annular bands (Figure 8:6).

One piece of sponged whiteware was also recovered form this location. Sponged

whiteware ceramics were a form of inexpensive tableware in which a sponge was used to

apply an underglaze pigment. All-over sponging became popular by the 1840’s and

remained common until the 1870’s. The sponged piece form this location is blue (Figure

8:1).

The remaining piece of decorated whiteware recovered from Location 11 is

stamped. Stamping involved the transfer of paint to the bisque surface through the use of

a stamp most frequently made of sponge. This decorative technique usually dates to the

second half of the 19th

century. This piece is decorated with a blue design (Figure 8:2).

Utilitarian Ceramic Wares

In addition to the tableware, ten utilitarian ceramic pieces were recovered from

Location 11. This collection consists of eight pieces of red earthenware and two pieces of

stoneware. Red and yellow earthenware vessels were manufactured throughout the late

18th

and 19th

centuries and were the most common utilitarian ware in the first half of the

19th

century, eventually being replaced by more durable stoneware vessels. Stoneware

vessels were also produced throughout the 19th

century.

Pearlware

Pearlware, sometimes referred to as “China glazed”, is a variety of earthenware

that was popular from 1780 to 1840. Pearlware is often difficult to recognize because of

its similar appearance to later whiteware ceramics, however because of the addition of

cobalt, the glaze has a light blue to blue-green tint. When placed on a white earthenware

bisque, this glaze gave the impression of a “whiter” ware than the earlier yellow tinted

creamware. Five pieces of plain pearlware were recovered during the Stage 2 assessment

at Location 11 (Figure 8:7).

Unknown Ceramic Type

Unfortunately two of the ceramic pieces recovered from Location 11 could not be

catalogued into specific ceramic-ware classifications. These pieces are so heavily

damaged and fragmentary that it is impossible to accurately identify them by ceramic

type. In order to avoid altering the separate ceramic totals, percentages and ultimately the

temporal data for the site the damaged pieces were simply classified as miscellaneous

unidentified ceramics.



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Ironstone

Ironstone or graniteware is a variety of refined white earthenware introduced in

the 1840’s that became extremely popular in Upper Canada by the 1860’s (Kenyon 1985).

It is usually much thicker than other whiteware, and often decorated with raised moulded

designs of wheat or fruit. One piece of plain ironstone and one piece of moulded

ironstone were recovered from this location. The moulded piece was decorated with a

wheat design. Starting in the 1860’s the “wheat” design, also referred to as “Ceres” was

the most popular ironstone pattern produced (Kenyon 1985).

Porcelain

Porcelain is a type of earthenware fired at such a high temperature that the clay

has begun to vitrify; consequently the ceramic is translucent when held up to a light.

Because of its high cost, porcelain is extremely rare on 19th

century sites in Ontario,

however by the turn of the century it becomes relatively common, as production

techniques were developed in Europe which greatly reduced costs. One piece of plain

white porcelain was recovered from this location.

Yelloware

The remaining two ceramic piece recovered from Location 11 is yelloware.

Yelloware ceramics were first manufactured in the 1840’s, and continue to be

manufactured in limited quantities today. This yelloware piece is banded and decorated

with a white band.




earthenware, red 8 13.3

whiteware, edged 6 10.0

pearlware, plain 5 8.3

whiteware, transfer printed 2 3.3

stoneware 2 3.3


whiteware, painted 1 1.7

whiteware, banded 1 1.7

yelloware, banded 1 1.7

whiteware, sponged 1 1.7

whiteware, stamped 1 1.7

ironstone, moulded 1 1.7


porcelain, plain 1 1.7

Total 60 100



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Twelve artifacts that were recovered from Location 11 were categorized as part of

the structural collection. This assemblage includes nine cut nails and three shards of

window glass. Cut nails were machine cut and have a flat head. They were invented as

early as 1790, but did not become common in Ontario until 1830.


Ten artifacts were gathered during the Stage 2 Assessment at Location 11 that

were classified as part of the kitchen or food related assemblage. This collection consists

of seven shards of bottle glass and three faunal fragments. Unfortunately due to the

fragmentary nature of the bottle glass shards the collection can only be classified

according to colour. All seven of the bottle glass pieces are aqua coloured. Unfortunately

due to the fragmentary nature of the bottle glass shards the collection can only be

classified according to colour. The colour of bottle glass alone is very limited with

regards to providing dates of manufacture for glass bottles (Lindsey, 2008).


1: Sponged Whiteware

2: Stamped Whiteware

3: Hand PaintedWhiteware

4: Edged Whiteware

5: Transfer PrintedWhiteware

6: BandedWhiteware

7: Plain Pearlware 8: White Clay Pipe Bowl

Actual Size



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Personal Artifacts

The remaining artifact recovered from Location 11, a white clay pipe bowl

fragment was classified as a personal item. White clay pipes were very popular

throughout the 19th

century, with a decline in use by 1880 when they were replaced by

briar pipes and cigarettes (Adams et al. 1994:93). This pipe bowl fragment is plain

(Figure 8:8).

Summary

Due to the overwhelming predominance of whiteware over later types of ceramics and

the presence of early pearlware ceramics it is recommended that Location 11 (AfHi-350)

should be subject to a Stage 3 archaeological investigation to further evaluate its

significance and information potential. The Stage 3 examination should include the

controlled mapping of the surface finds as well as the hand excavation of a series of one-

meter test units to sample the nature and density of the cultural deposits. Archival

research should also be conducted on the 19th

century land registry data for this lot.

Figure 9. Area of Stage 2 Pedestrian Assessment, 5m Intervals



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Figure 10. Area of Stage 2 Test Pit Assessment, 5m Intervals

Figure 11. Area of Previous Disturbance, Not Assessed



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4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS





approval.



9) and three 19th














inclusion of earlier artifacts at this location a precautionary Stage 3 assessment is

recommended.






not requested at this time. Should deeply buried archaeological material be found on the

property during excavation activities, the Ministry of Culture should be notified

immediately at (416) 314-7174. In the event that human remains are encountered during

excavation, the proponent should immediately contact both the Ministry of Culture and

the Registrar or Deputy Registrar of the Cemeteries Regulation Unit of the Ministry of

Consumer and Commercial Relations, (416) 326-8392.



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References Cited

Adams, Nick, Ian Kenyon, and Dena Doroszenko

1994 Field Manual for Avocational Archaeologists in Ontario. Ontario Archaeological

Society Inc., Archaeological Stewardship Project.

Chapman, Lyman John and Donald F. Putnam

1984 The Physiography of Southern Ontario. 3rd ed. Ontario Geological

Survey Special Volume 2. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto.

Ellis, Chris J. and Neal Ferris (editors)

1990 The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Occasional Publication

of the London Chapter, Ontario Archaeological Society, Number 5.

Government of Canada

1999 Topographic Map Sheet 40 I/14: St. Thomas (Edition 8). Surveys and Mapping

Branch, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa.

Government of Ontario

1993 Archaeological Assessment Technical Guidelines. Archaeology & Heritage

Planning Unit, Cultural Programs Branch, Ministry of Culture, Tourism and

Recreation.

n.d. Archaeological Data Base Files. Heritage Branch, Ministry of Culture, Toronto.

H.R. Page and Company

1878 Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of Middlesex, Ontario. 1972 reprint.

Edward Phelps, Sarnia.

Hume, Ivor Noel

1969 A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. New York: Knopf.

Kendrick, Grace

1971 The Antique Bottle Collector. New York: Pyramid Books.

Kenyon, Ian

1985 “A History of Ceramic Tableware in Ontario, 1780-1840”. Arch Notes May/June

1985.

Lindsey, Bill

2008 Historic Glass Bottle Identification and Information Website.

http://www.sha.org/bottle/index.htm, The Bureau of Land Management, Society

for Historical Archaeology.



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Lockett, Terence A.

1996 Pearlware: Origins and Types (Part 1).

http://www.netcentral.co.uk/steveb/features/pearlware.htm.

Miller, George

1987 An Introduction to English Ceramics for Archaeologists. Midwestern

Archaeological Research Centre. Illinois State University.

Pearce, Robert J.

1995 Mapping Middleport: A Case Study in Societal Archaeology. 2nd edition.

Museum of Ontario Archaeology Research Report No. 25.

Sussman, Lynne

1997 Mocha, Banded, Cat’s Eye, and Other Factory-Made Slipware. Studies in

Northeast Historical Archaeology, no. 1. Boston: Boston University.



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APPENDIX A: Complete Stage 2 Catalogues



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Location 1 (AfHi-346)

Cat # Context Artifact Freq. Comments

1 test pits core 1 1 Onondaga chert

2 test pits chipping detritus 9 9 Onondaga chert

3 test pits fragmentary sherds 6

4 test pits neck sherds 2

5 test pits body sherds 1

19

Location 2


1 test pits retouched flake 1 1 Onondaga chert; 1 edge retouched, 2 edges utilized


3



1 surface ironstone, moulded 3

2 surface ironstone 33

3 surface creamware 10

4 surface pearlware 11

5 surface whiteware 8

6 surface whiteware, stamped 2 red stamped design and green painted

7 surface porcelain 1 plain white

8 surface pearlware, transfer printed 1 blue

9 surface pearlware, painted 3 blue

10 surface whiteware, painted 1 blue, green

11 surface whiteware, edged 2

1 blue with straight rim and chicken foot design, 1 blue with scalloped rim and impressed curved lines

12 surface whiteware, sponged 3 blue

13 surface whiteware, flow transfer printed 6 blue

14 surface whiteware, transfer printed 31 28 blue, 3 brown

15 surface whiteware, transfer printed 2 black with writing - "JAMES ..D… MA…"

16 surface pearlware, transfer printed 1 blue

17 surface pearlware, painted 3 1 blue, 2 E.P. brown, green, orange and blue

18 surface whiteware, painted 3 pink, blue, green, black

19 surface yelloware, banded 2 blue, white, black mocha design

20 surface whiteware, stamped 3 blue

21 surface whiteware, sponged 9 blue

22 surface porcelain, transfer printed 1 green - modern

23 surface porcelain 1 plain white



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24 surface whiteware, edged 5

2 blue with straight rim & chicken foot design, 1 scalloped rim & fancy moulding, 1 blue with impressed curved lines, 1 blue with straight rim and curved lines/no moulding

25 surface whiteware, flow transfer printed 11 9 blue, 2 black

26 surface whiteware, transfer printed 42 39 blue, 2 brown, 1 black

27 surface ironstone, moulded 10 3 wheat design

28 surface ironstone 26

29 surface pearlware 12

30 surface whiteware 37

31 surface stoneware 5

32 surface earthenware, red 20

33 surface earthenware, yellow 11

34 surface bell 1 sleigh bell

35 surface white clay pipe bowl 1 fluted design

36 surface nail, cut 1

37 surface glass, bottle 20 9 dark olive "black glass", 9 aqua, 1 clear, 1 brown

38 surface glass, white 1 "milk" glass

39 surface glass, window 5

40 surface misc. metal hardware 1 metal hook

41 surface faunal remains 12 1 shell, 3 butchered

361



1 surface projectile point 1 1 Kettle Point chert; unidentifable

1

Location 7



1

Location 9


1 surface utilized flake 1 1 Onondaga chert; 1 utilized edge

1



1 test pits whiteware, flow transfer printed 2 blue

2 test pits whiteware 2

3 test pits ironstone 3

4 test pits glass, bottle 16 5 aqua, 4 brown, 4 clear, 3 green ( 1 machine made)



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5 test pits glass, window 6

6 test pits faunal remains 7 3 burnt

7 test pits nail, cut 4

8 test pits nail, wire drawn 8

9 test pits zipper 1

10 test pits recent material 2 bottom of tin can, foil seal from bottle

11 test pits metal buckle 1 horse harness

12 test pits misc. metal hardware 2 nut and bolt

13 test pits misc. metal 1

55



1 test pits whiteware, edged 6

3 blue with scalloped rim & impressed curved lines, 2 blue with straight rims, 1 blue fragment

2 test pits whiteware, painted 1 green, black

3 test pits whiteware, transfer printed 2 1 brown, 1 blue

4 test pits whiteware, banded 1 brown, blue bands

5 test pits yelloware, banded 1 white band

6 test pits whiteware, sponged 1 blue

7 test pits whiteware, stamped 1 blue

8 test pits pearlware 5

9 test pits whiteware 27

10 test pits ironstone, moulded 1 wheat design

11 test pits ironstone 1

12 test pits porcelain 1 plain white

13 test pits earthenware, red 8

14 test pits stoneware 2

15 test pits unknown ceramic type 2

16 test pits white clay pipe bowl 1

17 test pits faunal remains 3 1 burnt

18 test pits glass, bottle 7 7 aqua

19 test pits glass, window 3

20 test pits nail, cut 9

83

Documents

River Bend South Stages 1-2 - London, Ontario · River Bend South Part of Lots 49 and 50, ... areas immediately around the house and out buildings that were previously ... just east