INFECTION AND INFECTION CONTROL

INFECTION What is INFECTION?Infection is also defined as the

invasion multiplication of microorganisms on the tissues of the HOST resulting in signs and symptoms as well as an immunologic response.

The production of microorganism injure the patient by either:

Competing with the HOST metabolism

Cellular damage produced by the microbes

Intracellular multiplication

Damage could be

Localized ( pressure sore, infected pressure ulcer )

SystemicNote: the severity of infection varies

with the disease producing ability and the number of invading organism, the strength of the defense and some other factors

Diagnostic Assessments:

WBC – elevated in acute inflammatory disease, bacterial disease

5- 10 x 109 /L

Lymphocytic and monocytic fractions – elevated in viral diseases

20%- 30%; 2%- 6% fraction

Diagnostic Tests

ESR – Elevated sedimentation rates indicate the presence of inflammation

< 15 mm/ hr

Culture of Infectious Site – provides information on the growth of microorganism in the culture media, to which type.

Why iNFeCtiOn ocCur?

?

Some bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics

Some microbes such as influenza have so many different strains that a single vaccine cant protect against them all

Most viruses resist antiviral drugsNew infectious agents occasionally

arise such as HIV and corona virus

Some microbes localize in areas of the body that make treatment difficult ( bones, CNS)

Opportunistic organisms can cause infection in immuno- compromised patients

Most of the people have not received immunization

Increase in air travel can speed the virulent organism to a heavily populated area in hours

Use of biological warfare and bioterrorism with organism such as Anthrax, plaque, is an increasing threat to public health and safety throughout the world

the expanded use of immunosuppressive drugs and invasive procedures increase the risk of infection

Role of the Nurse in Communicable diseases Render nursing care to the patients with

communicable diseases Be knowledgeable in the ;o Nature of specific microorganism, and its

capacity to survive in the body and outsideo Most effective method to destruct the

specific microorganismo How the organism invades the Host and its

route of escape from the body

o The incubation periods and length of communicability

o How specific drugs alter the clinical signs and the infectious course of the disease

o the most recent methods and concept of prophylaxis for communicable diseases

o The rationales and control measures, including isolation techniques

NURSING CARE

SELF PROTECTIONPREVENTING SPREADPHYSICAL CARE OF PATIENTEMOTIONAL SUPPORT OF PATIENTSPIRITUAL ASPECT OF CARE

Assessment:(community level) Provides an estimate of the

degree to which a family, group, or community is achieving the level of health possible for them, identifies specific deficiencies or guidance needed and estimates the possible effects of the Nursing Interventions

CHAIN OF INFECTION

CAUSATIVE AGENT

PORT OF ENTRY

INOCULATION STAGE

INFECTION

PORT OF EXIT

CHAIN OF INFECTION

SUSCEPTIBLE

Assessment

Collection of dataCategories of Health Problems

Diagnosing community problem( focus on communicable diseases)

Planning/ Goal settingConstruction an action planImplementation planned careEvaluation of care and Services provided

In assessment; Investigators study the

current incidence of the disease in that SPECIFIC AREA and compare it to the past incidence rate.

To classify or determine if; Sporadic –these are diseases that occur occasionally an irregularly

Epidemic- these are diseases that occurs greater than expected number in a specific area over a specific time

To classify or determine if; Pandemic – is an epidemic that

affects several countries or continents

Endemic - are those that are present in a population or community at all times. They usually involve few people during specific time

InflaMmaTiOn IRRITATION ON SKIN

SURFACE

INFLAMMATION The protective response

of body tissues to irritation or injury.

Cardinal signs are;RednessSwelling PainOften accompanied by loss

of function

MANAGEMENT FOR INFECTION

THANK YOU!!!