Robert Boyle 1

Robert Boyle

Robert Boyle

Robert Boyle (1627–91)Born 25 January 1627

Lismore, County Waterford, Ireland

Died 31 December 1691 (age 64)London, England

Fields Physics, chemistry

Known for Boyle's law, founder of modern chemistry

Influences Galileo Galilei, Otto von Guericke, Francis Bacon, Samuel Hartlib[1]

Influenced Isaac Newton; Is considered the founder of modern chemistry

Notable awards Fellow of the Royal Society

Robert Boyle, FRS, (25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was a 17th-century natural philosopher, chemist,physicist, and inventor, also noted for his writings in theology. He has been variously described as Irish, English andAnglo-Irish, his father having come to Ireland from England during the time of the Plantations.Although his research clearly has its roots in the alchemical tradition, Boyle is largely regarded today as the firstmodern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry, and one of the pioneers of modernexperimental scientific method. He is best known for Boyle's law,[2] which describes the inversely proportionalrelationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas, if the temperature is kept constant within a closedsystem.[3][4] Among his works, The Sceptical Chymist is seen as a cornerstone book in the field of chemistry.

Biography

Early yearsBoyle was born in Lismore Castle, in County Waterford, Ireland, the seventh son and fourteenth child of RichardBoyle, 1st Earl of Cork and Catherine Fenton. Richard Boyle arrived in Dublin from England in 1588 during theTudor plantations of Ireland and obtained an appointment as a deputy escheator. He had amassed enormouslandholdings by the time Robert was born. Catherine Fenton was the daughter of English writer Geoffrey Fenton,who was born in Dublin in 1539, and Alice Weston, the daughter of Robert Weston, who was born in Lismore in1541.[5]

As a child, Boyle was fostered to a local family,[6] as were his elder brothers. Consequently, the eldest of the Boylechildren had sufficient Irish at four years of age to act as a translator for his father.[7] Boyle received private tutoringin Latin, Greek and French and when he was eight years old, following the death of his mother, he was sent to EtonCollege in England. His father's friend, Sir Henry Wotton, was then the provost of the college.

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Robert Boyle 2

During this time, his father hired a private tutor, Robert Carew, who had knowledge of Irish, to act as private tutor tohis sons in Eton. However, "only Mr. Robert sometimes desires it [Irish] and is a little entered in it", but despite the"any reasons" given by Carew to turn their attentions to it, "they practice the French and Latin but they affect not theIrish".[7] After spending over three years at Eton, Robert travelled abroad with a French tutor. They visited Italy in1641 and remained in Florence during the winter of that year studying the "paradoxes of the great star-gazer" GalileoGalilei, who was elderly but still living in 1641.

Middle years

Sculpture of a young boy, thought to be Boyle, onhis parents' monument in St Patrick's Cathedral,

Dublin.

Boyle returned to England from Continental Europe in mid-1644 witha keen interest for scientific research.[8] His father had died theprevious year and had left him the manor of Stalbridge in Dorset,England and substantial estates in County Limerick in Ireland that hehad acquired. From that time, Robert devoted his life to scientificresearch and soon took a prominent place in the band of enquirers,known as the "Invisible College", who devoted themselves to thecultivation of the "new philosophy". They met frequently in London,often at Gresham College, and some of the members also had meetingsat Oxford.

Having made several visits to his Irish estates beginning in 1647,Robert moved to Ireland in 1652 but became frustrated at his inabilityto make progress in his chemical work. In one letter, he describedIreland as "a barbarous country where chemical spirits were somisunderstood and chemical instruments so unprocurable that it washard to have any Hermetic thoughts in it."[9]

In 1654, Boyle left Ireland for Oxford to pursue his work moresuccessfully. An inscription can be found on the wall of University College, Oxford the High Street at Oxford (nowthe location of the Shelley Memorial), marking the spot where Cross Hall stood until the early 19th century. It washere that Boyle rented rooms from the wealthy apothecary who owned the Hall.

Reading in 1657 of Otto von Guericke's air-pump, he set himself with the assistance of Robert Hooke to deviseimprovements in its construction, and with the result, the "machina Boyleana" or "Pneumatical Engine", finished in1659, he began a series of experiments on the properties of air.[2] An account of Boyle's work with the air pump waspublished in 1660 under the title New Experiments Physico-Mechanicall, Touching the Spring of the Air, and itsEffects.Among the critics of the views put forward in this book was a Jesuit, Francis Line (1595–1675), and it was whileanswering his objections that Boyle made his first mention of the law that the volume of a gas varies inversely to thepressure of the gas, which among English-speaking people is usually called Boyle's Law after his name. The personthat originally formulated the hypothesis was Henry Power in 1661. Boyle included a reference to a paper written byPower, but mistakenly attributed it to Richard Towneley. In continental Europe the hypothesis is sometimesattributed to Edme Mariotte, although he did not publish it until 1676 and was likely aware of Boyle's work at thetime.[10]

In 1663 the Invisible College became the The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, and thecharter of incorporation granted by Charles II of England, named Boyle a member of the council. In 1680 he waselected president of the society, but declined the honour from a scruple about oaths.He made a "wish list" of 24 possible inventions which included "The Prolongation of Life", the "Art of Flying", "perpetual light", "making armour light and extremely hard", "A ship to sail with All Winds, and a Ship not to be

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Robert Boyle 3

sunk", "practicable and certain way of finding Longitudes", "potent drugs to alter or Exalt Imagination, Waking,Memory and other functions and appease pain, procure innocent sleep, harmless dreams etc". They are extraordinarybecause all but a few of the 24 have come true.[11]

It was during his time at Oxford that Boyle was a Chevalier. The Chevaliers are thought to have been established byroyal order a few years before Boyle's time at Oxford. The early part of Boyle's residence was marked by the actionsof the victorious parliamentarian forces, consequently this period marked the most secretive period of Chevaliermovements and thus little is known about Boyle's involvement beyond his membership.In 1668 he left Oxford for London where he resided at the house of his sister, Lady Ranelagh, in Pall Mall.

Later years

Plaque at the site of Boyle and Hooke'sexperiments in Oxford

In 1689 his health, never very strong, began to fail seriously and hegradually withdrew from his public engagements, ceasing hiscommunications to the Royal Society, and advertising his desire to beexcused from receiving guests, "unless upon occasions veryextraordinary", on Tuesday and Friday forenoon, and Wednesday andSaturday afternoon. In the leisure thus gained he wished to "recruit hisspirits, range his papers", and prepare some important chemicalinvestigations which he proposed to leave "as a kind of Hermeticlegacy to the studious disciples of that art", but of which he did notmake known the nature. His health became still worse in 1691, and hedied on 31 December that year,[12] just a week after the death of thesister with whom he had lived for more than twenty years. RobertBoyle died from paralysis. He was buried in the churchyard of St Martin-in-the-Fields, his funeral sermon beingpreached by his friend Bishop Gilbert Burnet. In his will, Boyle endowed a series of Lectures which came to beknown as the Boyle Lectures.

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Robert Boyle 4

Scientific investigator

Boyle's air pump

Boyle's great merit as a scientific investigator is that he carried out theprinciples which Francis Bacon espoused in the Novum Organum. Yethe would not avow himself a follower of Bacon, or indeed of any otherteacher. On several occasions he mentions that in order to keep hisjudgment as unprepossessed as might be with any of the moderntheories of philosophy, until he was "provided of experiments" to helphim judge of them, he refrained from any study of the Atomical andthe Cartesian systems, and even of the Novum Organum itself, thoughhe admits to "transiently consulting" them about a few particulars.Nothing was more alien to his mental temperament than the spinningof hypotheses. He regarded the acquisition of knowledge as an end initself, and in consequence he gained a wider outlook on the aims ofscientific inquiry than had been enjoyed by his predecessors for manycenturies. This, however, did not mean that he paid no attention to thepractical application of science nor that he despised knowledge whichtended to use.

Boyle was an alchemist;[13] and believing the transmutation of metalsto be a possibility, he carried out experiments in the hope of achievingit; and he was instrumental in obtaining the repeal, in 1689, of thestatute of Henry IV against multiplying gold and silver.[14] With all the important work he accomplished in physics –the enunciation of Boyle's law, the discovery of the part taken by air in the propagation of sound, and investigationson the expansive force of freezing water, on specific gravities and refractive powers, on crystals, on electricity, oncolour, on hydrostatics, etc. – chemistry was his peculiar and favourite study. His first book on the subject was TheSceptical Chymist, published in 1661, in which he criticised the "experiments whereby vulgar Spagyrists are wont toendeavour to evince their Salt, Sulphur and Mercury to be the true Principles of Things." For him chemistry was thescience of the composition of substances, not merely an adjunct to the arts of the alchemist or the physician. Heendorsed the view of elements as the undecomposable constituents of material bodies; and made the distinctionbetween mixtures and compounds. He made considerable progress in the technique of detecting their ingredients, aprocess which he designated by the term "analysis". He further supposed that the elements were ultimately composedof particles of various sorts and sizes, into which, however, they were not to be resolved in any known way. Hestudied the chemistry of combustion and of respiration, and conducted experiments in physiology, where, however,he was hampered by the "tenderness of his nature" which kept him from anatomical dissections, especiallyvivisections, though he knew them to be "most instructing".

Theological interestsIn addition to philosophy, Boyle devoted much time to theology, showing a very decided leaning to the practical sideand an indifference to controversial polemics. At the Restoration of the king in 1660 he was favourably received atcourt, and in 1665 would have received the provostship of Eton College, if he would have taken orders; but this herefused to do on the ground that his writings on religious subjects would have greater weight coming from a laymanthan a paid minister of the Church.As a director of the East India Company he spent large sums in promoting the spread of Christianity in the East, contributing liberally to missionary societies and to the expenses of translating the Bible or portions of it into various languages. Boyle supported the policy that the Bible should be available in the vernacular language of the people (in contrast to the Latin-only policy of the Roman Catholic Church at the time). An Irish language version of the New

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Robert Boyle 5

Testament was published in 1602 but was rare in Boyle's adult life. In 1680—1685 Boyle personally financed theprinting of the Bible, both Old and New Testaments, in Irish.[15] In this respect, Boyle's attitude to the Irish languagediffered from the English Ascendancy class in Ireland at the time, which was generally hostile to the language andlargely opposed the use of Irish (not only as a language of religious worship).[16]

Boyle was a believer in monogenism, that all races no matter how diverse came from the same source, Adam andEve. His racial origin views were described as both "disturbing" and "amusing" and were rejected by the scientificcommunity. He studied reported stories of parents giving birth to different-coloured albinos, he believed that Adamand Eve were originally white and that Caucasians could give birth to different-coloured races.[17]

In his Will, Boyle provided money for a series of lectures to defend the Christian religion against those heconsidered "notorious infidels, namely atheists, deists, pagans, Jews and Muslims", with the provision thatcontroversies between Christians were not to be mentioned (see Boyle Lectures).[18]

Important works

Title page of The Sceptical Chymist (1661).

The following are some of the more important of his works:• 1660 – New Experiments Physico-Mechanical: Touching the Spring

of the Air and their Effects• 1661 – The Sceptical Chymist [20]

• 1663 – Considerations touching the Usefulness of ExperimentalNatural Philosophy (followed by a second part in 1671)

• 1664 – Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours, withObservations on a Diamond that Shines in the Dark

• 1665 – New Experiments and Observations upon Cold• 1666 – Hydrostatical Paradoxes[21]

• 1666 – Origin of Forms and Qualities according to the CorpuscularPhilosophy

• 1669 – a continuation of his work on the spring of air• 1670 – demonstrated that a reduction in ambient pressure could lead

to bubble formation in living tissue. This description of a viper in avacuum was the first recorded description of decompressionsickness.[22]

• 1670 – tracts about the Cosmical Qualities of Things, theTemperature of the Subterraneal and Submarine Regions, theBottom of the Sea, &c. with an Introduction to the History of Particular Qualities

• 1672 – Origin and Virtues of Gems• 1673 – Essays of the Strange Subtilty, Great Efficacy, Determinate Nature of Effluviums• 1674 – two volumes of tracts on the Saltiness of the Sea, Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air, Cold,

Celestial Magnets, Animadversions on Hobbes's Problemata de Vacuo• 1676 – Experiments and Notes about the Mechanical Origin or Production of Particular Qualities, including some

notes on electricity and magnetism• 1678 – Observations upon an artificial Substance that Shines without any Preceding Illustration

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Robert Boyle 6

Boyle's self-flowing flask, a perpetual motionmachine, appears to fill itself through siphonaction ("hydrostatic perpetual motion") and

involves the "hydrostatic paradox"[19] This is notpossible in reality; a siphon requires its "output"

to be lower than the "input".

• 1680 – the Aerial Noctiluca• 1682 – New Experiments and Observations upon the Icy Noctiluca• 1682 – a further continuation of his work on the air• 1684 – Memoirs for the Natural History of the Human Blood• 1685 – Short Memoirs for the Natural Experimental History of

Mineral Waters• 1686 – A Free Enquiry into the Vulgarly Received Notion of Nature

[23]

• 1690 – Medicina Hydrostatica• 1691 – Experimentae et Observationes PhysicaeAmong his religious and philosophical writings were:

• 1648/1660 – Seraphic Love, written in 1648, but not published until 1660• 1663 – An Essay upon the Style of the Holy Scriptures• 1664 – Excellence of Theology compared with Natural Philosophy• 1665 – Occasional Reflections upon Several Subjects, which was ridiculed by Swift in A Meditation Upon a

Broom-Stick, and by Butler in An Occasional Reflection on Dr Charlton's Feeling a Dog's Pulse at GreshamCollege

• 1675 – Some Considerations about the Reconcileableness of Reason and Religion, with a Discourse about thePossibility of the Resurrection

• 1687 – The Martyrdom of Theodora And Didymus• 1690 – The Christian Virtuoso

References[1][1] John J. O'Brien, "Samuel Hartlib's Influence on Robert Boyle's Scientific Development." Annals of Science, Volume 21, Issue 4, 1965.[2] Acott, Chris (1999). "The diving "Law-ers": A brief resume of their lives." (http:/ / archive. rubicon-foundation. org/ 5990). South Pacific

Underwater Medicine Society journal 29 (1). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. . Retrieved 17 April 2009.[3] Levine, Ira. N (1978). "Physical Chemistry" University of Brooklyn: McGraw-Hill[4][4] Levine, Ira. N. (1978), p12 gives the original definition.[5] "Catherine Fenton" (http:/ / www. stanford. edu/ group/ auden/ cgi-bin/ auden/ individual. php?pid=I4234& ged=auden-bicknell. ged), Family

Ghosts, , retrieved 9 June 2011[6] McCartney, Mark; Whitaker, Andrew (2003), Physicists of Ireland: Passion and Precision, London: Institute of Physics Publishing[7] Canny, Nicholas (1982), The Upstart Earl: a study of the social and mental world of Richard Boyle, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

p. 127[8] See biographies of Robert Boyle at (http:/ / www. litencyc. com/ php/ speople. php?rec=true& UID=522), (http:/ / www. woodrow. org/

teachers/ ci/ 1992/ Boyle. html), (http:/ / www-gap. dcs. st-and. ac. uk/ ~history/ Mathematicians/ Boyle. html) and (http:/ / books. google. ie/books?id=fjDXtalPeesC& pg=PT24& lpg=PT24& dq=+ minority+ "robert+ boyle"+ continent& source=web& ots=0GoWnMtkTE&sig=w5L_P2i0E6hYobZE7vm9LffWYN4& hl=en).

[9] quoted in Silver, Brian. The Ascent of Science, p. 114. Oxford University Press US, 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-513427-8[10] Brush, Stephen G. (2003). The Kinetic Theory of Gases: An Anthology of Classic Papers with Historical Commentary. History of Modern

Physical Sciences Vol 1. Imperial College Press. ISBN 9781860943478.[11] Robert Boyle's prophetic scientific predictions from the 17th century go on display at the Royal Society (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/

news/ uknews/ 7798012/ Robert-Boyles-prophetic-scientific-predictions-from-the-17th-century-go-on-display-at-the-Royal-Society. html)[12] Hunter, Michael (2003). Robert Boyle Reconsidered (http:/ / books. google. ie/ books?id=qTq1Kr7fr6QC& pg=PR17& dq="Robert+

Boyle"+ died+ december+ sister& hl=en& sa=X& ei=wda_UNfdCsG5hAffl4DYAQ& ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage& q="RobertBoyle" died december sister& f=false) (Reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. xvii. ISBN 9780521892674. .

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perpetual_motion_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perpetual_motion_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siphonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ABoyle%27sSelfFlowingFlask.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mineral_Waterhttp://books.google.com/books?id=k5muNiPfRY4Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meditation_Upon_a_Broomstickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meditation_Upon_a_Broomstickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Butler_%281612%E2%80%931680%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Christian_Virtuosohttp://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5990http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Pacific_Underwater_Medicine_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Pacific_Underwater_Medicine_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McGraw-Hillhttp://www.stanford.edu/group/auden/cgi-bin/auden/individual.php?pid=I4234&ged=auden-bicknell.gedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Presshttp://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=522http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/ci/1992/Boyle.htmlhttp://www.woodrow.org/teachers/ci/1992/Boyle.htmlhttp://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Boyle.htmlhttp://books.google.ie/books?id=fjDXtalPeesC&pg=PT24&lpg=PT24&dq=+minority+%22robert+boyle%22+continent&source=web&ots=0GoWnMtkTE&sig=w5L_P2i0E6hYobZE7vm9LffWYN4&hl=enhttp://books.google.ie/books?id=fjDXtalPeesC&pg=PT24&lpg=PT24&dq=+minority+%22robert+boyle%22+continent&source=web&ots=0GoWnMtkTE&sig=w5L_P2i0E6hYobZE7vm9LffWYN4&hl=enhttp://books.google.ie/books?id=fjDXtalPeesC&pg=PT24&lpg=PT24&dq=+minority+%22robert+boyle%22+continent&source=web&ots=0GoWnMtkTE&sig=w5L_P2i0E6hYobZE7vm9LffWYN4&hl=enhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_College_Presshttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7798012/Robert-Boyles-prophetic-scientific-predictions-from-the-17th-century-go-on-display-at-the-Royal-Society.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7798012/Robert-Boyles-prophetic-scientific-predictions-from-the-17th-century-go-on-display-at-the-Royal-Society.htmlhttp://books.google.ie/books?id=qTq1Kr7fr6QC&pg=PR17&dq=%22Robert+Boyle%22+died+december+sister&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wda_UNfdCsG5hAffl4DYAQ&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Robert%20Boyle%22%20died%20december%20sister&f=falsehttp://books.google.ie/books?id=qTq1Kr7fr6QC&pg=PR17&dq=%22Robert+Boyle%22+died+december+sister&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wda_UNfdCsG5hAffl4DYAQ&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Robert%20Boyle%22%20died%20december%20sister&f=falsehttp://books.google.ie/books?id=qTq1Kr7fr6QC&pg=PR17&dq=%22Robert+Boyle%22+died+december+sister&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wda_UNfdCsG5hAffl4DYAQ&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Robert%20Boyle%22%20died%20december%20sister&f=false

Robert Boyle 7

[13] More, Louis Trenchard (January 1941). "Boyle as Alchemist". Journal of the History of Ideas (University of Pennsylvania Press) 2 (1):61–76. doi:10.2307/2707281. JSTOR 2707281.

[14] MacIntosh, J. J.; Anstey, Peter (2010). "The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy" (http:/ / plato. stanford. edu/ entries/ boyle/ notes.html#4). In Zalta, Edward N.. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall ed.). note 4. .

[15] Baines Reed, Talbot (1887), A History of the Old English Letter Foundries (http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/ ahistoryoldengl00reedgoog/), , pages 189–190. Also S.L. Greenslade (editor) (1963), The Cambridge History of the Bible: The West from the Reformation to the PresentDay (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/ books?id=IDFBru3-C8MC& pg=PA172), pages 172–173.

[16] Hastings, Adrian (1997), Cambridge: Cambridge University, p. 86[17] Frank Palmeri, Humans And Other Animals in Eighteenth-Century British Culture: Representation, Hybridity, Ethics, 2006, pp. 49 – 67[18] "The Boyle Lecture" (http:/ / www. stmarylebow. co. uk/ ?Boyle_Lecture). St. Marylebow Church. .[19] Arthur W. J. G. Ord-Hume (2006). Perpetual Motion: The History of an Obsession (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=022yYXnS_GQC&

pg=PA94& dq=boyle's-perpetual-motion-scheme). Adventures Unlimited Press. ISBN 1-931882-51-7. .[20] http:/ / dewey. library. upenn. edu/ sceti/ printedbooksNew/ index. cfm?TextID=boyle_chymist[21] Cf. Hunter (2009), p.147. "It forms a kind of sequel to Spring of the Air ... but although Boyle notes he might have published it as part of an

appendix to that work, it formed a self-contained whole, dealing with atmospheric pressure with particular reference to liquid masses"[22] Acott, C. (1999). "A brief history of diving and decompression illness." (http:/ / archive. rubicon-foundation. org/ 6004). South Pacific

Underwater Medicine Society Journal 29 (2). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. . Retrieved 17 April 2009.[23] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=k5muNiPfRY4C

Further reading• M. A. Stewart (ed.), Selected Philosophical Papers of Robert Boyle, Indianapolis: Hackett, 1991.• Fulton, John F., A Bibliography of the Honourable Robert Boyle, Fellow of the Royal Society. Second edition.

Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1961.• Hunter, Michael, Boyle : Between God and Science, New Haven : Yale University Press, 2009. ISBN

978-0-300-12381-4• Hunter, Michael, Robert Boyle, 1627–91: Scrupulosity and Science (http:/ / books. google. com/

books?id=3NxSpj_4vp4C& printsec=frontcover), The Boydell Press, 2000• Principe, Lawrence, The Aspiring Adept: Robert Boyle and His Alchemical Quest (http:/ / books. google. com/

books?id=nsrrMF81RHEC& printsec=frontcover), Princeton University Press, 1998• Shapin, Stephen; Schaffer, Simon, Leviathan and the Air-Pump.•• Ben-Zaken, Avner, "Exploring the Self, Experimenting Nature", in Reading Hayy Ibn-Yaqzan: A Cross-Cultural

History of Autodidacticism (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011), pp. 101-126. ISBN-13:978-0801897399http://www.amazon.com/dp/0801897394/ref=rdr_ext_tmb

Boyle's published works online• The Sceptical Chymist (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ etext/ 22914) – Project Gutenberg• Essay on the Virtue of Gems (http:/ / www. farlang. com/ gemstones/ boyle-virtue-gems/ page_001) – Gem and

Diamond Foundation• Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours (http:/ / www. farlang. com/ gemstones/

boyle-experiments-colours/ page_001) – Gem and Diamond Foundation• Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ etext/ 14504) – Project

Gutenberg• Boyle Papers (http:/ / www. bbk. ac. uk/ boyle/ boyle_papers/ boylepapers_index. htm) University of London• Hydrostatical Paradoxes (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=i3g5AAAAcAAJ& printsec=frontcover) –

Google Books

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle/notes.html#4http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle/notes.html#4http://www.archive.org/details/ahistoryoldengl00reedgoog/http://www.archive.org/details/ahistoryoldengl00reedgoog/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IDFBru3-C8MC&pg=PA172http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_Universityhttp://www.stmarylebow.co.uk/?Boyle_Lecturehttp://books.google.com/?id=022yYXnS_GQC&pg=PA94&dq=boyle%27s-perpetual-motion-schemehttp://books.google.com/?id=022yYXnS_GQC&pg=PA94&dq=boyle%27s-perpetual-motion-schemehttp://dewey.library.upenn.edu/sceti/printedbooksNew/index.cfm?TextID=boyle_chymisthttp://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6004http://books.google.com/books?id=k5muNiPfRY4Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Hunter_%28historian%29http://books.google.com/books?id=3NxSpj_4vp4C&printsec=frontcoverhttp://books.google.com/books?id=3NxSpj_4vp4C&printsec=frontcoverhttp://books.google.com/books?id=nsrrMF81RHEC&printsec=frontcoverhttp://books.google.com/books?id=nsrrMF81RHEC&printsec=frontcoverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leviathan_and_the_Air-Pumphttp://www.gutenberg.org/etext/22914http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/boyle-virtue-gems/page_001http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/boyle-experiments-colours/page_001http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/boyle-experiments-colours/page_001http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14504http://www.bbk.ac.uk/boyle/boyle_papers/boylepapers_index.htmhttp://books.google.com/books?id=i3g5AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover

Robert Boyle 8

External links• Robert Boyle (http:/ / plato. stanford. edu/ entries/ boyle) entry by J. J. MacIntosh and Peter Anstey in the

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Robert Boyle" (http:/ / www-history. mcs. st-andrews. ac. uk/

Biographies/ Boyle. html), MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.• Readable versions of Excellence of the mechanical hypothesis and Origin of forms and qualities (http:/ / www.

earlymoderntexts. com)• Robert Boyle Project, Birkbeck, University of London (http:/ / www. bbk. ac. uk/ boyle/ )• Summary juxtaposition of Boyle's The Sceptical Chymist and his The Christian Virtuoso (http:/ / cogweb. ucla.

edu/ EarlyModern/ Boyle_1661. html)• The Relationship between Science and Scripture in the Thought of Robert Boyle (http:/ / www. asa3. org/ ASA/

PSCF/ 1997/ PSCF3-97Woodall. html)• Robert Boyle and His Alchemical Quest : Including Boyle's "Lost" Dialogue on the Transmutation of Metals

(http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=nsrrMF81RHEC), Princeton University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-691-05082-1• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).

Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cousin, John William (1910). A

Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons. Wikisource

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_J._O%27Connor_%28mathematician%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_F._Robertsonhttp://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Boyle.htmlhttp://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Boyle.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrewshttp://www.earlymoderntexts.comhttp://www.earlymoderntexts.comhttp://www.bbk.ac.uk/boyle/http://cogweb.ucla.edu/EarlyModern/Boyle_1661.htmlhttp://cogweb.ucla.edu/EarlyModern/Boyle_1661.htmlhttp://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1997/PSCF3-97Woodall.htmlhttp://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1997/PSCF3-97Woodall.htmlhttp://books.google.com/books?id=nsrrMF81RHEChttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Editionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikisource-logo.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_William_Cousinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Short_Biographical_Dictionary_of_English_Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Short_Biographical_Dictionary_of_English_Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikisource

Article Sources and Contributors 9

Article Sources and ContributorsRobert Boyle  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=527543948  Contributors: -Marcus-, 2008CM, 900mill, ABF, AaronSw, Adashiel, AdjustShift, Aerion, Afterwriting,Ahoerstemeier, Aitias, Ajraddatz, Alan Liefting, Alansohn, Aldux, Ale jrb, Alex the ultamite, Amcbride, Andre Engels, Andrewpmk, AniBunny, Anonymous Dissident, Antonio Lopez,Arbitrarily0, Ardfern, Arniep, Artsfiend, Arturo 7, Aspensti, Astrochemist, Avnerbz, Babbage, Badgernet, Baggabagga, Bajr13, Bakabaka, Baldhur, Bantman, BarretB, Barticus88, Bartledan,Baseball Watcher, BeadleB, Beano, Bearly541, Bemoeial, Berad80915, Bfigura's puppy, Bissinger, Bjmullan, Bkuschel, Bkwillwm, Blehfu, Bletchley, Bmcln1, Bobo192, Bogey97, BomBom,Bradeos Graphon, Brat32, Breandandalton, Brogman, BrownHairedGirl, Bruce1ee, Bryan Derksen, Bwithh, Caltas, CambridgeBayWeather, Can You Prove That You're Human, Can't sleep,clown will eat me, CanadianLinuxUser, Canjth, CapitalR, Capricorn42, Carbuncle, Careless hx, Cassivs, Cgilmer, Charles Matthews, Charm quark, Chill doubt, Chris.exton, Chrislk02,Christine1107, Chriswiki, Chuckiesdad, Clarince63, Cleanboot, Closedmouth, Cmichael, Cococutie, Coemgenus, Colt .55, Connormah, Conny, ContactUs, Copysan, Corpx, Corvus cornix,Courcelles, Crecy99, Cristianorooney, Cryptic, Crystallina, D climacus, D6, DCEdwards1966, DJ Clayworth, Dabomb87, Damian Yerrick, Dandrake, DanielRigal, Dannyhoward37, Danski14,Darth Panda, David0811, Dawn Bard, DeMarcus S Barclift, Deb, Dekisugi, DeltaQuad, DeltaQuad.alt, DerHexer, Deville, Dfinch, Dgies, Dgw, Dicklyon, Docu, Dougofborg, Download, Doyley,Drappel, Drbreznjev, Dumelow, DuncanHill, Duncharris, Dusti, EamonnPKeane, EdH, Edgar181, Egmontaz, El C, Emc2, Emijrp, Enviroboy, Epbr123, Epeeist smudge, Eric-Wester, Erockrph,Eumolpo, Everyking, Everytime, Excirial, Fastfission, Favonian, Fcb981, Fergananim, Feyandstrange, Filastin, Filpaul, Firefly322, Flame0001, Flightx52, Flyguy408, Freakofnurture,FroggyJamer, Frozenevolution, Funnybunny, Fys, GB fan, GLaDOS, Garing, Gem-fanat, Gene Hobbs, Gensanders, Giftlite, Giler, Gilliam, Gilo1969, Gilquentin, Goclenius, Godfrey of Bouillon,Gogo Dodo, Good Olfactory, Googoie, Grendelkhan, Grunners, Grye, Gtstricky, Guliolopez, Gurch, Gwernol, Hagerman, Hall Monitor, Harry the Dirty Dog, Headbomb, HexaChord,Heyitspeter, Hhhippo, Hmains, Hockeykida1, Hodgkins, Hohenloh, Homagetocatalonia, Hornlitz, Hpc, Hu12, Huangdi, Hullaballoo Wolfowitz, IPSOS, IRP, Iain99, Icairns, Iceberg007, Iketsi,Imjustmatthew, Indigoboo, Insanity Incarnate, Iolar, Irishguy, Irpen, Island, Isnow, IvanLanin, Ixfd64, J.delanoy, JFreeman, JJGD, JNW, Jaan513, Jack39, Jackliddle, Jakrl, JamAKiska,James086, Jamiemaloneyscoreg, Jauhienij, Jcw69, Jeanenawhitney, Jeff G., Jeffrey O. 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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Robert Boyle 0001.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Robert_Boyle_0001.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Johann KerseboomFile:Young Robert Boyle on monument St. Patricks.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Young_Robert_Boyle_on_monument_St._Patricks.jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:BkwillwmImage:boyle-hooke.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Boyle-hooke.jpg  License: Copyrighted free use  Contributors: Editor at Large, Kilom691, Man vyi, William M.Connolley, 不 寐 听 江, 5 anonymous editsImage:Boyle air pump.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Boyle_air_pump.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Robert BoyleImage:The Sceptical Chymist.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Sceptical_Chymist.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Aristeas, KillOrDie, Kilom691,WstImage:Boyle'sSelfFlowingFlask.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Boyle'sSelfFlowingFlask.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Computerjoe, NH, Paradoctor,Ragesoss, Ustas, WikipediaMaster, 8 anonymous editsFile:Wikisource-logo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikisource-logo.svg  License: logo  Contributors: Guillom, Jarekt, MichaelMaggs, NielsF, Rei-artur,Rocket000

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