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Julie Robinson; ISS Program Scientist NASA Johnson Space Center
April 2013
Interna'onal Space Sta'on Research Na'onal Research Council
U.S. Research on ISS – Objec3ves (NASA Authoriza3on act of 2005, 2008, 2010) § NASA Utilization of the ISS
ú Astronaut health and countermeasure development for space exploration
ú Testing research and technology developments for future space exploration
ú Developing and validating operational procedures for long-‐duration space missions
ú Microgravity physical and life sciences program to maintain U.S. capability in these areas
§ ISS National Laboratory ú Other U.S. government agencies use ISS to meet
their agency objectives ú Commercial and non-‐profit organizations use ISS in
the interests of economic development in space § International Commitments
Research Sponsors on ISS
Commercial Sector Non-profit organizations U.S. Government Agencies
International Partner
Research
NASA Research Human Exploration
Science Mission Space Technology
Russian Research
Biology and Biotechnology, Earth and Space Science, Educational Activities, Human Research, Physical & Material Sciences, Technology Demonstration
CASIS - National Lab
ISS Utilization Statistics: Expeditions 0-‐32, December 1998-‐September 2012 • Expedi'ons 0 – 32
– 1549 Inves'ga'ons • 527 NASA-‐led inves'ga'ons • 1022 Interna'onal-‐led inves'ga'ons
– > 1500 scien'sts served – 747+ scien'fic publica'ons – 68 par'cipa'ng countries
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
CSA ESA JAXA NASA/U.S. Roscosmos
Biology and Biotechnology Earth and Space Science Educational Activities Human Research Physical Science Technology
20 216 423 527 364
ISS U'liza'on Sta's'cs Expedi'ons 0-‐32
68 Countries Have Par'cipated in ISS U'liza'on through 2012
Expedi'ons 0 -‐ 32
Flags = ISS Partners
Argentina Australia Austria Belarus Belgium Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada Chile China Columbia Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt Fiji Finland France Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Hungary India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan
Kenya Korea
Kuwait Lebanon
Luxembourg Macedonia
Malaysia Mali
Mexico Netherlands
New Zealand Nigeria Norway
Peru Poland
Portugal Romania
Russia Senegal Slovenia
South Africa Spain
Sweden Switzerland
Taiwan Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago Turkey
Ukraine United Kingdom
Uruguay United States
Venezuela Vietnam
Growth of ISS Na3onal Lab • From 2005-‐2012 “National Lab Pathfinders”
– By 2011, Approximately 25% of ISS investigations were National Lab Pathfinders
• 2011-‐2013 Transition to CASIS management – First research solicitations open now – First CASIS-‐selected experiments will fly in Expeditions 37/38 (about 1 year from
now) – Some pathfinders will end, some will transition to CASIS management
Biology and Biotechnology
Physical Sciences
Human Research
Tech Demos
Earth Science
Na3onal Lab (Earth Benefits)
NASA (Explora3on)
Education
Approximate sponsorship by scien3fic discipline
Astrophysics
Decadal Surveys and Reviews Guiding science and technology development
selections for NASA use of ISS
Solar and Space Physics: A Science for a Technological Society (NRC, 2012)
Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond (NRC, 2007)
Recapturing a Future for Space Exploration: Life and Physical Sciences Research for a New Era (NRC, 2011)
Review of NASA's Human Research Program Evidence Books - A Letter Report (IOM, 2008)
NASA Space Technology Roadmaps and Priorities: Restoring NASA's Technological Edge and Paving the Way for a New Era in Space (NRC, 2012)
Human Research
ISS includes international research on medical risks to astronauts So that humans can
explore outside Earth orbit
Human Physiology: Response to Spaceflight
• Muscle
• Cardiovascular
Astronauts experience a spectrum of adaptations in
flight and postflight
Balance disorders Cardiovascular deconditioning Decreased immune function
Muscle atrophy Bone loss
• Neurovestibular
• Behavior
• Radiation
• Immunology
• Nutrition
• Bone
Human Research Program– Integrated Research Plan
Life & Physical Sciences
NASA Response to Life and Physical Sciences Decadal survey
Ø NASA response steering committee developed weighting factors for the primary and secondary criteria identified in the two bounding policies: Ø (Goal 1) “send humans to mars” Ø (Goal 2) “develop new capabilities by advancing
leading edge science”. Ø The steering committee addressed the bounding
policies separately as integration and investment strategy downstream should be the responsibility of the SLPSRA organization.
Ø Twelve of the highest priority recommendations supported both bounding policies.
Ø Space Life and Physical Sciences within HEO is now folding these in to build a comprehensive science plan for the Division
Enabling greater scientific return
Cold Atom Laboratory Advanced Plant Habitat
Rodent Research System
Drosophila Habitat and Centrifuge “Microbial Observatory”
ACME Gaseous Combustion
Technology Demonstration on ISS
Utilization Plans, Technology Development and Demonstrations
Ø Technology goals of ISS Ø Demonstrate advanced technologies that benefit from the unique environment of ISS.
Ø Mature cri'cal systems on ISS like Environmental Control and Life Support so that they enable future explora'on missions.
Ø Obtain, run-‐'me, reliability, and opera'onal data on systems in the applicable space environment.
NRC Technology Roadmap Recommendations
NASA Space Technology Roadmaps and Priorities: Restoring NASA's Technological Edge and Paving the Way for a New Era in Space – feedback on NASA’s Technology Roadmaps: “The International Space Station (ISS) is a unique research and test facility that is critical for the development of space technologies. It provides a platform for testing in microgravity and the harsh environment of space (cosmic rays, solar coronal ejecta, micrometeorites, etc.) for long durations.” Ø 14 roadmaps identify critical enabling technologies necessary to meet the goals outlined in the strategic plan. Ø The NRC defined 3 main technology objectives and 16 top technical challenges mapped to those objectives:
Highlighted technologies could utilize ISS as a testbed for validation (or commercial crew mission to ISS**)
A: Extend and sustain human activities beyond low Earth orbit
B: Explore the evolution of the solar system and the potential for life elsewhere
C: Expand our understanding of Earth and the universe in which we live
Radiation Mitigation* In-situ Instruments & Sensors Optical Systems
Long-duration Crew Health Extreme Terrain Mobility High-Contrast Imaging & Spectroscopy
ECLSS Detectors & Focal Planes
Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Active Thermal Control of Cryogenic Systems
GN&C GN&C Lightweight & Multifunctional Materials & Structures
Lightweight & Multifunctional Materials & Structures
Lightweight & Multifunctional Materials & Structures
Fission Power Generation Fission Power Generation EDL TPS** EDL TPS** Solar Power Generation Solar Power Generation Electric Propulsion** Electric Propulsion**
Current, Planned, or Proposed ISS Technology Demonstrations, Nov 2012
Ø Robotics Ø Next Gen Canadarm testing (CSA) Ø Robotic Assisted EVA’s (Robonaut, NASA) Ø METERON (ESA) and Surface Telerobotics Ø Delay Tolerant Network Robotic Systems Ø Robotic Refueling Mission (CSA, NASA) Ø Robotic assembly to optical tolerances (OPTIIX,
NASA)
Ø Comm and Nav Ø OPALS – Optical Communication Ø X-Ray Navigation, (NICER/SEXTANT, NASA) Ø Software Defined Radio (CoNNeCT/SCAN, NASA) Ø Delay tolerant space networks Ø Autonomous Rendezvous & Docking advancements
(ESA/JAXA) Ø Advanced optical metrology (sensing/mat’ls)
Ø Power Ø Regenerative fuel cells Ø Advanced solar array designs [FAST, IBIS, or other] Ø Advanced photovoltaic materials Ø Battery and energy storage advancements [Li-Ion or
other]
Ø Thermal Control Ø High efficiency radiators Ø Cryogenic propellant storage & transfer Ø Advanced materials testing
Ø Closed Loop ECLSS Ø Atmospheric monitoring: ANITA2 (ESA),
MIDASS (ESA), AQM (NASA) Ø Air Revitalization: Oxygen production, Next Gen
OGA [Vapor Feed or other] (NASA) Ø Contaminated gas removal Ø Carbon Dioxide recovery: Amine swingbed and
CDRA bed advancements Ø Advanced Closed-loop Life Support ACLS
(ESA), MELiSSA (ESA), Ø Water/Waste: Electrochemical disinfection,
Cascade Distillation System, Calcium Remediation, [Electrodialysis Metathesis or other]
Ø Other Ø Spacecraft Fire Safety Demonstration Ø Radiation protection/mitigation/monitoring Ø On-board parts repair and manufacturing Ø Inflatable Module (BEAM)
Italic = NRC High Priority Technology that would benefit from ISS access Underline = NRC High Priority Technology (focus for next 5 years)
ELC-2 ELC-4 AMS
External Workstations (9) on the Russian Service Module
Columbus-EPF
ELC-3
ELC-1 JEM-EF
Earth and Space Science Earth Sciences CATS (cloud lidar) technology demonstration HICO (Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean) I/SERV (International Space Station SERVIR Environmental Research and Visualization System)
OCO-III (atmospheric CO2) Rapidscat (wind scatterometer) technology demonstration SAGE-III (atmospheric composition
Astrophysics CALET (Calorimetric Electron Telescope)
CREAM (Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass) Technology Demonstration NICER (Phase B) Heliophysics Coronal Physics Investigation (Phase A)
Science Mission Directorate use of ISS
Ø Four directorates: Ø Astrophysics Ø Heliophysics Ø Planetary Science Ø Earth Science
Ø ISS Included as a platform in SMD solicitations since 2011 Ø Explorer-AO Ø SALMON: Stand Along Missions of Opportunity Ø SMEX: Small Mission Explorer Ø ROSES-APRA: Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences – Astrophysics
Research Announcement Ø Earth Venture
Ø Selections based on decadal survey priorities among proposals on any platform Ø Astrophysics selected CREAM (Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass) for ISS under
ROSES-APRA Ø Astrophysics selected NICER (X-ray navigation) for ISS under Earth Venture-
Instrument Ø Some proposals still under evaluation
Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer
• Antimatter – 3× more sensitive look at helium/antihelium flux
• Dark matter and dark energy—neutralinos? – Positron, anti-proton, or gamma ray flux – First publication on excess of positrons up to 350 GeV, Phys Rev Letters, 2013
• Detect strangelets – Particles should have extremely large mass and very small charge-to-mass ratios
National Laboratory Research -- CASIS
CASIS Mission and selection principles
Ø Cooperative agreement awarded Summer 2011 Ø “The mission of CASIS is to incite the imagination of
entrepreneurs and scientists, accelerate and facilitate space-based research, increase public awareness of the National Lab, and make space science more accessible to the nation.”
Ø First Request for Proposals: Ø Advancing Protein Crystallization Using Microgravity. Ø Materials Research in the Extreme Environment of Space Ø Earth imaging using existing facilities
Ø CASIS review of unfunded proposals includes evaluation of: Ø Scientific merit, to justify the use of the space-station research platform. Ø Potential economic impact, to predict resulting value to the American
taxpayer.
Ø Proposals receiving high evaluation scores from this review may qualify for funding assistance from implementation partners, and CASIS may facilitate matching of funds.
CASIS Annual Report (2012)
Major factors influencing research use of ISS"
Strategies to tip the balance: diverse transportation providers, procure
upmass for more users, simplify integration, communicate successes
Resource limitations (e.g., upmass, downmass, crewtime) - Flight delays to resupply and return plan - Operations scenarios that reduce crew time for research
Research Demand - NASA Funding
- Non-NASA Funding - Research breakthroughs that drive funding
(Earth benefits & applications)
Ease of using the Laboratory -Transportation free for all users
-Multi-user facility development reduces payload development needs
Strategies to tip the balance: diverse transportation providers, procure
upmass for more users, simplify integration, communicate successes
Major Factors Limiting ISS Research and our Response
Ø Research funding Ø CASIS establishment to seek non-NASA funds Ø Within-HEO efforts to expand capabilities Ø Cross-directorate collaboration on new capabilities
Ø Crew time Ø Strategies through cooperation with partners (research cooperation, 1-year
increment, human research coordination) Ø Future opportunities for 4 USOS crew
Ø Launch/Return Ø Commercial cargo Ø SpaceX upgrades for powered capacity, live sample recovery
Ø Rack-level Facilities expansion under assessment Ø EXPRESS “lite” Ø Additional external site capability, data system upgrades
To get the most out of ISS, we need to expand each resource when it becomes limiting if at all possible
(not congratulate ourselves on reaching “full utilization”)
What kind of benefits come from research in space?
Discovery
Space Exploration
Earth Benefits
Research Benefits
Spinoffs
Examples of Major ISS Benefits from the!Decade of Assembly!
Ø Discoveries Ø MAXI black hole swallowing star
(Nature) Ø Vision impacts and intracranial
pressure (Opthalmology) Ø Microbial virulence (Proc. Nat.
Acad. Sci.)
Ø NASA Exploration Mission Ø Life support sustaining and
reliability Ø Success in bone health
maintenance resistive exercise (J. Bone Mineral Res.)
Ø Models for Atomic Oxygen erosion in orbit
Ø Results with potential Earth benefit Ø Candidate vaccines for
Salmonella and MRSA Ø Candidate treatment for prostate
cancer Ø Candidate treatment for
Duschenne’s muscular dystrophy
Ø Technology Spinoffs Ø Robotic assist for brain
surgery Ø TiO2 for filtering bacteria
from the air in daycares Ø Remotely-guided ultrasound
for maternal care in remote areas
ISS benefits for Humanity Document!
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/benefits/index.html
ISS Results Timeline
• Time from study inception to launch: – 6 months to 10+ years
• Time to complete a study in orbit: – 2 weeks to 5+ years
• Time from completion of study in orbit to first publication – 1 to 3 years for majority of investigations
• Time from publication to understanding the scientific impact of the article – 5-10 years (we are currently supporting a study to assess how to measure
and represent this) • Time from publication or patent to product being in the marketplace
– 3-20 years (shorter for technologies, longer for drug development)
ISS Utilization Statistics Expeditions 0-32!
Top 20 Journals with ISS Results* 1. Nature 2. Proceedings of the Na3onal
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3. Physical Review LeVers 4. Journal of Biological Chemistry 5. PLoS ONE 6. Journal of Neuroscience 7. Journal of Geophysical Research 8. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 9. Geophysical Research LeVers 10. Langmuir 11. NeuroImage 12. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology 13. New Journal of Physics 14. Brain Research 15. FASEB Journal 16. Journal of Urology 17. Radiology 18. American Journal of Physiology:
Heart and Circulatory Physiology 19. New Phytologist 20. Ophthalmology *Journals are listed in Eigenfactor® order. Eigenfactor® is an estimate of the percentage of time users spend with a journal, with citations from influential journals ranked higher.
*Future Improvements from Atlas of ISS Science in 2015
ISS Research & Technology (link)
http://www.nasa.gov/iss-science/ ISS Research (Customer) Helpline Phone: 281-244-6187 Email: [email protected]
@ISS_Research (link)
ISS Research Blog “A Lab Aloft” (link) http://go.usa.gov/atI See the ISS over Your Town (link) http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/realdata/sightings/