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Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing……..and one or two other biomarkers Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland, UK

Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

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Page 1: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing……..and one 

or two other biomarkers

Prof Keith M KerrDepartment of Pathology

Aberdeen University Medical SchoolAberdeen, Scotland, UK

Page 2: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

Personalised approach to treating cancer• Understanding the molecular basis of cancer has identified specific drivers and allowed for sub‐classification of the disease, revealing the potential for targeted agents

‘ONE SIZE FITS ALL’

Drug X

PERSONALISED THERAPY

Drug  X Y Z

• Personalised treatment consists of three essential components :– Oncogenic target that drives cancer growth 

– Predictive biomarker that detects presence of the target

– Well conducted clinical studies that confirm treatment efficacy in the identified patient group

Page 3: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

Methods of biomarker analysis

Transcription

Translation

Change in DNA sequence

mRNA transcript

Protein

FISH/CISH1

DNA mutational analysis

Multiplexed genotyping

Microarray

Next‐generation sequencing

RT‐PCR

Immunohistochemistry

Biological ActivityOncogenesisDrug target

Page 4: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

Biomarker Testing Guidelines1. Thunnissen E et al. The challenge of NSCLC diagnosis and 

predictive analysis on small samples. Practical approach of a working group. Lung Cancer 2012;76:1‐18

2. Lindeman NI et al. CAP‐IASLC‐AMP guidelines on EGFR and ALK  testing in NSCLC. Joint publication – J Thorac Oncol. 2013 Jul;8(7):823‐59. Also published in JMP and APLM

3. Kerr KM et al. Second ESMO consensus conference on lung cancer: pathology and molecular biomarkers for non‐small‐cell lung cancer. Annals of Oncology 25: 1681–1690, 2014

All non‐squamous tumours in patients with advanced/recurrent disease should be tested for EGFR mutation and ALK rearrangement

Selected squamous tumours (from patients with minimal or remote smoking history) should strongly be considered for testing

Other therapeutic choices driven by histology 

• Pemetrexed• efficacy

• Bevacizumab• safety

• Nivolumab• licence

Page 5: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

Securing a histological subtype in NSCLC

• Around 25% of small biopsy samples• Around 40% of cytology samples• Uncertainty about NSCLC histotype

• Predictive IHC reduces NSCLC‐NOS to under 10%

• Predict adenocarcinoma (TTF1)• Predict Squamous cell carcinoma (p40, p63, CK5/6)

Page 6: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

Refining the diagnosis of NSCLC‐NOS

NSCLC‐NOS25‐40% of cases

TTF1p63

NSCLC – probably Squamous CaNSCLC‐Probably Adenocarcinoma

OrP40CK5/6

Page 7: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

Immunohistochemical Subtyping of NSCLC

Immunohistochemical Subtyping of NSCLC

Predictive IHC has ‘levelled the playing field’ Better diagnosis possible on poorer specimens

25%

40%

6%

Loo PS et al,JTO 2010

Page 8: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

Cell type EGFR mutation

KRAS mutation

BRAF mutation

ALK fusion

Adeno‐Carcinoma

15% 30.9% 2.5% 12.5%

Probable Adenoca(by IHC)

5.9% 41.8% 0 0

Squamous Carcinoma

0 0 0 0

Probable Squamous ca (by IHC)

0 0 0 0

NSCLC‐NOS 7.3% 31% 2.7% 0

Small cell carcinoma

0 0 0 1 case*

TTF‐1 positive

TTF‐1 negative

Mutations missed ifonly TTF‐1 +ve cases tested

EGFRmutation

15% 2.5% P<0.0001 5%

KRASmutation

33% 36% NS 24.8%

BRAFmutation

2.5% 2.1% NS 20%

ALK fusion

4.2% 1.3% NS 8.3%

Histology vs Mutation

TTF 1 vs Mutation

Kret A et al. Lung Cancer Jan, 2015; suppl 1

Page 9: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

IHC and EGFR mutations

Cooper WA et al, J Clin Path 2013; 66, 744

• Mutation specific antibodies• L858R (43B2) 

– Sens 86% Spec 99%

• Ex19 E746‐A750del (6B6)– Sens 100% Spec 98% for specific mutation– Sens 61% for any Ex19del

• General experience variable – L858R – 36 ‐ 100% (meta analysis 0.76)– Ex19 – Sensitivity 40 – 100% (meta analysis 0.60)– Meta‐analysis Chen Z et al. PLoS1 2014; 9, e105940

– Not comprehensive but a substitute if mutation testing not possible? Bone Biopsy? Speed? 

Cooper et al, J Clin Path 2013

Kitamura A et al. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16, 3349Kawahara A et al. Lung cancer 2011; 74, 35Simonetti S et al. J Transl Med 2010; 8, 135Brevet M et al. J Mol Diag 2010; 12, 169Chen Z et al. PLoS1 2014; 9, e105940

Page 10: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

FLEX survival: ITT population

n=1125Survival

Median 1-year

▬ CT + cetuximab 11.3 mo 47%

▬ CT 10.1 mo 42%

HR=0.87* (95% CI 0.76–1.00), p=0.044

CT

Number of patients at riskCT + cetuximab

568 383 48 0225 134

557 383 53 3251 155

Ove

rall

surv

ival

(%)

Months

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

180 6 12 24 30

*StratifiedHR, hazard ratio; mo, months

Page 11: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

Increased tumor response for CT + cetuximab

with EGFR IHC score ≥2001

Res

pons

e ra

te (%

)

EGFR IHC score

Selectedcut-off

CT + cetuximabCT

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

0

20

40

60

80

100

Response rate estimated for overlapping intervals of IHC score range2

1O’Byrne K, et al. CMSTO, 20102Lazar AA, et al. J Clin Oncol, 2010

Identification of discriminating EGFR IHC score threshold for cetuximab efficacy by response rate

Page 12: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

CT CT + cetuximab

High EGFR expression (≥200) n=345

Low EGFR expression (<200)n=776

0

50

40

30

20

10

44.4

28.1

Res

pons

e ra

te (

%)

0

50

40

30

20

10

29.6 32.6

p=0.36

p=0.002

Treatment interaction test: p=0.040

O’Byrne K, et al. CMSTO, 2010

Response rate by EGFR expression level

Page 13: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

Low EGFRIHC score <200

IHC score=112

High EGFRIHC score ≥200

IHC score=270IHC score=0

High and low EGFR expression

Page 14: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

EGFR IHC score ranges from 0‒300

1. Hirsch FR, et al. J Clin Oncol 2003; 2. Cappuzzo F, et al. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;3. Hirsch FR, et al. Cancer 2008; 4. Felip E, et al. Clin Cancer Res 2008;

5. Gori S, et al. Ann Oncol 2009; 6. Lee HJ, et al. Lung Cancer 2010

EGFR IHC score = [1 x (% cells 1+) + 2 x (% cells 2+) + 3 x (% cells 3+)]

1+

2+

3+

025%

50%

100%

0%

x

Staining intensity % of positive tumor cells

Calculating the EGFR IHC score1–6

Page 15: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

Four intensities: 0 = no staining,1+ = weak, 2+ = moderate, 3+ = strong staining Intensities defined by “magnification rule” (Rüschoff et al. 2010):

Staining intensity: 3+

Staining intensity: 2+

Staining intensity: 1+ or 0

Visible by eye or under low power

examination: 4x or 5x

Needs a more detailed magnification :

10x – 20x

Needs high magnification:

40x

5x 10x 20x 40x

EGFR IHC scoring instructions

5X 40X10X

Page 16: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

Modified from Prof. Rüschoff; Targos, Kassel

Calculating the EGFR IHC score:Using the “magnification rule”

Page 17: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

IHC and BRAFV600E mutations

• VE1 clone– 90% V600E cases positive (n=21)– 0% non‐V600E cases positive Ilie et al, 2013

• VE1 clone– 100% V600E cases positive (n=5)– 4.8% non‐V600E cases positive (1/21) Sasaki et al, 2013

• VE1 clone vs anti‐B‐raf clone (various tumours)– VE1: 98% sens, 97% spec– Anti‐B‐raf: 95% sens, 83% spec Routhier et al, 2013

• Can we ignore the non‐V600E mutations? Smit E, 2014

Ilie et al. Ann Oncol 2013; 24, 742‐748

Ilie et al. Ann Oncol 2013; 24, 742‐748Sasaki et al Lung Cancer 2013; 82, 51‐54Routhier et al, Hum Pathol 2013; 44, 2563‐2570Smit E, J Thorac Oncol 2014; 9,1594‐5

Page 18: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

HGF Ligand binding c-MET dimerization

GAB1 the major substrate of activated ‘pMET’

Oncogenesis ‘Reactivation’ of

embryogenetic mechanisms Disrupted tissue homeostasis Motility and ‘invasiveness’

Activation Not mutation Upregulation,

exaggerated physiology Inducable

Comoglio et al. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008;7:504-16

MET as an oncogene

Page 19: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

MET assessment: Gene copy number or protein IHC?

Anti- MET agents

Small molecule MET TKIs – ARQ197 (Tivantinib)

Anti-MET monoclonal antibodies -MetMab

Page 20: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

Spigel et al, ESMO 2010

Page 21: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

Spigel et al,J Clin Oncol 2013

MET HIGH = Positive MET LOW = Negative

Page 22: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

T cell activation can be augmented bytargeting immune checkpoints

• T‐cell responses are regulated though a complex balance of inhibitory (“checkpoints”) and activating signals

• Tumours can dysregulate checkpoints and activating pathways, and consequently the immune response

• Targeting checkpoints and activating pathways is an innovative approach to cancer therapy, designed to promote an immune response

PD‐1

CTLA‐4

Inhibitory receptors

Activating receptors

TIM‐3

LAG‐3

T‐cell activity

CD28

OX40

CD137

Adapted from Mellman I, et al. Nature 2011:480;481–9; Pardoll DM. Nat Rev Cancer 2012;12:252–64

Page 23: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

High levels if PD1 or PDL1 protein expression (IHC) may inhibitImmune response

Block PD1 or PDL1Immune damage to tumour

Chen, et al. Clin Cancer Res 2012

Page 24: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

Biomarkers for Immunotherapy?Biomarkers for Immunotherapy?

PD-L1 Negative PD-L1 Positive (predictive of response)

Less response More response

?1% 5% 10% 50% cell positive

Intensity of staining?Immune cell staining?Several therapeutics

Several companion diagnostics…………

Kerr KM et al. JTO pub online March 2015

Page 25: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

PD‐L1 as a predictive immune biomarker: assays,sample collection and analysis in NSCLC studies

PD‐L1

Assay

Sample Source and

 Co

llection

Definition

 of P

ositivity

PembrolizumabMerck

• Prototype or clinical trial IHC assay (22C3 Ab)1,2 

• Surface expression of PD‐L1 on tumour specimen1,2

• Ph I: Fresh or archival tissue1,2

IHC Staining:• Strong vs weak expression1,2• PD‐L1 expression required for 

NSCLC for enrollment1• Note that one arm of KEYNOTE 001 trial requires PD‐L1‐ tumours1 

Tumour PD‐L1 expression:1,2 • ≥50% PD-L1+ cut-off:

32% (41/129)• 1–49% PD-L1+ cut-off: 36%

(46/129)

NivolumabBristol‐Myers Squibb

• Dako automated IHC assay (28‐8 Ab)3,4

• Surface expression ofPD‐L1 on tumour cells3,4

• Archival or fresh tissue3,4

IHC Staining:• Strong vs weak expression3,4• Patients not restricted by PD‐L1 

status in 2nd‐ & 3rd‐line• Ph III 1st‐line trial in 

PD‐L1+5

Tumour PD‐L1 expression:• 5% PD‐L1+ cut‐off: 59% (10/17)3• 5% PD‐L1+ cut‐off: 49% (33/68)4

MPDL3280ARoche/Genentech

• Central laboratory IHC assay6

• Surface expression of PD‐L1 on TILs or tumour cells6,7

• Archival or fresh tissue6

IHC Staining Intensity (0, 1, 2, 3):• IHC 3 (≥10% PD‐L1+)6,7• IHC 2,3 (≥5% PD‐L1+)6,7• IHC 1,2,3 (≥1% PD‐L1+)6,7• IHC 0,1,2,3 (all patients with 

evaluable status)6,7• PD‐L1 expression required for 

NSCLC for enrolment in Ph II trials6• x

TIL PD‐L1 expression:6• IHC 3 (≥10% PD‐L1+): 11% (6/53) 

• PD‐L1 low(IHC 1, 0): 62% (33/53)  

MEDI4736AstraZeneca

• Ventana automated IHC (BenchMark ULTRA using Ventana PD‐L1 (SP263) clone)8,9

• Surface expression of PD‐L1 on tumour cells8,9

• Unknown

IHC Staining Intensity:• Not presented to date8–10

Tumour PD‐L1 expression (all doses):8• PD‐L1+: 34% (20/58)• PD‐L1‐: 50% (29/58)

†Definition of PD‐L1 positivity differs between assay methodologies.1. Garon EB, et al. Presented at ESMO 2014 (abstr. LBA43); 2. Rizvi NA, et al. Presented at ASCO 2014 (abstr. 8007); 3. Gettinger S et al. Poster p38 presented at ASCO 2014 (abstr. 8024);

4. Brahmer JR et al. Poster 293 presented at ASCO 2014 (abstr. 8112^); 5. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02041533 Accessed January 2015;6 . Rizvi NA et al. Poster presented at ASCO 2014 (abstr. TPS8123); 7. Soria J‐C, et al. ESMO 2014 (abstr. 1322P); 8. Brahmer JR, et al. Poster presented at ASCO 2014 (abstr. 8021^); 

9. Segal NH, et al. Presented at ASCO 2014 (abstr. 3002^); 10. Segal NH, et al. ESMO 2014 (abstr. 1058PD).

Ab, antibody; IHC, immunohistochemistry

Page 26: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

Other markers to consider…..

• HER2– No ligand binding domain. Important heterodimerisation– Mutation (0.8‐4.3%), ˄Gene Copy # (38‐43%), – Amplification (~2%),  Over‐expression (24‐35%)– Gefitinib, Pan‐HER inhibitors, Traztuzamab?

• PTEN– Loss of tumour suppressor gene activity– Prognostic effect– PI3K/AKT inhibitors?

• RANK and RANK‐L– Bone metastatic disease– Denosumab

Hirsch et al. Oncogene 2009Hirsch et al, Br J Can 2002Soh et al, Int J Can 2007Suzuki et al, Lung Cancer 2015Reis et al, Lung Cancer 2015

Page 27: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

Panel of 54 genes with potentially druggable alterations

Govindan et al. Cell. 2012 Sep 14;150:1121‐34

Page 28: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

IHC and cytotoxic agents• ERCC1

– Resistance factor in platinum based chemotherapy– Suggestions of a predictive benefit in several studies Olaussen et al. NEJM 2006

– Specificity of antibody (clone 8F1) Friboulet et al. NEJM 2013

• Tubulin III– Associated with responses to taxanes– Variable results 

• Thymidylate Synthase (TS)– Target of pemetrexed– IHC scores for TS predictive of response Nicholson et al J Thorac Oncol 2013

Page 29: Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM07-15... · Prof Keith M Kerr Department of Pathology Aberdeen University Medical School Aberdeen, Scotland,

• Diagnostic IHC• Predictive markers

– Mutated proteins– WT proteins

Role of Immunohistochemistry in Mutation Testing……..and one or two 

other biomarkers