Role of Mems in Medical

7/27/2019 Role of Mems in Medical

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Shekhar Bhansali [email protected]

Role of MEMS and nanotechnology in

medical technologies

http://www.tatumpointanimalhosp.com/images/ultrasound.jpg

http://www.alnwickpharmacy.co.uk/images/tablets.jpg

http://www.carolinas.org/services/images/surgery.jpg

http://pt.uindy.edu/images/stethoscope.jpg

http://www.treathiv.com/graphics/4.patient_edu/4.11.syringe.jpg

http://www.scieng.ed.ac.uk/images/chembottles.jpg

http://www3.oup.co.uk/jnls/images/subject_graphics/medicine.jpg




F irst of all , what is MEMS ?

• MEMS stands for Micro Electro Mechanical Systems.

• It is a technique of combining Electrical and Mechanicalcomponents together on a chip, to produce a system of miniaturedimensions ..

•

By miniature, we mean dimensions less than thethickness of human hair !!!!




The wonder called nanotechnology

• Nanotechnology is the technology of arranging atoms and

molecules in a material.

• This allows to alter the properties of a material and build

structures of desired features.• A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter.

• Nanotechnology makes it possible to manufacture devices 80,000

times smaller than the thickness of human hair !!

http://www.teltronicofbaltimore.com/images/atom_jumppage.gif




A simple analogy..

• The atoms in an object can becompared to the blocks in abuilding game.

• In a building game, the blockscan be arranged to createdifferent looking structures.

• Similarly, atoms can bearranged differently toproduce a multitude of devices. This forms the basis of nanotechnology.


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/role-of-mems-in-medical 5/29Shekhar Bhansali [email protected]

Benef its of MEMS and nanotechnology

in medical applications

• Small volume of reagent samples (like blood), required for analysis.

• Low power consumption, hence lasts longer on the same battery.

• Less invasive, hence less painful.

• Integration permits a large number of systems to be built on a single chip.

• Batch processing can lower costs significantly.• Existing IC technology can be used to make these devices.

• Silicon, used in most MEMS devices, interferes lesser with body tissues.



Can MEMS devices really replace the

existing medical devices ?

• A lot of MEMS medical

devices have been developed

that are much more sensitiveand robust than their

conventional counterparts.

• Market trends for MEMS

medical devices show a promising future ahead.

http://www.sensorsmag.com/articles/0497/medical/main.shtml

www.edmond-wheelchair.com/ bp_monitors3.htm


http://www.edmond-wheelchair.com/bp_monitors3.htm







Projected MEMS market share in 2006

Medical 11%

Automotive 17%

Computer 26%

Communictions

21%

Industrial 22%

Consumer 3%

http://www.memsindustrygroup.org/industy_statistics.asp





Classif ication of biological MEMS

devices

• Biomedical MEMS – deals “in vivo ”, within the host body.

→ precision surgery

→ Biotelemetry

→ Drug delivery

→ Biosensors and other physical sensors

• Biotechnology MEMS – deals “in vitro ”, with the biological samplesobtained from the host body.

→ Diagnostics

→ gene sequencing

→ Drug discover

→ pathogen detection



MEMS Sensors

MEMS sensors in the biomedical field maybe used as:

• Critical sensors, used during operations.

• Long term sensors for prosthetic devices.• Sensor arrays for rapid monitoring and

diagnosis at home.



MEMS and nanotechnology in

precision surgery



MEMS and endoscopy

• What is endoscopy ?

• A diagnostic procedure which involves the introduction of a flexible device into

the lower or upper gastrointestinal tract for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

• Conventional endoscopes

• Can be used to view only the first

third of the small intestine.

• Require sedation of patient

• Is an uncomfortable procedure

http://www.surgical-optics.com/new_autoclavable_rigid_endoscope

http://www.mobileinstrument.com

http://www.surgical-optics.com/new_autoclavable_rigid_endoscope.htm

http://www.mobileinstrument.com/

http://www.mobileinstrument.com/




http://www.medcatalog.com/images/surgical_optics.jpg



MEMS redefines endoscopy with

“Lab on a Pill”

Size : 35mm

Components of lab on a pill

• Digital camera (CMOS Technology)

• Light source

• Battery

• Radio transmitter

• Sensors (MEMS Technology)

Requires no sedation

Can show a view of the

entire small intestine

Can aid in early detection

of colon cancer

http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/~tbt/norchip2002.pdf

http://www.spie.org/web/oer/august/aug00/cover2.html







Working of this magic pil l !

• The pill is intended to be swallowed like any normal pill.

• Once within the body, the pill's sensors sample body fluids and

pick up "meaningful patient data" such as temperature, dissolved

oxygen levels and pH.• The pill is expected to retrieve all data over a 12-hour period and

disposed off, once excreted.

• This data is transmitted wirelessly to a card attached

to the wrist of the individual.




Micro-surgical tools

• Present day surgeons operate within a domain

restricted by the mobility and control of the

surgical tools at hand.

• MEMS surgical tools provide the flexibility and

accuracy to perform precision surgery.




MEMS dr iven scalpels

• Precise control of the scalpel is

an important requirement in any

surgery.

• MEMS piezoelectric motor help

to accurately position the scalpel.

• MEMS pressure sensors

incorporated on the scalpel, can

help to measure the force exerted

on the area operated upon.

Accordingly, the scalpel can hehandled.

http://www.ee.ucla.edu/~jjudy/publications/conference/msc_2000_judy.pdf






Ultrasonic MEMS cutting tool

• These tools make use of piezoelectric materials attached to the cutter.

• Consist of microchannels to flush out the fluid and debris while

cutting.• Can be used to cut tough tissues, like the hardened lenses of

patients with cataract







Skin Resur facing

• Skin resur facing is a form of cosmetic surgery that is often

used to aesthetically enhance the appearance of wrinkles, skin

lesions, pigmentation irregularities, moles, roughness, and scars.

Conventional resurfacing techniques involve the use of :

• Dermabraders – devices or tools used in plastic surgery.

• Chemical peels – chemicals such as glycolic acid.




Drawbacks of the conventional approaches

in skin resur facing

• May cause excessive bleeding

• Often require time-consuming procedures

• Require multiple sessions.• Lightened pigments at the operated site

• Furthermore, chemical peels cannot be

used for removal of lesions withsignificant depth.




MEMS skin resur facing tools

• Though still not commercially available, MEMS tools have been found to

overcome many drawbacks present in the conventional techniques.

• They can be used to remove raised skin lesions as well as lesions upto certain

depths.

• These MEMS structures are packagedonto rotary elements and used

over the affected areas.

• The debris can then be sucked out

using a suction pump.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12787986&dopt=Ab

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12787986&dopt=Abstract

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12787986&dopt=Abstract




Micro/Nano Robots in medical f ield

• These are micro/nano scale devices capable of treating and

eliminating medical problems.

• Such problems may arise due to the accumulation of unwanted

organic substances, which interfere with the normal bodyfunctions, such as :

– Tumors

– Life threatening blood clots

– Accumulation of scar tissue

– Arterial blockage

– Localized sites of infection.

http://nanotech-now.com/images/Art_Gallery/EV-24-sm.jpg




Considerations before introducing

the robots into the body.

• The robot size should be smaller than the diameter of the artery .

• The robot should not damage the arterial walls as it

traverses through it.

• The robot can be introduced into the body through the circulatorysystem of the body.

• The femoral artery in the leg would be the most suited, because it

is a large diameter artery and is traditionally used to introduce

catheters in the body.




Removal of the diseased area

• Fatty material deposited on the arterial

walls causing artery blockage, can be

physically removed using nanoblades.

• Physically shredding tumor can pose a

great threat. The pieces can be carried toother locations and result in furthering of

cancerous cells.

• One effective approach to kill the

cancerous cells would be to enclose the

entire tumor in a nano box and

destroying everything in the box.

www.foresight.org/.../Gallery/ Captions/Image201.html

http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/Gallery/Captions/Image201.html

http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/Gallery/Captions/Image201.html

http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/Gallery/Images/alveoli.jpg




A Graphical Representation of nanorobots working

in a blood vessel, to remove a cancerous cell

www.e-spaces.com/portfolio/ trans/blood/

http://www.e-spaces.com/portfolio/trans/blood/







MEMS and drug delivery




MEMS microneedles

• MEMS enables hundreds of hollow

microneedles to be fabricated on a single

patch of area, say a square centimeter.

• This patch is applied to the skin and

drug is delivered to the body using

micropumps.

• These micropumps can be electronically

controlled to allow specific amounts of

the drug and also deliver them at specific

intervals.

• Microneedles are too small to reach and

stimulate the nerve endings, and hencecause no pain to the body.

gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/ newsrelease/NEEDLES.htm

http://www.pharmtech.com/pharmtech/data/articlestandard/pharmtech/022004/80733/article

http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/newsrelease/NEEDLES.html

http://www.pharmtech.com/pharmtech/data/articlestandard/pharmtech/022004/80733/article.pdf

http://www.pharmtech.com/pharmtech/data/articlestandard/pharmtech/022004/80733/article.pdf

http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/newsrelease/NEEDLES.html




Smart Pil l

• A MEMS device that can be implanted

in the human body.

• Consists of

– biosensors

– Battery

– Control circuitry

– Drug reservoirs

• The biosensors sense the substance to be

measured, say insulin.

• Once this quantity falls below a certain

amount required by the body, the pillreleases the drug.

http://mmadou.eng.uci.edu/






Challenges for MEMS medical sensors

• Biocompatibility remains the biggest hurdle for

MEMS medical devices.

•

Life of the device.• Retrieving data out of the device.

• Resist drifting along with the body fluids.




Acknowledgements

This effort is based upon work partially supported by the National

Science Foundation under Grant No. 0239262 and The Florida Hi-

Tech Corridor Workforce Training grant

Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendationsexpressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not

necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation or

the Florida HiTech Corridor Workforce Training Grant.




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Role of Mems in Medical