Role and Implications of Modeling and Simulation for Emergency Preparedness Charles McLean DHS MS&A Support Project Manufacturing Systems Integration Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD Topics MS&A problem statementMS&A problem statement Establishing order in the DHS MS&A worldEstablishing order in the DHS MS&A world Need for standardsNeed for standards A proposed MS&A taxonomyA proposed MS&A taxonomy An example classification: nuclear plume simulationAn example classification: nuclear plume simulation Simulation reference architecture overviewSimulation reference architecture overview Concept demonstration Dirty bomb attack scenarioConcept demonstration Dirty bomb attack scenario Needs analysis document structure and examplesNeeds analysis document structure and examples ConclusionsConclusions An Example: Hurricane Katrina New Orleans 2005 MSA Problem Statement Modeling, simulation, and analysis system development is largely ad hoc with little or no coordination between sponsoring government agencies, the research community, software vendors, simulation users, and other interested parties.Modeling, simulation, and analysis system development is largely ad hoc with little or no coordination between sponsoring government agencies, the research community, software vendors, simulation users, and other interested parties. A very large number of Federal, state and local agencies are responsible for aspects of homeland security and emergency response operations.A very large number of Federal, state and local agencies are responsible for aspects of homeland security and emergency response operations. Each organization may have different needs, as well as a different understanding and appreciation for the use of MSA techniques.Each organization may have different needs, as well as a different understanding and appreciation for the use of MSA techniques. No common framework and definition of associated terminology exists to identify all the potential applications for MSA techniques.No common framework and definition of associated terminology exists to identify all the potential applications for MSA techniques. Little possibility for the re-use of existing software modules and data sets, or interoperability between products developed by different organizations.Little possibility for the re-use of existing software modules and data sets, or interoperability between products developed by different organizations. Difficult to determine what applications might be currently available to meet a particular training need or support a specific system-engineering project.Difficult to determine what applications might be currently available to meet a particular training need or support a specific system-engineering project. Emergency Response Workshops at NIST March 2003: M&S for Emergency Response Open invitation, attracted 160 attendees Open invitation, attracted 160 attendees Focused on identifying technical capabilities Focused on identifying technical capabilities Recommended actions included: Recommended actions included: Standards development Integration framework development Input from user community Development of a roadmap Over 100,000 downloads of workshop report Over 100,000 downloads of workshop report March 2004: A Roadmap for M&S of Emergency Response Working group of 30+ invited attendees Working group of 30+ invited attendees Focused on developing a coordinated roadmap plan that: Focused on developing a coordinated roadmap plan that: Rapidly brings integrated M&S capability to emergency responders Allows collaboration among multiple organizations Avoids duplication of effort More details at: Training Needs and Opportunities First responders and incident management personnel need better training resources to prepare for future disastersFirst responders and incident management personnel need better training resources to prepare for future disasters Live training exercises while valuable are often very expensive to organize and conductLive training exercises while valuable are often very expensive to organize and conduct Frontline first responders may experience many training cycles in a typical exercise, managers and higher level support staff tend to have far fewer significant cyclesFrontline first responders may experience many training cycles in a typical exercise, managers and higher level support staff tend to have far fewer significant cycles Training using modeling, simulation, and gaming technologies could be provided to:Training using modeling, simulation, and gaming technologies could be provided to: Prepare for a more diverse range of scenarios than possible through live exercises Support individual, team, or multi-organizational training needs Allow more flexible scheduling of training times Reduce overall long term cost to the Federal government Utilize commercially- developed and marketed systems offered by competing software vendors A Vision for the Future Integrated modeling, simulation, and gaming technology could be used to support education and training, research and development, system and process improvement, and planning for the emergency response community including: public safety organizationspublic safety organizations medical emergency response, hospitals and related facilitiesmedical emergency response, hospitals and related facilities Federal, state, and local government agenciesFederal, state, and local government agencies public transportation networks and systemspublic transportation networks and systems voluntary relief agenciesvoluntary relief agencies National GuardNational Guard logistic support systemslogistic support systems The development, testing, and deployment of interoperable systems through the identification and/or creation of an appropriate suite of interface standards is the key to achieving this vision. Problems We Face Today Existing training applications are often not extensible to support real scenarios, locations, or enhanced capabilities Current development efforts are typically carried out by independent organizations using custom or proprietary interfaces Most development efforts start from scratch using general purpose game engines or software development kits Large efforts are usually required for integration with other simulations, training games and data sources Many standards exist, more are needed Reference libraries and test case data sets do not exist What solutions are needed? Modeling, simulation, and gaming tools that can be rapidly configured to support various training scenarios in different regions of the country, i.e., data driven simulationsModeling, simulation, and gaming tools that can be rapidly configured to support various training scenarios in different regions of the country, i.e., data driven simulations Interoperable tools to allow rapid integrationInteroperable tools to allow rapid integration A suite of recommended data interface standards for use by software developersA suite of recommended data interface standards for use by software developers Validated scenarios, tools, and data sets for a wide variety of incidents available in standard formatsValidated scenarios, tools, and data sets for a wide variety of incidents available in standard formats A communication and computing infrastructure that is flexible, easy to use, and satisfies both performance and security requirementsA communication and computing infrastructure that is flexible, easy to use, and satisfies both performance and security requirements The Need for Standards A standard reference architecture is needed to define the software building blocks that will comprise larger integrated systems A standard reference architecture is needed to define the software building blocks that will comprise larger integrated systems Standard interfaces are needed to allow different vendors software to interoperate Standard interfaces are needed to allow different vendors software to interoperate Working with source code to retrofit existing interfaces is costly and time-consuming Commercial vendors are reticent to provide source code or develop open source software Industry standards could enable the development and interoperability of both open source and proprietary software Industry standards could enable the development and interoperability of both open source and proprietary software Vendors are unlikely to develop compatible software in the absence of industry standards Vendors are unlikely to develop compatible software in the absence of industry standards System requirements will help determine what standards are needed System requirements will help determine what standards are needed Standards Domain Categories Spatial (includes GIS) Building Structures Chronology Demographics Environment Hazard Effects Incident Event Infrastructure Systems Organizations Policies, Procedures, and Protocols Response Operations Response Resources Social Behaviors Others (general purpose) Some Standards for Spatial Data Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM )Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM ) Governmental Unit Boundary Exchange StandardGovernmental Unit Boundary Exchange Standard Hierarchical Data Format-Earth Observing System (HDF-EOS)Hierarchical Data Format-Earth Observing System (HDF-EOS) Shapefile for Geospatial Vector DataShapefile for Geospatial Vector Data Earth-Referenced Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS)Earth-Referenced Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) Standard for a U.S. National Grid (USNG)Standard for a U.S. National Grid (USNG) GeoTIFFGeoTIFF Keyhole Markup Language (KML)Keyhole Markup Language (KML) OpenGIS SpecificationsOpenGIS Specifications Vector Product Format (VPF)Vector Product Format (VPF) Establishing Order in the HS MS&A World A common taxonomy, or classification scheme, is needed to help categorize the existing and potential uses of MSA applications for homeland security.A common taxonomy, or classification scheme, is needed to help categorize the existing and potential uses of MSA applications for homeland security. The taxonomy would help organizations identify and communicate their MSA needs and existing applications in a manner that everyone can understand.The taxonomy would help organizations identify and communicate their MSA needs and existing applications in a manner that everyone can understand. More importantly, the common understanding can be used to identify and prioritize missing MSA applications and standards that would help improve homeland security capabilities.More importantly, the common understanding can be used to identify and prioritize missing MSA applications and standards that would help improve homeland security capabilities. Needs analyses and requirements specification documents are needed to clearly define the functionalities and data interfaces for homeland security simulation modulesNeeds analyses and requirements specification documents are needed to clearly define the functionalities and data interfaces for homeland security simulation modules MSA Taxonomy Categories Major categories of a classification scheme for characterizing Modeling, Simulation and Analysis (MSA) applications ObjectivesObjectives - Why was the MS&A application built? Target Organizations and Mission AreasTarget Organizations and Mission Areas - Who was it designed to serve? Simulation ContextSimulation Context - What was built? Implementation CharacteristicsImplementation Characteristics - How was it implemented? MSA Objectives Decision Support Choice models Information control techniques Analysis and reasoning techniques Representation aids Human judgment amplifying and refining techniques Intelligence and Risk Analysis Component Module Planning Levels and Domains - Levels - Strategic, operational, tactical Domains - Products and services, financial and budgeting, facilities and equipment, organizational (structure, staffing, training, communications, and coordination), technology (trends, research and development), marketing (forecasting, media interactions, promotion), legal Systems Engineering Requirements definition Program management Design and engineering Efficient test planning Result prediction Supplement to actual test and evaluation Manufacturing Logistics support Training and Performance Measurement Recalling bodies of knowledge Using verbal information Rule learning and using Decision making, detecting Classifying Identifying symbols Voice communicating Recalling procedures and positioning movement Steering and guiding Continuous movement Performing gross motor skills MSA Target Organizations & Mission Areas Type of Organizational Entity Multinational bodies Multinational bodies Governmental agencies or departments Governmental agencies or departments Military services Military services Private sector organizations Private sector organizations Level or Scope International International National National State State Provincial Provincial Tribal Tribal Regional Regional County County City City Township Township Village Village Other lower level associations (precinct, school district or school, community, residential development Other lower level associations (precinct, school district or school, community, residential development Persistency of Time Permanent Permanent Temporary (limited, fixed duration, contract) Temporary (limited, fixed duration, contract) Ad-hoc or event-based Ad-hoc or event-based Mission Key Words Agriculture Agriculture Communications Communications Community services Community services Construction Construction Crisis management Crisis management Defense Defense Education and training Education and training Emergency response Emergency response Energy Energy Entertainment Entertainment Environmental Environmental Financial or economic Financial or economic Food distribution and services Food distribution and services Justice or legal Justice or legal Land management Land management Law enforcement Law enforcement Manufacturing Manufacturing Medical and healthcare Medical and healthcare Mining and natural resources Mining and natural resources Political Political Public works Public works Religious Religious Research and development Research and development Safety Safety Science, engineering, and technology Science, engineering, and technology Seas and waterways Seas and waterways Security Security Transportation Transportation Utilities Utilities MSA Simulation Contexts Modeling Domains Social Behavior - crowds, traffic, epidemics, and consumer behavior Social Behavior - crowds, traffic, epidemics, and consumer behavior Physical Phenomena - earthquakes, explosions, fires, chemical, biological or radiological plumes, disease and bio-agents, and biotic agents Physical Phenomena - earthquakes, explosions, fires, chemical, biological or radiological plumes, disease and bio-agents, and biotic agents Environment - atmospherics, climate, and weather, watershed systems, land contamination, indoor climate, and ecology Environment - atmospherics, climate, and weather, watershed systems, land contamination, indoor climate, and ecology Economic - insurance liability exposure, infrastructure impact Economic - insurance liability exposure, infrastructure impact Organization - fire departments, law enforcement, health care institutions, government agencies, military units, businesses, voluntary assistance, and terrorist organizations Organization - fire departments, law enforcement, health care institutions, government agencies, military units, businesses, voluntary assistance, and terrorist organizations Infrastructure Systems - food supply chain, energy distribution, water supply, transportation, computer and communications Infrastructure Systems - food supply chain, energy distribution, water supply, transportation, computer and communications Other System, Equipment, and Tools Other System, Equipment, and Tools Types of incidents, events, and activities Terrorist attacks and other criminal activities Terrorist attacks and other criminal activities Natural disasters Natural disasters Transportation incidents Transportation incidents Industrial and infrastructure incidents Industrial and infrastructure incidents Public events Public events Routine security operations Routine security operations Emergency support functions Transportation Transportation Communications Communications Public works and engineering Public works and engineering Firefighting Firefighting Emergency management Emergency management Mass care, emergency assistance, housing and human services Mass care, emergency assistance, housing and human services Logistics management and resource support Logistics management and resource support Public health and medical services Public health and medical services Search and rescue Search and rescue Oil and hazardous materials response Oil and hazardous materials response Agriculture and natural resources Agriculture and natural resources Energy Energy Public safety and security Public safety and security Long-term community recovery Long-term community recovery External affairs External affairs Life cycle phases Prevention Prevention Preparedness Preparedness Response Response Recovery Recovery Mitigation Mitigation MSA Implementation Characteristics Representation techniques Conceptual diagrams and models Conceptual diagrams and models Mathematical models Mathematical models Dynamic models Dynamic models Programming paradigms Programming paradigms Analysis techniques Analysis techniques Interaction modes Live Live Constructive Constructive Virtual Virtual Human Interfaces Systems engineering and support staff Systems engineering and support staff Instructor and trainer Instructor and trainer System administrators System administrators Exercise management Exercise management On scene response On scene response Response management Response management Support institution staff Support institution staff Civilian population Civilian population Standards Architectures Architectures General purpose integration interfaces General purpose integration interfaces Domain-specific integration interfaces Domain-specific integration interfaces Equipment specifications Equipment specifications Policies and operational guidelines Policies and operational guidelines Document formats Document formats Data Sets Incidents Incidents Environment Environment Resources Resources Controlling documents Controlling documents Geography and layout Geography and layout Demographic and behavioral Demographic and behavioral Investigative intelligence Investigative intelligence Training Training Systems engineering Systems engineering Simulation support Simulation support Planning Scenarios Improvised nuclear device Improvised nuclear device Aerosol anthrax Aerosol anthrax Pandemic influenza Pandemic influenza Plague Plague Blister agent Blister agent Toxic industrial chemicals Toxic industrial chemicals Nerve agent Nerve agent Chlorine tank explosion Chlorine tank explosion Major earthquake Major earthquake Major hurricane Major hurricane Radiological dispersal device Radiological dispersal device Improvised explosive device Improvised explosive device Food contamination Food contamination Foreign animal disease Foreign animal disease Cyber attack Cyber attack Example Classification Nuclear Plume Simulation Objectives Planning, Training, Intelligence and risk analysis, Component module Planning, Training, Intelligence and risk analysis, Component module Target organization Type of organizational entity - Governmental Type of organizational entity - Governmental Level or scope - Federal Level or scope - Federal Persistency over time - Permanent Persistency over time - Permanent Mission key words - Emergency response, Crisis management Mission key words - Emergency response, Crisis management Simulation context Modeling domains - Physical Phenomena Modeling domains - Physical Phenomena Types of incidents, events, and activities - Terrorist attack and other criminal activities Types of incidents, events, and activities - Terrorist attack and other criminal activities Emergency support functions - Emergency management, mass care, hazardous response Emergency support functions - Emergency management, mass care, hazardous response Life cycle phases - Preparedness, Response, Recovery Life cycle phases - Preparedness, Response, Recovery Implementation characteristics Representation techniques Dynamic models (computational fluid dynamics) Representation techniques Dynamic models (computational fluid dynamics) Interaction modes - Virtual Interaction modes - Virtual Human interfaces - On Scene Response, Response Management Human interfaces - On Scene Response, Response Management Data sets - Spatial, Environmental, Demographics and Behavioral p Data sets - Spatial, Environmental, Demographics and Behavioral p Standards - Various Domain-Specific Integration Interfaces Standards - Various Domain-Specific Integration Interfaces Planning scenarios - Radiological Dispersion Device Planning scenarios - Radiological Dispersion Device A Systems Approach to Interoperable M&S Systems for Incident Management Training Technically-correct simulations of: -physical phenomena -the environment -social behaviors -organizations -infrastructure systems Computing andModular Standard Validated communicationssimulationinformation scenarios and infrastructureand gamingmodels, sample data referencedatabases, andsets architecturemessage formats Acknowledgment: The building fire screenshot has been adapted from Sim City 4 website. Realistic role-playing interfaces for: -first responders -incident management -support personnel -civilian population -opposing forces -live elements Conformance testing procedures and systems Simulator Types and Applications Social Behavior - pedestrians in crowds, attendees at a public event, vehicle operators in traffic, carriers and transmitters of communicable diseases in public places, and consumers in stores Physical Phenomena - earthquakes; explosions; fires; chemical, biological or radiological plumes; spread of airborne or waterborne disease and bio-agents; and biotic agents Environment - earths atmosphere; watersheds and landmasses; ecosystems; indoor areas; and other confined spaces within and around man-made structures Economic - exposure of the insurance industry to different disaster scenarios or estimating the effects of an incident on a local economy, and the time and resources required to recover to normal levels Organization - fire departments, law enforcement agencies, health care institutions, government agencies, military units, businesses, voluntary assistance, and terrorist cells Infrastructure Systems - energy distribution systems, water supply, transportation networks, food supply chains, and communications networks Other System, Equipment, and Tools - aircraft, ships and other watercraft, and vehicles; security scanners, sensors, and related systems; bomb disposal equipment; construction and fire fighting equipment; hazardous material decontamination and disposal systems; material handling systems; medical systems; personal protective equipment; search and rescue equipment; and various test equipment. System Reference Architecture Concept Simulation Communications Integration Infrastructure Organizational Simulators Social Behavior Simulators Environmental Simulators Physical Phenomena Simulators Simulation Federation Management Infrastructure System Simulators Gaming Communications Integration Infrastructure Live Elements MMOG Management Support Institutions Response Management On Scene Response Civilian Population and Opposing Forces MMOG Data Servers Federation Data Servers Gaming Subsystem Modules Others Video,Sound and Data Feeds Others Public Transportation Others Military Command Gaming Communications Integration Infrastructure Support Institutions Government Agencies Fire and Rescue Police FEMA Shelters Utility Companies Hospitals Response Management Live Elements MMOG Management MMOG Data Servers Communi- cations System Emulator Devices Manual Data Interface Scenes and Props Actors On Scene Response Others Military Forces Rescue HAZMAT Civil Support EMT Police Fire Others Media Terrorists General Public Victims Civilian Population and Opposing Forces Simulation Subsystem Modules Others Simulation Communications Integration Infrastructure Biotic Invasion Disease and Bio-agents Others Consumer Epidemic Organi- zational Simulators Social Behavior Simulators Traffic Crowd Plume Fire Others Ecology Indoor Climate Watershed Weather Others Terrorists Military Government Agencies Health Care Law Enforcement Fire Environ- mental Simulators Physical Phenomena Simulators Simulation Federation Management Federation Data Servers Infra- structure System Simulators Others Computers& Networks Communi- cations Transportation Water Supply Power Distribution Food Supply Explosion Earthquake MSER Data Model Incident Setting Event - Dirty bomb attack by terroristsEvent - Dirty bomb attack by terrorists Timing - 4 th of July fireworks event on Washington DC mallTiming - 4 th of July fireworks event on Washington DC mall Location - Outside Federal Triangle Metro StationLocation - Outside Federal Triangle Metro Station Timeline Pre-planning for event RDD explosion Emergency vehicles respond Crowd dispersing away Evacuation traffic jam Radiological plume spreading Evacuation using metro rail EMTs attend to victims Treatment of victims at hospitals July 4, 20XX evening MonthsWeeksDaysHoursDaysWeeksMonths Prevention/ PreparednessResponseRecovery/ Mitigation Long term treatment of victims Decontamination of buildings Public safety personnel deployed MinutesHours Concept Demonstration System Elements Explosion plume Crowd behavior Information flows Traffic flow and metro rail Emergency vehicle movements Hospital emergency department City maps withAvailabilityPopulation densityIncident hazard street details,of responseinformation by and mitigation police, fire,resourcestime of daystrategies hospital locations Decontamination and triage of victims Responsemanagement Incident Management Strategy Gaming Plume Simulation Crowd Simulation Incident Area Traffic Simulation Emergency Vehicles Response Simulation Triage Gaming Hospital Emergency Dept Simulation Databases Needs Analysis Document Structure Purpose Functions Create the model Set the initial conditions Execute the model Interact with other simulations Analyze the results Data set requirements Examples prior implementations (32 referenced in SIW paper) Needs Analysis Social Behavior Purpose: To model the individual and collective behaviors, movements, and social interactions between people at various locations of interest that are engaging in normal day-to-day activities or responding to an incident. Functions: Create the model - Provide development capabilities to create simulation models that predict pedestrian and crowd movements, traffic flow, spread of communicable diseases through social interactions, and consumer activity at stores and supply depots under various incident conditions. Set the initial conditions - Establish the demographic attributes; locations of individuals, vehicles, and their status; environmental parameters; response resources; etc. Execute the model - Update the mental perspectives, decisions, actions, location, and status of individuals and groups over time based upon their demographic characteristics, knowledge, behavioral models, incident data, and actions of first responders. Interact with other simulations - Obtain input data from other simulations such as the effects of physical phenomena, changing environmental conditions, and organizational actions; provide output data on locations and actions of individuals to physical phenomenon, organization, economic, and infrastructure systems simulations. Analyze the results - Determine number of casualties and/or injuries for different scenarios, resources required to deal with a scenario, time to evacuate an area, rate of spread of a disease, availability of goods in stores. Needs Analysis Physical Phenomena Purpose: To model the origin, propagation, and mitigation of various physical phenomena associated with emergency incidents. Functions: Create the model - Provide capabilities to model how a physical phenomenon propagates; causes casualties or injuries to the populations; damages or affects the functioning of resources, buildings, and infrastructure systems. Set the initial conditions - Establish the initial locations of population, pre-incident environmental conditions, locations of resources, etc. Execute the model - Update the location of plumes, damage, casualties, etc. as the physical phenomenon propagates. Interact with other simulations - Obtain changes in environmental data from the environmental simulator, changes in location of population and vehicles from social behavior simulators, etc. Provide hazard effects data for social behaviors, organization, infrastructure systems, and other system, equipment, and tool simulators. Analyze the results - Determine the location, toxicity of hazards, extent of damage, effects of precautionary measures and mitigation strategies Needs Analysis Environment Purpose: To model the internal and external environments that may be impacted by the occurrence of an emergency incident, propagate incident effects, and/or serve as the focus for response operations. Functions: Create the model - Provide development capabilities to define initial environmental conditions and determine how environmental conditions will evolve over time due to climate, weather phenomena, water movement over terrain, etc. Set the initial conditions - Establish the state of the environment before the incident occurs, e.g., level of pollutants in air, land, and water; water levels in various bodies of water; status of ecosystems. Execute the model - Update the movement of air indoors and outdoors, flow of water in watershed systems, temperatures, wind conditions, land contamination, status of ecosystems as a function of time and in response to an incident, where appropriate. Interact with other simulations - Feed environmental data to drive the evolution of all other simulation models, e.g., physical phenomena plume spread, social behavior weather conditions, infrastructure systems wind and water damage, organization recovery needs; acquire outputs from other simulators such as results of mitigation actions from organization simulators. Analyze the results - Determine the spread and extent of contaminants in land, water, and air; impact on ecosystems; and the effects of recovery operations of environmental conditions. Needs Analysis Economic Purpose: To model the economic impact of an incident or policy at various levels including local, regional and national, and over various time horizons. Functions: Create the model - Provide mechanisms for implementing economic models using substance flow analysis, life cycle assessment, partial economic equilibrium analysis, macro and/or micro-economic analysis techniques. Provide sector specific models for understanding the impact of incidents and policy changes on relevant economic variables such as demand and supply of goods within the sector. Set the initial conditions - Establish the initial state of societal, political, and economic factors. Set up the parameters that determine the initial impact and evolution of impact on the economic activity. Execute the model - Update economic activities and measures as a function of time as incident unfolds, effects propagate, behavior of population is affected, and recovery operations occur. Interact with other simulations - Acquire relevant inputs generated by other simulators such as the functioning of organizations, the status of facilities and other resources, and public morale levels following an incident. Analyze the results - Determine economic impact in terms of damage to buildings, capital equipment, loss of wages, costs to restore facilities, and services and effectiveness of different policies, mitigation strategies, etc. Needs Analysis Organization Purpose: To model the policies and procedures; activities and operations; decision processes, communications and control mechanisms; and information flows for various organizations and their members. Functions: Create the model - Provide capabilities to dynamically model an organizations business operations; decision-making processes; communication channels and information flows; resource availabilities, allocation strategies, and consumption rates; time delays associated with its activities; etc. Set the initial conditions - Identify readiness state of an organization, its initial resources, pre-incident status of infrastructure systems, environmental conditions, etc. Execute the model - Update an organizations actions, status, effects on areas of responsibility, remaining resources based on the incident characteristics and possible associated physical phenomena, changing environmental conditions, social behaviors, infrastructure damage, etc. Interact with other simulations - Obtain social behaviors, physical phenomena, environmental, infrastructure systems data from associated simulators, e.g., damage, casualty, and injury data; provide output data on organizational actions that affect social behaviors, environment-related damage, economy, the state of infrastructure systems, the state of other systems, equipment, and tools, and the functioning of other organizational simulations. Analyze the results - Determine the amount of resources used in response operations; time to restore facilities and services; effects on reduction of casualties, injuries, and damage based upon different operational strategies. Needs Analysis Infrastructure Systems Purpose: To model infrastructure systems, the impact of incidents on system elements, the propagation of incident effects on other interconnected, related, or nearby infrastructure elements, and the restoration of these systems after an incident. Functions: Create the model - Define infrastructure systems, their functioning, their relationships to each other, and their vulnerabilities. Set the initial conditions - Establish the initial condition of infrastructure systems before an incident occurs. Execute the model - Update the status of infrastructure systems as incidents occur, environmental conditions change, and response operations attempt to restore functionality of those systems. Interact with other simulations - Obtain social behavior, environment, and physical phenomenon impact data from associated simulators, repair operations from organizational simulators; provide loss of services data for economic and organization simulators, etc. Analyze the results - Determine the impact on infrastructure systems of incidents, time to restore services, resources required, cost of repairs, identify vulnerabilities, etc. Needs Analysis Needs Analysis Other Systems, Equipment, and Tools Purpose: To model the detailed operation and performance of various systems, equipment, and tools that are used in incident management, emergency response, and other homeland security related operations, or are affected by incidents and operations. Functions: Create the model - Provide development capabilities for representing the structure and/or geometry of the system, equipment, or tool; define its component modules, and the functioning of those modules. Provide mechanisms for establishing its operational environment; functional characteristics; and the ways its functionality may be degraded or otherwise affected by an incident or the environment. Set the initial conditions - Define the environmental, hazard and associated conditions with respect to the incident for which the system is to be used. Execute the model - Update the mental perspectives, decisions, actions, location, and status of individuals and groups over time based upon their demographic characteristics, knowledge, behavioral models, incident data, and actions of first responders.. Interact with other simulations - Obtain environmental and physical phenomena hazard data from associated simulations; provide the state of other systems, equipment, and tools for organization simulators. Analyze the results - Determine the effectiveness of systems, equipment, and tools in incident response operations. Data Sets Requirements Incidents - summaries, chronologies, response operations, models, message logs, media files, reports, and after action reviews. Incidents - summaries, chronologies, response operations, models, message logs, media files, reports, and after action reviews. Environment - climate, weather, societal, political, economic, biosphere, chemical properties, hazard effects Environment - climate, weather, societal, political, economic, biosphere, chemical properties, hazard effects Resources - organizations, funds, facilities, personnel, systems, vehicles, other equipment, communications channels, document media, and consumable supplies Resources - organizations, funds, facilities, personnel, systems, vehicles, other equipment, communications channels, document media, and consumable supplies Controlling documents - policies, plans, protocols, and procedures Controlling documents - policies, plans, protocols, and procedures Spatial - geographical areas, maps, building layouts, and models Spatial - geographical areas, maps, building layouts, and models Demographic and behavioral population characteristics Demographic and behavioral population characteristics Investigative intelligence crime forensics, terrorist operations, etc. Investigative intelligence crime forensics, terrorist operations, etc. Training - course syllabi, lesson plans, instructional materials, tests, exercises, and references Training - course syllabi, lesson plans, instructional materials, tests, exercises, and references Systems engineering - requirements analyses; design specifications; system documentation; test plans, procedures, and data sets Systems engineering - requirements analyses; design specifications; system documentation; test plans, procedures, and data sets Simulation support - software assets, statistical distributions, and programming scripts Simulation support - software assets, statistical distributions, and programming scripts For More Examples of Implementations Please see: Sanjay Jain and Charles McLean, Components of An Incident Management Simulation and Gaming Framework and Related Developments, SIMULATION, Volume 84 Number 1, Sage Publications, January Sanjay Jain and Charles McLean, Components of An Incident Management Simulation and Gaming Framework and Related Developments, SIMULATION, Volume 84 Number 1, Sage Publications, January 2008. Conclusions Homeland security community must deal with many different simulation domains and scenarios with multiple, interacting objectivesHomeland security community must deal with many different simulation domains and scenarios with multiple, interacting objectives Simulation-based systems will need to integrate modules and data sources from different developers and user organizationsSimulation-based systems will need to integrate modules and data sources from different developers and user organizations The proposed taxonomy is an initial step towards addressing this challenge, i.e., classification of homeland security simulationsThe proposed taxonomy is an initial step towards addressing this challenge, i.e., classification of homeland security simulations The needs analysis is a first attempt to identify the purpose, functions, and data requirements for major classes of homeland security simulationsThe needs analysis is a first attempt to identify the purpose, functions, and data requirements for major classes of homeland security simulations Coordinated standards efforts will be needed to fill the gaps and achieve the vision of interoperable simulation-based systemsCoordinated standards efforts will be needed to fill the gaps and achieve the vision of interoperable simulation-based systems