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Robots in Autism. A sampling of Approaches and Anecdotes 4 Dec 2008. Outline. Who’s who, and their robots Observed Behaviors Proto-therapies Key assumptions Trends. Who’s who. First apparent use: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Robots in Autism
Robots in Autism
A sampling ofApproaches and
Anecdotes
4 Dec 2008
A sampling ofApproaches and
Anecdotes
4 Dec 2008
OutlineOutline
Who’s who, and their robots
Observed Behaviors Proto-therapies Key assumptions Trends
Who’s who, and their robots
Observed Behaviors Proto-therapies Key assumptions Trends
Who’s whoWho’s who
First apparent use: Using LOGO to catalyse communication in an autistic child. 1976. S. Weir and R. Emmanuel, Technical report DAI Research Report No. 15,
University of Edinburgh,
Common origins: Rod Brooks’s lab at MIT,1998-99 nexus
Dautenhahn, Scassellati, Kozima
First apparent use: Using LOGO to catalyse communication in an autistic child. 1976. S. Weir and R. Emmanuel, Technical report DAI Research Report No. 15,
University of Edinburgh,
Common origins: Rod Brooks’s lab at MIT,1998-99 nexus
Dautenhahn, Scassellati, Kozima
Who’s who: common roots --- Rod Brooks
Who’s who: common roots --- Rod Brooks
Kerstin Dautenhahn U. Hertfordshire, UK
Francois Michaud U. de Sherbrooke, Canada
Brian Scassellati Yale, USA
Hideki Kozima Japan
Maja Mataric USC, USA
Kerstin Dautenhahn U. Hertfordshire, UK
Francois Michaud U. de Sherbrooke, Canada
Brian Scassellati Yale, USA
Hideki Kozima Japan
Maja Mataric USC, USA
Who’s who, and their robots:
Dautenhahn
Who’s who, and their robots:
Dautenhahn Kaspar Kaspar
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Who’s who, and their robots:
Dautenhahn, Billard
Who’s who, and their robots:
Dautenhahn, Billard Robota Robota
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Who’s who, and their robots:
Dautenhahn
Who’s who, and their robots:
Dautenhahn Non-humanoids Non-humanoids
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Who’s who and their robots:
Dautenhahn & Robins
Who’s who and their robots:
Dautenhahn & Robins Humans Humans
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Who’s who and their robots:Michaud
Who’s who and their robots:Michaud
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Who’s who and their robots:Kozima
Who’s who and their robots:Kozima
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Who’s who and their robots:Kozima
Who’s who and their robots:Kozima
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Who’s who and their robots:Kozima
Who’s who and their robots:Kozima “My motivation [is] to understand
human communication, and the developmental process behind language, so that I can recreate that model in machines. … Autism is a disability in verbal and nonverbal communication skills. By understanding autism, we can gain knowledge of the normal cognitive processes behind communication.”
“My motivation [is] to understand human communication, and the developmental process behind language, so that I can recreate that model in machines. … Autism is a disability in verbal and nonverbal communication skills. By understanding autism, we can gain knowledge of the normal cognitive processes behind communication.”
Who’s who, and their robots:Mataric
Who’s who, and their robots:Mataric
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http://cres.usc.edu/pubdb_html/files_upload/549.pdf
What behaviors are seen:
AURORA
What behaviors are seen:
AURORA Triadic interactions Triadic interactions
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What behaviors are seen:
AURORA
What behaviors are seen:
AURORA Turn-taking (or lack thereof)
Exclusive dyadic interactions
Turn-taking (or lack thereof)
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What behaviors are seen:
AURORA
What behaviors are seen:
AURORA Imitation Imitation
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What behaviors are seen:
AURORA
What behaviors are seen:
AURORA Reaching out Reaching out
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What behaviors are seen:
Kozima
What behaviors are seen:
Kozima “Autistic children will generally be scared of Keepon at first, but they are also very curious. After several months they will understand that Keepon will not harm them, and then we will see them start to voluntarily touch and make eye-contact with it. … almost all autistic children come to enjoy their interactions with Keepon. ... Why? I think it’s because Keepon is simple.”
“Autistic children will generally be scared of Keepon at first, but they are also very curious. After several months they will understand that Keepon will not harm them, and then we will see them start to voluntarily touch and make eye-contact with it. … almost all autistic children come to enjoy their interactions with Keepon. ... Why? I think it’s because Keepon is simple.”
What behaviors are seen:
Kozima (typical children)
What behaviors are seen:
Kozima (typical children)
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[http://mainline.brynmawr.edu/DevRob05/schedule/papers/kozima.pdf]
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What behaviors are seen:
Kozima (1.5yr study, two 2-4 year-old children)
What behaviors are seen:
Kozima (1.5yr study, two 2-4 year-old children) “Keepon's simple appearance
and predictable responses gave the autistic children a playful and relaxed mood”
“[Spontaneous engagement] in dyadic play with Keepon”
“[Expansion into] interpersonal communication where Keepon worked as the pivot of triadic play with adults or other children.”
“Keepon's simple appearance and predictable responses gave the autistic children a playful and relaxed mood”
“[Spontaneous engagement] in dyadic play with Keepon”
“[Expansion into] interpersonal communication where Keepon worked as the pivot of triadic play with adults or other children.”
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1513802
What behaviors are seen:
Mataric
What behaviors are seen:
MataricQuickTime™ and a
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The robot in an experimental setting. The bubble-blowing robot (left) is known to be less intimidating than a humanoid robot (right).
http://cres.usc.edu/pubdb_html/files_upload/589.pdf
What behaviors are seen:
Mataric
What behaviors are seen:
Mataric A child interacting with a … robot that responds to the child’s behavior … will exhibit more social behavior than when interacting with a [robot that responds randomly]
A child interacting with a … robot that responds to the child’s behavior … will exhibit more social behavior than when interacting with a [robot that responds randomly]
http://cres.usc.edu/pubdb_html/files_upload/589.pdf
What behaviors are seen:
Mataric
What behaviors are seen:
Mataric
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Dark: contingent robotLight: random robotDark: contingent robotLight: random robot
TotalspeechTotalspeech
RobotspeechRobotspeech
ParentspeechParentspeech
TotalRobotInter-action
TotalRobotInter-action
PushbuttonPushbutton
Re-sponse to robot
Re-sponse to robot
Di-rectedInter-action
Di-rectedInter-action
http://cres.usc.edu/pubdb_html/files_upload/589.pdf
What (proto) Therapies:
AURORA
What (proto) Therapies:
AURORA Imitation Imitation
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What (proto) Therapies:
AURORA
What (proto) Therapies:
AURORA Robot as mediator for social interaction
Robot as mediator for social interaction
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What (proto) Therapies:
AURORA
What (proto) Therapies:
AURORA Shared attention Shared attention
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What (proto) Therapies:
AURORA
What (proto) Therapies:
AURORA Mutual gaze Mutual gaze
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What (proto) Therapies
Dautenhahn & Francois
What (proto) Therapies
Dautenhahn & Francois Play Dyadic: child-robot -- progressively better balanced interaction
Triadic: child-robot-experimenter
Therapies: robot-assisted play automatic recognition of human-robot interaction styles in real time
adaptive robot responsive to different styles
Play Dyadic: child-robot -- progressively better balanced interaction
Triadic: child-robot-experimenter
Therapies: robot-assisted play automatic recognition of human-robot interaction styles in real time
adaptive robot responsive to different styles
What (proto) therapies:
Kozima
What (proto) therapies:
Kozima “If Keepon can become a trigger for autistic children to experience social interaction, then it might support their social development. If a robot can become a catalyst between the child’s natural growth and desire to interact, and the power of [or a tool for] people supporting the child (such as parents and therapists), that would be great.”
“If Keepon can become a trigger for autistic children to experience social interaction, then it might support their social development. If a robot can become a catalyst between the child’s natural growth and desire to interact, and the power of [or a tool for] people supporting the child (such as parents and therapists), that would be great.”
Key assumptionsKey assumptions
Robots are predictable Robots are simple … “not toys nor a human” -- Kozima [http://mainline.brynmawr.edu/DevRob05/schedule/papers/kozima.pdf]
Robots engage and hold interest for children w/ ASD
Robot autonomy and adaptation is useful
Therapist-mediated activity is useful
Children w/ ASD can play w/ robots
Robots are predictable Robots are simple … “not toys nor a human” -- Kozima [http://mainline.brynmawr.edu/DevRob05/schedule/papers/kozima.pdf]
Robots engage and hold interest for children w/ ASD
Robot autonomy and adaptation is useful
Therapist-mediated activity is useful
Children w/ ASD can play w/ robots
TrendsTrends
Use robots that are much simpler than humans
Support basic contingency-based autonomy OR
Wizard of Oz-based contingent behavior
Children need to acclimate Dyadic interaction facilitates triadic interaction
Use robots that are much simpler than humans
Support basic contingency-based autonomy OR
Wizard of Oz-based contingent behavior
Children need to acclimate Dyadic interaction facilitates triadic interaction
