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RIVER SYSTEMS OF INDIA
Drainage basin: The area drained by a single river system i.e. main river and its tributaries.
Water divide: Elevated area or an upland that separates two drainage basin.
Water divide
Drainage patterns Dendritic: forms when river follows the slope of the land ,river and its
tributaries resembles the branches of the tree.
Trellis: it develops over alternate band of hard and soft rocks (ridge and valley topography) tributaries join main river at approx. right angle.
Rectangular : formed over hard and strongly jointed rocky terrain tributaries join main river at right angle.
Radial: It develops when streams flow in different directions from a central peak or dome like structure.
River cycle and fluvial landforms
Features formed in youthful stage: V shaped valleys, waterfall alluvial fans
Features formed in mature stage:meanders , ox bow lake , flood plains, levees
Features formed in old stage: Delta , distributaries
Young stage Mature stage Old stage
Himalayan and peninsular rivers Himalayan rivers1.Perennial in nature2.Source of origin -Glaciers3.Have long courses and
perform intense erosion.4.Mainly of dendritic pattern and forms well developed
deltas.5.Comparatively younger in
origin.
Peninsular rivers1. Non perennial in nature2. Source of origin -
Monsoons.3. Have shallower and shorter
courses.
4. Combination of dendritic, trellis and rectangular pattern .
5. Show graded profile.
S.No Name of the river Origin & drain into
Tributaries Details
1. Indus •Near lake Mansarowar in Tibet•Arabian sea
Zaskas, Nubra , Shyok, Hunza in Kashmir region;Satluj ,Beas, Ravi,Chenab and Jhelum near Mithankot
•Emerges from mountain at Attock.•Gentle slope•Total length 2880km (In India-1,114 km)
2. Ganga •GangotriGlacier in Uttrakhand•Bay of Bengal
From Himalayan side-Yamuna,Ghaghara, Gandhak,KosiFrom peninsula side-Chambal,Betwa,Son
•Forms the largest delta of the world along river Brahmaputra-Sunderban
3. Brahmaputra •East of lakeMansarowar in Tibet•Bay of Bengal
Dibang, Dihang and Lohit
Takes U turn at Namcha Barwato enterIndia. In India –916 kms
Ganga River System
Headwaters of River Ganga – Bhagirathi(origin Gangotri) and Alaknanda join at Devaprayag to form Ganga.
At Haridwar , it emerges from mountains and enters plains.
Divide into Bhagirathi and Hoogly.
Mainstream flows southward joined by Brahmaputra and known as Meghna. Forms Sunderban delta named after sundari tree.
Total length 2,525 km
Ambala forms water divide between Indus and Ganga
Confluence of Bhagirathi and Alaknanda
Bramhaputra river system Also known as Tsang Po in Tibet and Jamuna in Bangladesh.
Takes a hair-pin bend after crossing Namcha Barwa peak and enters India.
Carries less silt in Tibet region and large amount of silt in Indian part
Many problems are associated with it –floods, sedimentation of river bed and frequent shifting of its channel.
Forms world’s largest riverine island- Majuli island in the state of Assam.
River Distributaries
◼ The rivers in their lower course, due to the gentle slope, low velocity and huge deposition of silt, split into numerous channels known as distributariesand results in the formation of riverine island.
Riverine Island
Majuli, in the Brahmaputra River is the largest inhabited
riverine island in the world.
The Peninsular rivers
Peninsular RiverRiver Origin and drain
intoTributaries Remark
Narmada •Amarkantak hills in M.P•Into Arabian sea
Hiran, Kolar ,Tawa •Forms Dhuan Dharwaterfall in Jabalpur (Marble Rock)•Forms estuary
Tapi •Multai in Betuldistt of M.P•Into Arabian sea
Purna, Betul, Amravati Called twin of River NarmadaForms estuary
Mahanadi • Dhandkaranyain Chhattisgarh•Drains into Bay of Bengal
Ib, Sheonath,Tel •Hirakud Dam is built on this river• It is the most important river of Odisha.
Peninsular River
River Origin and draininto
Tributaries Remark
Godavari •Nasik district inMaharashtra•Drain into Bay of Bengal
Penganga,Wainganga, Indravati
•Longest river of peninsular India•Also called Dakshin Ganga•Forms Dendritic pattern
Krishna •Rises from The western ghats near Mahabaleshwar•Drain into Bay of Bengal
Koyna, Bhima,Ghataprabha, Tungabhadra,Musi
•Second largest river of peninsula•Famous city of Hyderabad is located on the banks of River Musi, one of the main tributaries.
Cauvery (Kaveri)
•Rise in Brahmagrirange of Western Ghats, Karnataka•Drain into Bay of Bengal
Amaravati and Shiva •Main river for southern -most states•Forms Delta
Cauvery River course
Other West flowing Rivers
West flowing Rivers
Lakes of India Classification on the basis of the origin:
Natural lakes-Glacial lakes (Dal lake), Lagoons(Pulicatlake), lakes formed due to inland drainage(Sambharlake)
Man made lakes-Nagarjuna Sagar, Nizam Sagar, Gobind sagar
Importance of the lakes: Have moderating effect on nearby area, unique aquatic life, source of water for irrigation and other uses, eco tourism.