Chicago,Illinois
Chicago MultiplemusicstyleswerehonedinChicago Welllookattwo:
Jazz:1920,1930s Blues:1940s,1950s
Butfirst whyChicago?
TheGreatMigration
PostCivilWar:explainSharecropping
6millionAfricanAmericans,19101970,mostlyaftertheDepression
Trainroutes(seemapnextslide)
Trainroutes
Northerncities Chicago,Detroit,NewYork ToalesserextentPittsburg,Cleveland
24hourfactories Higherwagesandstandardofliving Lessracism
Chicago,1940sand1950s:allhoursbluesclubs
TheSpreadofNewOrleansJazz
ManyofthetopN.O.jazzmusicianslovedtoChicagoorNewYork
Bythelate1910s/early1920,thesearethebiggestcentres forN.O.stylejazz
JellyRollMorton(18901941) B.NewOrleans Piano,vocals,composer,bandleader 1923:movestoChicago Pianoprofessor
Ex:JellyRollMortonsHotPeppers BlackBottomStomp(1926) Tailgatetrombone:swoops,slidingsound
LouisArmstrong(19011971) B.NewOrleans Trumpet,vocals,composer 1922:Chicago
Ex:LouisArmstrongandHisHotSeven PotatoHeadBlues(1927)
Lesspolyphony Dixielandstylebutwithmoresolos Louisoncornet(lower,mellowerthantrumpet)
LouisArmstrong(cont.) Establishedsoloistascentralfigureinsmalljazzgroups
Nodistinguishingofartisticandentertainment Popsongswithsolos VocalsandpopEx:LouisArmstrongandhisHotFive
WestEndBlues(1928) Pop/Jazz Solos;CallandResponse
LouisArmstrong(cont.)Ex:LouisArmstrongandhisHotFive
Heebie Jeebies(1926) Popvocalperformance Polyphonichorns Scatsolo:hornsolodonebythevoice
Ex:LouisArmstrong ICoverTheWaterfront(1933)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIIZ3hQEsqs
JazzsCriticalReception
Discussedcriticallyasoflate1910s Racialdivide High/lowartdivide RacialCharacteristicsofjazzplaying
Evilinfluenceonyoungpeople Immorality
PostRagtimePianoStyles Thesesetthestageforjazzpiano:
Stride andBoogieWoogie Bothgrewoutofthepianoprofessortradition ButmoreurbanandNorthern(ChicagoandNYC)
StridePiano
Lefthandlikeragtime,butwithmoremelodicruns Righthand,moreimprov andblueselementsEx:JamesP.Johnson CarolinaShout(1921)
Ex:WillieTheLionSmith Fingerbuster(1964)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KDMOkgSdy3E
BoogieWoogiePiano Lefthand:riffs;eitherwalkingbassorthefives Righthand:riffs,morerhythmicallyrepetitiveEx:PinetopPerkins
Pintops BoogieWoogie(1928)
Ex:MeadeLuxLewis HonkyTonk TrainBlues(1940)
ChicagoBlues AftertheGreatMigrationtonortherncities,anewelectricbluesstyleemerged,knownasChicagoblues.
Deltavs.Chicago
MuddyWaters Delta:Ex:MuddyWatersIBes Troubled(1942) LaterrerecordedinChicago: Ex:MuddyWatersICantBeSatisfied(1948)
WhatisMuddyusingonhisguitar?
Recognizetheform?
ChessRecords MostimportantChicagobluesrecordlabel/studio LeonardandPhilChess,Polish,Jewish RoleofWillieDixon
InfluencebackintheDelta
Ex:MuddyWatersIJustWanttoMakeLovetoYou(1954) Hypermasculinity
ClassicChesssound: Muddy(vocalsandguitar) LittleWalter(Harmonica) OtisSpann(Piano) JimmyRogers(Guitar) WillieDixon(Bass) ElginEvans(Drums)
HowlinWolf ChesterArthurBurnett 19101976
b.WhiteStation,Mississippi
LearnedguitarfromCharleyPatton
TheothermajorChessperformer
HowlinWolf 1951recordedatMemphisRecordingServicewithSamPhillips
SongslicensedbyChess 1952movedtoChicago
Ex:HowlinWolf SmokestackLightnin(1956)
Muddy/WolfRivalry
LittleWalter 19301968,b.Louisiana Harmonicaplayer(harp) Amplificationcreatesnewsound:distortion RecordedandtouredwithMuddy OnlyharmonicaplayerinRocknRollHallofFame
Ex:LittleWalterJuke(1952)
TheBlueNote
12tonesystem Otherwaystodividenotes
Demo
Africanism
Crushnotesonpiano
ChuckBerry b.1926,St.Louis,Missouri
ChessRecords Firstrecording1955
Ex:ChuckBerryMaybellene(1955)
Top10R&BandPop(significance)
ChuckBerry
Ex:ChuckBerry JohnnyB.Goode(1957)
Howisthisblues?Orisitsomethingelse?(guit.demo)
HowisitdifferentfromtheRobertJohnsonandMuddyWaterssongsweheard?
JohnLennon:Ifyouhadtotryandgiverocknrollanothername,youmightcallitChuckBerry
BoDiddley AKAEllas McDaniel 19282008 b.McComb,Mississippi
Bluestorocknroll Chess
Ex:BoDiddley ImAMan(1955)seelyrics
BoDiddley TheBoDiddley Beat:
Clave(SubSaharanAfricaandAfroCubanmusic) demo
Ex:BoDiddley BoDiddley(1955)
Selfmythologizing
BeatlesandStones
Detroit,Michigan
JohnLeeHooker 19172001 b.CoahomaCounty,Mississippi
Detroit1943
Difficulttoplaywith
Onechord,boogierhythmstyle(demo)
Ex:JohnLeeHooker BoogieChillen(1949)
RegionalCentersforR&B/Soul
Stax inMemphis,andMemphissoundgenerally
Motown inDetroit:popcrossover
Chicagosound:CurtisMayfield
FameStudiosinMuscleShoals,Alabama
AtlanticRecords,NYC:Distribution
Smaller:Philadelphia,Cincinnati
Gospel FiskJubileeSingers(18712000s) FiskU,Nashville,est.1866 EuropeanandNortherntours AfricanAmericanreligioussongsinfluencedbyWesternClassicaltradition
Gospel JohnAlexandersSterlingJubileeSingers ContinuesConcertSpiritualTradition Gospelquartetsound(but5) Marketing,crossoverbothways
Ex:JohnAlexandersSterlingJubileeSingersJesusHitsLikeanAtomBomb(late1940s)
Gospel Rev.CLFranklin(19151984) b.SunflowerCounty,Mississippi Startedpreachingat16 Detroit
Ex:TwoFishandFiveLoavesofBread
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLdrFtxKq5s
SoulMusic StartssametimeasRocknRoll
Gospel:Divinelove,God R&B:Humanlove,sex Taboomixofbluesandgospel
VeryconnectedtoR&B:labels,audience,performers,andreleasesandrereleases
RayCharles(19302004) b.Albany,Georgia,grewupinGreenville,Florida Blindby6 Croonersincelate40s OftencreditedwithstartingSoul(IGotaWoman) Atlantic,1954Ex:RayCharlesIGotaWoman(1954)
ArethaFranklin(1942)
.Memphis,Detroitat5ospelwithDadeenGospelrecords8:Columbia lushpop967:Atlantic(grittier,FAMEband)
ArethaFranklinNever Loved A Man (The Way I Love You) (1967)
Detroit,Michigan:19591972 LA:19721998 Modernrelaunch/useofname
BerryGordy,Jr. AfricanAmericanowned
Independentlabel,runlikeamajor:Divisionoflabour,Professionalsongwriters,arrangers,etc.
otown(cont.)
harmSchool:etiquette,choreography,vocalcoaches,etc.
Competitiveatmosphere:hitsandyoureinDeliberatelyaimedatcrossover,whiteclubs
FunkBrothersHiddenhousebandatMotowninDetroitMoretechnicallyoriented,jazzbackground(comparedtoStax)
MarvinGayesWhatsGoingOn(1971):FirsttimeMotowncreditedbackupmusicians
StandingintheShadows
MotownSoundopproductionstyle:Orchestration,stringsHornandvocalarrangementsProminenttambourineFlawlessperformance,groovenotascentralLittleimprov
rocess:Divisionoflabour
MarthaReeves&TheVandellas
19571972(variousnames);2010PresentGirlGroup
HollandDozierHollandPopvalues,orchestralbrassLessfunky,lessimprov
:MarthaReeves&TheVandellas
MarvinGaye(19391984)
essionmusician
arlypopstyle
ocialconsciousness
WhatsGoingOn(1971):BerryGordysNoopolitics,esp.blackpolitics
typicaljamstyle,spacey,lesspoporiented
M i G Wh t G i O (1971)
StevieWonder(1950)
Motownat11Multiinstrumentalist
Clavinet:Ex:StevieWonderSuperstition(1972)
