Road Safety Audit Guidelines

8/14/2019 Road Safety Audit Guidelines

1/32

United Republic of TanzaniaMinistry of Infrastructure Development

Road Safety Unit

Road Safety Audit Guidelines

October 2007


2/32

United Republic of Tanzania

Ministry of Infrastructure Development

Table of Contents

FOREWORD....................................................................................................................III

1. OVERVIEW OF ROAD SAFETY AUDIT.......................................................................1

1.1. What are Road Safety udits!.............................................................................................................................1

1.". #ey $lements.........................................................................................................................................................1

1.%. Why are Road Safety udits necessary!............................................................................................................."

1.&. udit Team............................................................................................................................................................."

1.'. (ost and )enefits ............................................................................................................................................. ...%

. CO!DUCTI!G ROAD SAFETY AUDITS....................................................................."

".1. The udit *rocess..................................................................................................................................................&

".". Initiatin+ the udit................................................................................................................................................'

".%. *rovidin+ the )ac,+round Information..............................................................................................................'

".&. Studyin+ the *lans and Inspectin+ the Site.........................................................................................................'

".'. -oldin+ a (ommencement Meetin+ ith the Desi+ner and (lient..................................................................'

"./. Underta,e the udit............................................................................................................................................../

".0. Writin+ the udit Report...................................................................................................................................../

".. -oldin+ a (ompletion Meetin+............................................................................................................................

".2. 3inal udit Record................................................................................................................................................

".14. 3ollo5up..............................................................................................................................................................2

#. TY$ES OF SAFETY AUDIT........................................................................................1%

%.1. Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................14

%.". Sta+e 1 udits 5 3easibility Studies....................................................................................................................14

%.%. Sta+e " udits 5 *reliminary Desi+n..................................................................................................................14

%.&. Sta+e % udits 6 Detailed Desi+n.......................................................................................................................14

%.'. Sta+e & udits 5 Roador,s................................................................................................................................11

%./. Sta+e ' udits 6 *re57penin+............................................................................................................................11

%.0. Sta+e / udits 5 *ost57penin+ and $8istin+ Roads..........................................................................................11

%.. udit of Traffic Mana+ement Schemes.............................................................................................................1"

Safety Audit Guidelines October 2! i


3/32



%.2. udit of )uildin+ Development..........................................................................................................................1"

". C&EC'(ISTS..............................................................................................................1"

). A$$E!DI* 1 + OUT(I!E TER,S OF REFERE!CE FOR A ROAD SAFETY AUDIT

.........................................................................................................................................-

A/no0lede2ents

This Manual draws extensively on the recommendations contained in the report "Development ofRoad Safety Audit System for Tanzania" produced by M/S Desin !artnership for the formerMinistry of or#s in $%%&' (ther sources are listed below) and the contribution made by theauthors of these documents is ac#nowleded'

Austroads) $%%$)Road Safety Audit) Second "dition' Sydney) AustraliaAsian Development *an#) $%%&)Road Safety Audit for Road #ro$ects% An Operational Tool&it%Manila) !hilippinesMinistry of or#s) +ousin and ,ommunications) $%%-) Road Safety Audit Manual% Republic of.anda

Safety Audit Guidelines October 2! ii


4/32



FOREWORD

Road crashes are a rowin menace' n $%%0) road deaths reached an all1time hih of $)22-) and

behind this simple statistic is a hue amount of human pain and sufferin' 3conomic losses areestimated to be at least Tshs 4)5%% billion per year' The 6overnment is committed to developinand maintainin a safer road transport system) and this is reflected in the 7ational Transport!olicy and the forthcomin 7ational Road Safety !olicy' n support of this) the Roads Act $%%5

places a leal duty on all road authorities to ensure that their roads are desined) built) maintainedand operated with proper reard for safety'

Road authorities must wor# to improve safety throuh a combination of crash reduction and crashprevention' ,rash reduction prorammes involve monitorin the location of crashes) identifyinblac#spots) and then treatin them with remedial measures' ,rash prevention wor# involveshavin specialists chec# the safety of road schemes before they are finalised and built 8 this is

called road safety auditing, and is the sub9ect of these 6uidelines. 3xperience elsewhere hasshown that safety audits are a simple and hihly cost1effective way of reducin crashes on newand improved roads' These 6uidelines explain the principles and practice of safety auditin) andive technical advice on what can be a complex and demandin tas#' They have been writtenspecifically for those involved in road safety audits) but they will also be of interest to hihwaydesiners) and supervisors of road construction pro9ects'

Some safety audits have been done in recent years) but) because they were informal) the auditrecommendations were not always ta#en seriously' :rom now on safety auditin will be amandatory step in the plannin and desin process for ma9or road pro9ects) and my Ministry willmonitor how well it is wor#in' Trainin in safety audit will be provided) and road authorities

should consider collaboratin with each other when puttin toether safety audit teams' Somesmall schemes can cause bi safety problems) and it will be for road authorities to decide which ofthese needs to be audited'

Safety auditin involves one set of professionals chec#in the wor# of other professionals' t isimportant that those doin the auditin approach the tas# with sensitivity) and that those whosewor# is bein audited accept that this is necessary and worthwhile' challene everyone to ta#eroad safety auditin seriously so that our new road infrastructure is as safe as possible'

+on' ;ohn !ombe Maufuri


5/32



1. OVERVIEW OF ROAD SAFETY AUDIT

1.1. What are Road Safety Audits?

Road safety audit 9RS: is a systematic and formal safety performance e8amination of aroad pro;ect. The ob9ective is to identify potential safety problems) so that) where possible) thedesin can be improved to eliminate or reduce them' The audit is carried out by trained andexperienced auditors who are independent of the scheme desiners' The reatest benefits willcome from auditin ma9or road construction pro9ects) but the safety of all road pro9ects can beimproved throuh auditin'

Road safety audits are a vital tool in a road authority>s safety manaement system' They providean opportunity for road safety professionals to ensure that all road users> safety needs areade?uately addressed at various staes of road pro9ect development' They do not replace ?ualitycontrol and standards compliance) or ma#e it any less necessary to be safety1conscious when

plannin) desinin) constructin) maintainin) and operatin road and traffic systems'

1.2. Key Elements

The 7ational Transport !olicy places clear emphasis on the provision of safe transportinfrastructure' (ne of the tools that may be used to achieve safety is the auditin of road schemes'The 7ational Road Safety !olicy contains a commitment to "ensure that a formal) independentroad safety audit is carried out on all road pro9ects before they are finalised"'

Road safety auditin follows the principle of prevention is better than cure. An auditconducted at the plannin or desin stae allows a line on a plan to be chaned) which is much

cheaper than havin to alter asphalt or concrete once the scheme has been built' The earlier a roadpro9ect is audited within the desin and development process the better'

The followin staes


6/32



be accepted or re9ected'

t is important to reconise that@

safety audits are not technical audits 1 they are only concerned with road safety and they do

much more than chec# on compliance with standards

safety audits are not informal chec#s or desin reviews 1 these may still be useful safety auditors will not redesin aspects of the scheme that they consider to be unsafe 1 this is

the responsibility of the desiner

safety audits are not 9ust for bi schemes 1 even small pro9ects can ive rise to serious safety

problems

safety auditin helps sensitise road enineers to safety issues) and feedbac# from audits will

lead to improved desin standards

:inal responsibility for chanin the desin rests with the client 1 it is not necessary for the

client to have the areement of the auditor or the desiner'

Road safety auditin can produce sinificant benefits at low cost if carried out in a formal andcoordinated manner at all staes in the plannin) desin and implementation of a road pro9ect' The

process re?uires stron manaement commitment) s#illed auditors) cooperation from desinteams) and an on1oin trainin proramme'

1.3. Why are Road Safety Audits necessary?

hy should audits be needed when the road aencies employ professional hihway desiners andinsist on the use of ood desin standardsC There are a number of answers to this ?uestion)includin@

compliance ith standards does not +uarantee safety8 althouh conformity with standards

and uidance is helpful for safety) there will be many situations that are not covered by thestandards 8 and sometimes a number of individual elements) all desined to standard) may)when combined) be unsafeB

safety can be unduly compromised in the trade5off beteen conflictin+ re


7/32



leader) must have expertise in road safety auditin' This means havin attended a course in roadsafety auditin and havin ta#en part in several audits


8/32



. CO!DUCTI!G ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

2.1. The Audit "rocess

The steps in the audit process are illustrated in the flow chart in :iure 4' t is important to

broadly follow this process in order to ensure that the audit is done in a systematic way' Theprocess is the same whatever the type and scale of pro9ect bein audited) but the amount of wor#involved in each step will vary'

Fiu3e 1 Ste4s in t5e Audit $3oess

T 5 e s t e 4 s R e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f :

I 2 4 l e 2 e n t . 5 a n 1 e s

F i n a l A u d i t R e . o 3 d

C l i e n t ( P r o j e c t m a n a g e r )

C l i e n t a n d D e s i g n e r a n d A u d i t T e a m

C l i e n t a n d D e s i g n e r a n d A u d i t T e a m

I n i t i a t e t 5 e a u d i t

$ 3 o 6 i d e i n f o 3 2 a t i o n

C o 2 2 e n . e 2 e n t 2 e e t i n 1

S t u d y t 5 e 4 l a n s + 6 i s i t t 5 e s i t e

U n d e 3 t a / e t 5 e a u d i t

C o 2 4 l e t i o n 2 e e t i n 1

D e . i d e o n 3 e s 4 o n s e

W 3 i t e t 5 e a u d i t 3 e 4 o 3 t

D e s i g n e r

A u d i t T e a m

A u d i t T e a m

A u d i t T e a m

C l i e n t

C l i e n t

C l i e n t a n d D e s i g n e r

Source: adapted rom !"oad Saet# Audit$% Austroads% 2002

Safety Audit Guidelines October 2! )


9/32



2.2. #nitiatin$ the Audit

The client will initiate the process by issuin written instructions that will typically state the termsof reference for the audit) the composition of the audit team) the format for presentin the results)and what the deadline is for submission of the audit report' These instructions should be copied tothe desiner' The process should be started immediately after the desin has been submitted to the

client' Road authorities should ensure that their desin contracts re?uire the desiner to@ a=respond to the findins of safety audits) and b= underta#e any necessary re1desin' f the pro9ect

bein audited is an old one the desiner may no loner be available' n this case the client willhave to rely on his own enineerin 9udement to assess the audit recommendations) and arranefor any necessary re1desin'

2.3. "ro%idin$ the !ac&$round #nformation

The client or desiner will provide all relevant information to the audit team' Much of it can befound in the pro9ect reports' :or a desin audit the information should include@

a pro9ect description

An account of the desin principles and standards that were used


10/32



is proposed and what standards have been used' They may also want to et the desiner>sreactions to any problems that they have already identified'

:or a small pro9ect that re?uires one auditor) a telephone call followin delivery of bac#roundinformation may suffice' A bier pro9ect would re?uire a formal meetin with representatives ofthe client and desiners and the entire audit team'

2.,. -nderta&e the Audit

There are various ways of oranisin the wor#) and this is a matter for the audit team leader andthe team members' +owever) one method that is usually effective is for the team members tostudy the pro9ect reports and drawins independently) and then come toether for the site visit'They meet later to discuss their findins) and draft the audit report'

Auditors should bear in mind the followin #ey principles for achievin a safe road environment@

!R(GD3 safety for all road users


11/32



or provide a detailed desinB that is the 9ob of the desiner'

The findins and recommendations should be presented in tabular form s response' This helps #eep the findins and recommendations short andma#es it is easier for the client to respond'

n some cases there may be no obvious solution to the problem) but the problem should still beidentified in the report'

Table 1 E7a24le of an Audit Findins Table

Ref8 Findins Reo22endations Client9s Res4onse Comment

A& 'er# man# pedestrians ill be aling along t*e road on t*esection rom c*+ 0,000 to &,0-0 (C*oge centre) #et t*ere isno pro.ision or t*em ot*er t*an a ide s*oulder+ T*ere ill bea *ig* degree o conlict beteen pedestrian mo.ement and.e*icles paring / unparing and crossing t*e s*oulder toaccess t*e roadside commercial de.elopment+

Segregate t*e pedestriansrom t*e .e*icles andcontrol access

designer to produce a

detailed design for a

footway with limited

openings for vehicular

access to roadside

development

A2 T*ere is no pro.ision or street lig*ting on t*e section t*roug*C*oge centre (c*+ 0,000 to &,0-0) #et t*is area is bus# atnig*t and darness ill increase t*e ris o collisions%especiall# beteen pedestrians and .e*icles

Pro.ide street lig*ting insufficient funds for

street lighting - road

will be illuminated by

lights of roadside

commercial buildings

A At c*+ &,020 t*e e1isting pipe cul.ert carr#ing t*e isoogastream is to be replaced b# a m ide bo1 cul.ert+ T*e speciicdesign is not indicated but% i it is constructed to t*e t#picaldesign s*on on Dg+ T"34DT4025c% it ill *a.e no parapet+6it*out a parapet t*ere is a ris t*at pedestrians (includingc*ildren rom t*e nearb# sc*ool) ma# all into t*e stream+

Pro.ide a pedestrianparapet on bot* sides o t*ecul.ert

A 3rom c*+ &,800 to 2,0-0 (Ti#enga .illage) t*ere is an openside drain (&+m ide and &m deep) along bot* sides o t*eroad 4 t*is ill be a dangerous trap at nig*t or t*e man#pedestrians and c#clists t*at ill use t*is road 4 and could alsobe a *a9ard or stopping .e*icles+

Co.er t*e drain

A- T*e bend at c*+ 2,00 *as a radius (70m) t*at is ell belo

standard% and t*e .ie o t*e bend or traic coming romC*oge ill be obscured b# t*e crest at c*+ 2,--0+ Dri.ers illnot see t*e bend in time to slo don suicientl# to be able tonegotiate t*e bend sael#+ T*ere are no signs or delineatorss*on on t*e draings

"e4align t*is section to

remo.e t*e crest and bend%or% i t*is cannot be done%pro.ide a *ig* standard osigning and delineation

realigning the road

would not be cost-

effective but warning

signs and delineators will

be installed

The audit report should be thorouh and comprehensive) but also concise' There is no need todescribe the safety situation in Tanzania) nor discuss eneral safety and hihway desin issues'There is also no need to refer to the ood points of the desin) because the audit report is notivin an overall assessment' The report should detail the specific safety concerns about thescheme) nothin else' (nce the report is ready it should be sined by the audit team leader andsubmitted to the client'

Safety Audit Guidelines October 2! !

hec&list for audit re'orts

Int3odution : details o:

*o re;uested t*e audit

names o persons in t*e audit team

draings and documents submitted

constraints% e+g+% no signing plans a.ailable

*en t*e audit as done < date and time o site .isits

dates o meetings

t*e tec*nical terms used in t*e report

Safety one3ns 3ea3din ene3al as4ets of t5e desin suc* asdesign speed% cross4section% superele.ation% speed management%signing% etc+

Safety one3ns 3ea3din featu3es at s4eifi loations % suc* asan aard bend% or a dangerous junction+

Conludin setionT*e audit team leader s*ould sign and date t*e report+


12/32



2./. (oldin$ a om'letion )eetin$

!rior to the ,ompletion Meetin the client will send a copy of the audit report to the desinerwith a re?uest for a response on each of the reportHs recommendations' (nce the desinerHsresponses have been received the client will re?uest the audit team leader and the desiner toattend the ,ompletion Meetin'

The ob9ective of the ,ompletion Meetin is to foster a constructive dialoue centred on the auditreport findins' The meetin provides an opportunity to@

formally present the audit findins and clarify or elaborate their meanin

Discuss possible remedial measures for problems identified'

3ssential elements of a successful ,ompletion Meetin include the followin@

A positive) constructive and co1operative attitude on the part of all participantsB

Desiners must appreciate that the audit is not a criti?ue of their individual or team

performanceB

Auditors and desiners must respect the fact that the client alone will ma#e the decision on

whether and what action is to be ta#en to correct the safety problems identified in the auditB itis not necessary for all three parties to be in areement'

The client will usually ma#e a decision on each audit point at the meetin) but he may prefer to

wait for further consultation or investiation' The desiner may be as#ed to research thefeasibility and cost of remedial measures and report bac# to the client'

2.0. inal Audit Record

The :inal Audit Record is a copy of the Audit Report in which the audit findins table s response' The client can@

Accept the audit recommendation) orReectthe audit recommendation 1 in which case he must ive his reasons'

The client should try to be as ob9ective as possible when considerin his decision' A refusal to

accept an audit recommendation may be because he doubts whether there is a safety problem or itcould be that he does not li#e the proposed remedy' n the latter case the client must indicatewhat alternative remedy he prefers' The client is responsible for preparin the :inal Audit Record'

Safety Audit Guidelines October 2! -


13/32



The client must sin a statement in the :inal Audit Record committin himself to follow up thedecisions recorded in the response column of the audit findins table' The desiner should alsosin a statement to the effect that he accepts the client>s decisions and will amend the desinaccordinly' ,opies of the :inal Audit Record will be sent to the audit team leader and thedesiner'

2.1. ollo*u'

The client will instruct the desiner to ma#e the necessary amendments to the desin' t isimportant that these instructions be clearly recorded to avoid confusion'

.sually what happens then is that the audit team disbands and has no further involvement with thepro9ect' +owever) where the audit is of a Detailed Desin) it is desirable for the audit team leaderto continue to provide advice and technical support to the desiners and those responsible forsupervisin the construction' t is ?uite li#ely that the desin will be chaned durinimplementation) because of site difficulties or other unforeseen problems' f possible) the audit

team leader should try and monitor construction proress) and) if he feels that chanes are beinmade that compromise safety) he should alert the client of the need to audit these chanes'

Safety Audit Guidelines October 2! .


14/32



#. TY$ES OF SAFETY AUDIT

3.1. #ntroduction

(ne road pro9ect can have up to six road safety audit staes) but most pro9ects will have less'

Audit staes 4 to & focus on the pre1construction phase 1 the feasibility study and the preliminaryand detailed desins/ t needs to be stressed that the earlier a road pro;ect is audited thebetter' A Stae - audit chec#s the safety of the contractor>s plans for the roadwor#s' A Stae audit is done as a final chec# 9ust before the road is opened to traffic' After the road has beenopen for a year a Stae 0 audit can be done to assess what) if any) safety problems have arisen'

Safety audits can also be useful for chec#in traffic manaement schemes and ma9or buildindevelopments'

3.2. Sta$e 1 Audits easiility Studies

Audits at this stae can influence fundamental issues such as desin standards) cross1section)route choice) impact on surroundin road networ#) and the number) location and layout ofintersections' f a wron or inappropriate decision is made) it will probably be impossible tocorrect the problem at a later stae in the desin process'

:easibility studies sometimes recommend phased construction 8 for example) desinin a road asa dual carriaeway but with only one carriaeway bein built in the first stae' Auditors should beaware that this often involves desin compromises that adversely affect safety' nterim desinsneed more attention) not less'

3.3. Sta$e 2 Audits "reliminary +esi$n

The preliminary or draft desin will determine the standards) the cross1section) the alinment) andthe intersection type' The audit will chec# all these elements' !articular attention will be paid toany departures from standards) and the interaction between pro9ect elements that have beendesined to minimum standards' The audit will also loo# at the wider issues) such as@

+ave the needs of all li#ely road users been consideredC

s property access catered forC

Are local traffic movements catered for safelyC

Are the connections to the existin road networ# ade?uate and safeC

ill the pro9ect stain) if any) affect safetyC

t often happens that the auditors will identify problems that stem from decisions made durin thefeasibility stae) such as the cross1section) the route and the intersection type' f there was anaudit at the feasibility stae and these concerns were raised but re9ected by the client) it will not beappropriate to raise them aain' +owever) if there was no audit at the feasibility stae) theauditors must include these concerns in the audit findins) even thouh it may be too late tochane thins'

3.4. Sta$e 3 Audits +etailed +esi$n

This audit occurs on completion of the detailed road desin but before the construction contractdocuments are prepared and the land ac?uisition fixed' Auditors should loo# for anythin that has

been missed durin previous audits) and see how any issues identified in previous audits have beendealt with' t is a chance to chec# all the details) includin sins and mar#ins) safety barrier)roadside obstacles) lihtin) landscapin) pedestrian facilities) and connections to existin roads'

Safety Audit Guidelines October 2! '


15/32



,hec# also the interaction of the detailed elements 8 for exampleB chec# that the lihtin columnsare behind the safety barrier not in front' Attention to detail at this stae can help reduce the costand nuisance of last1minute chanes durin construction' +owever) it is often difficult to etsufficiently detailed information) because many minor decisions will be left for the supervisinenineer to ma#e durin the construction phase' This is why Stae s StandardSpecifications for Roadwor#s) $%%%


16/32



rehabilitation pro9ects'

The audit team should inspect the road toether) from the viewpoint of all road users' t is notsufficient to 9ust drive alon the road 1 wherever pedestrians are found the team must et downfrom the vehicle and chec# what it is li#e to wal# alon the road and to cross it' The inspectionshould be done without first chec#in the crash data) so as not to bias the findins' The aim is toidentify safety deficiencies of desin) layout and road furniture' A two1stae inspection process isrecommended for lon road sections of about 4%%1#m or more' The first stae should focus onidentifyin the main problems of the route and where they are located' This is followed by thedetailed stae durin which a close examination of the selected problem areas is done'

(nce the preliminary assessment has been completed the results should be chec#ed aainst thecrash history' Sometimes a site that loo#s unsafe may be found to have had no crashes' Theauditor should be cautious about recommendin corrective action) because of the ris# of ma#inthins worse) but note that@

crash history is not necessarily a ood indicator of future crashes) especially on lihtly1

traffic#ed rural roads !olice crash records are not very reliable 1 and crash locations may have been mis1recorded

pedestrians and cyclists may be ma#in lon detours to avoid the site because of its perceived

daner

if it is a #nown and obvious safety problem


17/32



the vehicular and pedestrian access

the safe provision of public transport services

the safety impact of any conestion caused by the vehicles enterin or leavin the development

the eneration of pedestrian movements across surroundin roads

the ade?uacy of the par#in provision


18/32



". C&EC'(ISTS

Road Safety Audit hec&lists Sta$e 1 easiility Studies

Issue1.1 *ro;ect function and scope>

s the scheme consistent with the development plans for the areaCs the scheme consistent with the planned road hierarchy for the areaCill the scheme ade?uately cater for@1 carsC1 motorcyclistsC1 pedal cyclistsC1 pedestriansC1 heavy vehiclesC1 busesC

1." Ma;or +enerators of trafficDoes the scheme serve ma9or enerators of traffic safelyCAre there any developments) planned or committed) that may affect the new roadC

1.% ?etor, effects>ill the scheme alter the volume and speed of traffic on the surroundin road networ#C 1 if so)

will these effects result in safety problemsC ,an any safety problems be ade?uately dealt withCill local vehicle and pedestrian movements be cut by the schemeC 1 if so) will this result insafety problemsCDoes the scheme relieve crash1prone routes or sitesC

1.& @eneral desi+n issues>s the desin appropriate for the roadHs function) cateory) traffic mix) desin year trafficvolume) etcCs the desin speed appropriateC+as a clear zone been defined and) if so) is it ade?uateC,an any sudden chane in the speed environment be safely accommodatedCAre there li#ely to be safety problems where the new / improved road connects with the existinroad networ#C

ill the route permit the achievement of alinment standards s the fre?uency of intersections and their type appropriate for the road function) desin speed)traffic volumes and turnin movementsCAre the proposed intersections at locations where siht distances and other desin re?uirementscan be metCAre there any properties with direct accessC f so) are they necessary) and in safe locationsC

1./ Sta+in+>

ill the scheme be carried out in staesCill intersections be built in interim or final formC+ave desin compromises been made which miht affect the safety of the interim staesC

1.0 $valuation of alternatives>s the road safety performance one of the evaluation criteriaC

Safety Audit Guidelines October 2! ')


19/32



Road Safety Audit hec&lists Sta$e 2 "reliminary +esi$n

Issue

".1 @eneral topics>+ave the circumstances chaned since the last audit ,an the number of intersections be reduced to improve safetyCAre intersections so close toether that there may be a Esee1throuh problemC

s the intersection in a safe location


20/32



Does the layout encourae slow) controlled speeds at and on the approach to ST(! and6G3 AJ sins / linesCs there ade?uate provision for pedestrians and cyclistsCDoes the intersection desin permit ade?uate sininC

".0 *edestrians and other special road users+ave pedestrian needs been satisfactorily considered


21/32



Road Safety Audit hec&lists Sta$e 3 +etailed +esi$n

Issue

%.1 @eneral topics>,hec# for ma9or chanes since the last audit' Are there any safety implicationsC

,hec# that the circumstances for the proposals still apply' +ave there been any sinificantchanes to the networ# or area to be servedCs the proposed function of the road still as intendedCAre future improvements planned that will affect the safe use of the roadC

%." Detail of +eometric desi+n>Are the desin details


22/32



s there sufficient visibility on the approach to intersectionsC,hec# that drivers will be able to read the road ahead' Are there any aw#ward surprises orvisual illusions that could confuse driversC f so) can they be avoidedC f not) are they handledsafelyCDoes the vertical alinment put excessive demands on the power of heavy vehiclesC +as it

been desined so that maximum rades are interspersed with recovery radesC

%.0 Intersections>ill the layout and function of the intersection be understood by drivers as they approachCDoes the layout conform to established Tanzanian practiceCs there proper Elane balance) and Ethrouh lane continuityCAre there sufficient lanes for the volume of trafficCs the route throuh the intersection as simple) clear and loical as possibleCs there ade?uate provision for channellin


23/32



Traffic Sins ManualCDoes the sinal phasin prevent any unexpected conflict situationsCs it necessary to have protected riht turnsCs the Einterreen time between conflictin phases sufficient for safe operationC,an the 9unction be used safely if the sinals are not wor#in or are switched to flashinamberC

s there a phase to accommodate pedestriansC Are the settins and timins ade?uate for safeuseC,an pedestrians et confused about which sinal applies to themCs the intersection properly mar#ed in accordance with the advice in the Traffic SinsManualC s the stop line perpendicular to the centre lineCs the control e?uipment located in a safe place where it will not interfere with visibility and isunli#ely to be hit by errant vehiclesC s there safe par#in for the maintenance vehicleC

Roundaboutss the eometry simple and easily understood by drivers on the approach to the roundaboutCs the size of the roundabout sufficient for the volume and mix of traffic and the number ofentriesC

s the central island sufficiently conspicuousCAre there too many entries for safe) efficient operationCAre the entries and exits spaced far enouh apartCDoes the desin deflect enterin traffic sufficiently to ensure that entry speeds are no reaterthan % #m/hCs the visibility for enterin traffic and circulatin traffic ade?uateC+as the centre island been desined to be forivin to errant vehiclesC+as ade?uate provision been made for pedestrians to cross the arms of the roundaboutC+ave the needs of cyclists been consideredCs the sinin and mar#in in conformity with the uidance iven in the Traffic SinsManualCAre the mar#ins ade?uateC s there a need for dedicated lanesC

@rade separateds the vertical alinment ade?uateC ,an the drivers see the intersectionCf there are mere situations) are they arraned so that the traffic 9oins the mainline from thenearside) i'e' from the leftCs the mere/divere point clearly identifiable for drivers on the mainlineCAre the acceleration lanes of ade?uate lenth and desinCAre the deceleration tapers of ade?uate lenth and desinCs 9oinin traffic inter1visible with the mainlineCs the desin speed for the ramps ade?uateCDoes the desin of the ramp provide ade?uate forward visibilityCAre there sharp bends on the rampsC


24/32



f antry sins are used can they be seen at nihtC Do they need to be externally illuminatedCDoes the scheme ma#e provision for removin unnecessary) wron or outworn sinsCAre the road mar#ins correctCAre the criteria for the use of no overta#in centre lines specified) and) if they are) are theycorrect for the traffic speed on each sectionCill traffic island mar#ins need to be reinforced by rumble strips or flexible traffic

cylindersCill reflective pavement mar#ers


25/32



Are power boxes and access chambers located in a safe place Are there any trees/veetation/landscapin located where they may interfere with visibilityand affect the safety of road usersC

%.1' =i+htin+>s lihtin re?uired and) if so) has it been ade?uately providedCDoes the lihtin ade?uately illuminate critical points) such as pedestrian crossins) refues)mere and divere areas) ST(! and 6G3 AJ lines) etc'=Cill the lihtin scheme mislead drivers in any way ,an access to structures be carried out safelyC,an maintenance vehicles stop in a safe placeC

%.1 *ublicity and trainin+>f the pro9ect will brin bi chanes to the traffic environment


26/32



Road Safety Audit hec&lists Sta$e 4 Road*or&s

Issue

&.1 *rovidin+ safely for everyone>Do the roadwor#s proposals cater safely for the passae of all types of traffic and road usersC

,hec# that pedestrians and cyclists will be safe when crossin the siteC,an local people access their properties on foot and by vehicleC

&." Si+nin+Does the sinin provide sufficient advance warnin of the roadwor#sCs all the sinin in accordance with the provisions of the Traffic Sins ManualC

&.% Safe traffic movement throu+h the site>Do the arranements for the passae of traffic encourae smooth flow of traffic at safespeedsCill speed humps) speed limit sins) or other speed control measures be re?uiredCDoes the sinin and channelisation provide clear uidance to drivers on which way theyshould oC

Are traffic lanes of sufficient width) ta#in account of vehicle mix) li#elihood of widevehicles) etc'CAre the barricades) mar#ers and other channelisation devices ade?uate s traffic function) traffic volume and speedCs the advance sinin ade?uate


27/32



Road Safety Audit hec&lists Sta$e 5 "re6'enin$

Issue

'.1 @eneral topics>+ave any chanes been made durin construction that may lead to safety problemsC

+as the desin been correctly translated into physical formC,hec# that no roadside hazards have been installed or overloo#ed's safety ade?uate for@ pedestrians of all aes) bicycles) truc# and bus movements)motorcycles) carsC

'." Draina+e>s the drainae of the road and its surroundins ade?uateCill the dischare from the drains cause problems Are access chambers) lines) boxes) lihtin columns etc' located in a safe placeC

,hec# that the route has no safety problems in each direction'Are there any problems at niht that are not apparent durin the dayCs there ade?uate visibility/stoppin siht distanceC,hec# that the form of road and its traffic manaement are easily reconised under li#elytraffic conditions',hec# the need for more sins and mar#ins',hec# that the ede delineation of the ede of the carriaeway is clear'Are drivers misled by any visual illusionC,ould the alinment of the old road mislead driversCs the transition from the old) unimproved road to the new road satisfactory


28/32



s the form and function of the intersection clear to drivers on all approachesCAre the ST(! and 6G3 AJ lines visible at a safe stoppin distanceCAre there any problems at niht that are not apparent durin the dayC

dditional items to consider for specific types of intersection>Traffic si+nals>

,an the sinals be seen clearly on all approachesCs the alinment of the sinal heads correctCAre the sinal lamps briht enouhC or too briht Are the correct sins used and are they correctly placedC

,hec# the visibility) leend and leibility in both dayliht and in dar#ness' Are there spellinor desin errorsCDo they ive the correct messae to driversCAre they readableCAre they located in a safe placeC Are they interferin with visibility at intersectionsC Areclearance standards metCDo the sins obstruct footwaysCAre safety barriers needed to protect posts from vehicle impactCAre any more sins re?uiredCAre all the road mar#ins placed correctly and fully visibleCAre reflective pavement mar#ers correct and visibleC,hec# that all redundant sins


29/32



Road Safety Audit hec&lists Sta$e , "ost6'enin$ and e7istin$roads

Issue

/.1 @eneral topics>

Review previous road safety audit Are the shoulders of an appropriate desin s siht distance ade?uate for the speed of traffic usin the routeCs the horizontal and vertical alinment suitable for the 2 thpercentile speed of trafficC f not@1

Are there sufficient warnin sinsC

+ave speed limits been imposedC 1 are they correctly sinedC

Are there any sections of road that may cause concernsC ,onsider@

s the alinment clearly definedC

+ave all old road mar#ins been removedC

Are there sufficient clear overta#in sectionsCAre there sections with marinal visibility for overta#in


30/32



Are there lon / steep hills where climbin lanes would help prevent unsafe overta#inC

/.0 Speed mana+ementDoes the eometric desin

/.1% Traffic si+nsAre all the necessary sins in placeCAre they readableC


31/32



/.1& $nvironmental>Does veetation obstruct@

Traffic sinsB

Gisibility at 9unctionsB

Stoppin siht distances on the mainlineB

:ootways / crossin pointsC

Safety Audit Guidelines October 2! 2!


32/32



). A$$E!DI* 1 + OUT(I!E TER,S OF REFERE!CE FOR AROAD SAFETY AUDIT

Int3odution

The ob9ective of this assinment is to carry out a Stae KL Road Safety Audit

Documents

Road Safety Audit Guidelines