Roman EmpireRoman EmpireRomeRome, , Villa AdrianaVilla Adriana, , Villa d’EsteVilla d’Este, , Ostia AnticaOstia Antica, , PompeiiPompeii, , ErculanoErculano

Rome: The ColiseumRome: The Coliseum

©Linda Moore 2001

ColiseumColiseum

©Linda Moore 2001

Coliseum Animal PitsColiseum Animal Pits

©Linda Moore 2001

Coliseum Animal PitsColiseum Animal Pits

©Linda Moore 2001

Coliseum Coliseum This plaque marks the time the Catholic Church assumed This plaque marks the time the Catholic Church assumed

control of the Coliseumcontrol of the Coliseum

©Linda Moore 2001

Arch of ConstantineArch of Constantine

©Linda Moore 2001

Arch of TitusArch of Titus

©Linda Moore 2001

Arch of TitusArch of Titus

©Linda Moore 2001

ForumForum

The dark stones are the entrance to one of the first sewer systems built by the Romans. It emptied from the forum to the Tiber River. Dead gladiators from the Coliseum were carried to this point and thrown down the sewer to dispose of their bodies.

©Linda Moore 2001

Forum as seen from Arch of Forum as seen from Arch of TitusTitus

©Linda Moore 2001

Forum Forum View from Arch of TitusView from Arch of Titus

©Linda Moore 2001

Forum Forum Columns are Columns are only surviving only surviving

part of part of Temple for Temple for

Romulus and Romulus and RemusRemus

©Linda Moore 2001

ForumForum

The athletic grounds of the forum area located on front of the Arch of Severus.

©Linda Moore 2001

Arch of SeverusArch of Severus

©Linda Moore 2001

Location of Marc Antony’s Eulogy Location of Marc Antony’s Eulogy Praising Julius CaesarPraising Julius Caesar

((Roof is in place to protect archeologists as they restore the ruins)Roof is in place to protect archeologists as they restore the ruins)

©Linda Moore 2001

Forum Forum Columns of a Columns of a

TempleTemple

©Linda Moore 2001

Forum RuinsForum Ruins

©Linda Moore 2001

ForumForum

©Linda Moore 2001

Villa AdrianaVilla Adriana

The spacious estate was designed by the emperor Hadrian around 120 AD. Hadrian was a “self-made” success story, having risen from a pauper to the Emperor of Rome.

The villa was built to escape the hot, humid summers of Rome, and is thought to be mainly designed by Hadrian. It features two large pools as well as numerous buildings. The exterior walls have since fallen off leaving the brick interior framing as the remnants of the buildings

Villa AdrianaVilla Adriana

©Linda Moore 2001

Villa AdrianaVilla Adriana

©Linda Moore 2001

Villa AdrianaVilla Adriana

©Linda Moore 2001

Villa AdrianaVilla Adriana

©Linda Moore 2001

Villa AdrianaVilla Adriana

©Linda Moore 2001

Villa AdrianaVilla Adriana

©Linda Moore 2001

Villa AdrianaVilla AdrianaColonnadeColonnade

©Linda Moore 2001

Villa AdrianaVilla Adriana(Arched area is like a “subway”, underground path for the chariots)(Arched area is like a “subway”, underground path for the chariots)

©Linda Moore 2001

Villa AdrianaVilla Adriana(Large arch is tunnel for chariots and small arch is pathway for pedestrians)(Large arch is tunnel for chariots and small arch is pathway for pedestrians)

©Linda Moore 2001

Villa Adriana Villa Adriana (Mosaic)(Mosaic)

©Linda Moore 2001

Villa d’EsteVilla d’Este

This villa was built around 1550 AD and features many fountains. The fountains are naturally driven using gravity and water pressure as the sole means of controlling the water flow. Engineers still come to Villa d’Este to study the methods employed.

Villa d’EsteVilla d’Este

©Linda Moore 2001

Villa d’EsteVilla d’Este

©Linda Moore 2001

Villa d’EsteVilla d’Este

©Linda Moore 2001

Villa d’EsteVilla d’Este

©Linda Moore 2001

Villa d’EsteVilla d’Este

©Linda Moore 2001

Villa d’EsteVilla d’Este

©Linda Moore 2001

Villa d’EsteVilla d’Este

©Linda Moore 2001

Ostia AnticaOstia Antica

Ostia was the main sea port for Rome. Ships from all over Ostia was the main sea port for Rome. Ships from all over the Mediterranean visited the port to trade with the the Mediterranean visited the port to trade with the Romans. It also served as an escape for the hot Rome Romans. It also served as an escape for the hot Rome summers. The goods were taken up the Tiber River to summers. The goods were taken up the Tiber River to Rome. A severe storm and subsequent flooding Rome. A severe storm and subsequent flooding changed the flow of the river and made this area unable changed the flow of the river and made this area unable to be navigated by the ships. The modern city of Ostia to be navigated by the ships. The modern city of Ostia stands where the sea port relocated.stands where the sea port relocated.

This was a large city and many structures remain. There is This was a large city and many structures remain. There is evidence of two and three story apartment buildings. evidence of two and three story apartment buildings. The Upper Class Romans lived in these “condos” The Upper Class Romans lived in these “condos” because they were located away from the mosquitoes because they were located away from the mosquitoes and other pests of the river. and other pests of the river.

Ostia AnticaOstia AnticaThe Sea Port of RomeThe Sea Port of Rome

Cemetery located just outside of city.

©Linda Moore 2001

Ostia AnticaOstia AnticaShrines for worship by the chariot driversShrines for worship by the chariot drivers

©Linda Moore 2001

Ostia AnticaOstia AnticaShrine Shrine

Close-upClose-up

©Linda Moore 2001

Ostia AnticaOstia AnticaStructural Remains of ShopsStructural Remains of Shops

©Linda Moore 2001

Ostia AnticaOstia Antica Central Area was meeting place for merchants. All trade Central Area was meeting place for merchants. All trade

regulations were created and enforced here. regulations were created and enforced here. Stores lined the plaza. Stores lined the plaza.

©Linda Moore 2001

Ostia AnticaOstia AnticaMain thoroughfare lined with marble columnsMain thoroughfare lined with marble columns

©Linda Moore 2001

Ostia AnticaOstia AnticaNote the mosaics on the floors of these merchants’ homes.Note the mosaics on the floors of these merchants’ homes.

©Linda Moore 2001

Ostia AnticaOstia AnticaMosaic floors of sea merchantsMosaic floors of sea merchants

©Linda Moore 2001

Ostia AnticaOstia AnticaHot water was heated here and piped to the public baths Hot water was heated here and piped to the public baths

nearby.nearby.

©Linda Moore 2001

Ostia AnticaOstia AnticaNot only were the baths public, but the toilets were also. Not only were the baths public, but the toilets were also. They were split by sexes like we currently do (this is the They were split by sexes like we currently do (this is the

women’s).women’s).

©Linda Moore 2001

Ostia AnticaOstia Antica

Flour Mill Flour Mill

©Linda Moore 2001

Ostia AnticaOstia AnticaMain Thoroughfare Main Thoroughfare Leading to TheatreLeading to Theatre

©Linda Moore 2001

Ostia AnticaOstia AnticaOnly remaining wall covering in Ostia. Located in tunnel Only remaining wall covering in Ostia. Located in tunnel

leading into theatreleading into theatre

©Linda Moore 2001

Ostia AnticaOstia AnticaTheatreTheatre

©Linda Moore 2001

Ostia Antica ForumOstia Antica Forum

©Linda Moore 2001

Pompeii & ErculanoPompeii & ErculanoOn August 24, 79 AD, Mt Vesuvius erupted in one of the most violent eruptions. A pyroclastic flow covered the port town of Pompeii, covering it in deadly gases and hot cinders. All organic material was destroyed as it burned under the covering of cinders. As the excavations took place in the late 1800’s air spaces were discovered in the cinder. Plaster molds were taken of the spaces, revealing the horror of the people of Pompeii as they took their last breaths.

Erculano was a resort town located on the Bay of Naples. Most of the population were able to evacuate via the sea. Recently approximately 125 skeletons were uncovered in a cave. It is thought that these citizens were turned back by a tsunami generated by the ground movement of the eruption. The city of Erculano (Herculaneum), un like Pompeii, was covered by a mud flow from the eruption (lahars).

The 79 AD Mt Vesuvius eruption marked the first recorded account of the eruption by Pliny the Younger. Two letters were written describing the eruption and the death of his uncle, Pliny the Elder, the chief of the Roman navy in the Bay of Naples.

ErculanoErculanoView shows the depth View shows the depth of ancient Erculano as of ancient Erculano as it sits below modern it sits below modern

ErculanoErculano

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculano

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculano

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculanoOne of the first One of the first

buildings within the buildings within the walls of Erculano is walls of Erculano is

this shrine of worshipthis shrine of worship

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculanoPublic swimming Public swimming pool with a statue pool with a statue

to the goddess to the goddess HydraHydra

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculanoMosaic tile of the swimming pool. Design shows Mosaic tile of the swimming pool. Design shows

swimmers, anchor and dolphins surrounded by a border of swimmers, anchor and dolphins surrounded by a border of waves.waves.

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculanoSurviving wall fresco of a two story houseSurviving wall fresco of a two story house

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculano

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculanoWell-preserved bakery. Wood handles would be inserted in Well-preserved bakery. Wood handles would be inserted in holes of flour mills and slaves would walk around the mills, holes of flour mills and slaves would walk around the mills,

grinding the wheat into flourgrinding the wheat into flour

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculanoEach hole held a wine jug. This was the Roman version of Each hole held a wine jug. This was the Roman version of

a wine store. The water was not safe to drink, so the a wine store. The water was not safe to drink, so the Romans used wine and other beverages to drinkRomans used wine and other beverages to drink

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculanoThe original wood frames hold the ancient wine The original wood frames hold the ancient wine

jarsjars

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculanoAmphora in corner and wine vat in foregroundAmphora in corner and wine vat in foreground

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculanoBest preserved mosaic known in ErculanoBest preserved mosaic known in Erculano

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculanoMarble chariotsMarble chariots

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculanoAdditional marble sculpture of chariotsAdditional marble sculpture of chariots

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculanoOutdoor Fountain, water would flow from lead pipe located Outdoor Fountain, water would flow from lead pipe located

in the hole of the mouth.in the hole of the mouth.

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculanoSurviving columns with wood beams. Because Erculano Surviving columns with wood beams. Because Erculano was buried by mud, which hardened, some of the wood was buried by mud, which hardened, some of the wood

survived.survived.

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculanoSome of the original wood support beams are seen here. Some of the original wood support beams are seen here.

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculanoOriginal Exterior Door and Wood BeamOriginal Exterior Door and Wood Beam

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculanoThe wood is all original The wood is all original as it appears above the as it appears above the largest piece of wood in largest piece of wood in

Erculano (next slide)Erculano (next slide)

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculanoOriginal Interior DoorOriginal Interior Door

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculanoMore structural More structural

beamsbeams

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculanoMosaic of the hot bath in the public bathsMosaic of the hot bath in the public baths

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculanoMosaic in the cool bathMosaic in the cool bath

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculanoMarble bench in bath houseMarble bench in bath house

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculanoWooden bed Wooden bed

©Linda Moore 2001

ErculanoErculanoWhat is this? A printing What is this? A printing

press, grape press, press, grape press, instrument of torture? No it instrument of torture? No it is the Roman version of an is the Roman version of an

iron to press their togas!iron to press their togas!

©Linda Moore 2001

PompeiiPompeii

Pompeii was covered by over 15 meters of hot ash and cinders in the Pompeii was covered by over 15 meters of hot ash and cinders in the 79 AD eruption of Mt Vesuvius. This pyroclastic flow, with its 79 AD eruption of Mt Vesuvius. This pyroclastic flow, with its poisonous gases, covered all of the population and animals. Any poisonous gases, covered all of the population and animals. Any organic substance was destroyed in the flow. During the late 1800’s organic substance was destroyed in the flow. During the late 1800’s the archeologists discovered air pockets in the cinder. They tried the archeologists discovered air pockets in the cinder. They tried taking a mold of the pockets before they removed the ash. These taking a mold of the pockets before they removed the ash. These molds revealed the horror of the death of the residents of Pompeii. molds revealed the horror of the death of the residents of Pompeii. Two of the molds are on display in Pompeii, the remaining molds Two of the molds are on display in Pompeii, the remaining molds can be found in the Archeological Museum in Naples. can be found in the Archeological Museum in Naples.

There remains over half of the city to excavate. Evidence of an There remains over half of the city to excavate. Evidence of an elaborate plumbing system and billboards were revealed. Egyptian elaborate plumbing system and billboards were revealed. Egyptian hieroglyphics have been uncovered as well. Pompeii was a major hieroglyphics have been uncovered as well. Pompeii was a major sea port of the Romans and was closer to the sea than it is today sea port of the Romans and was closer to the sea than it is today due to volcanic activity.due to volcanic activity.

PompeiiPompeiiColiseum – Upper Class sat on concrete seat to the right Coliseum – Upper Class sat on concrete seat to the right

and the rest of the populous sat on the grass.and the rest of the populous sat on the grass.

©Linda Moore 2001

PompeiiPompeiiAdditional view of the coliseum showing the delineation of Additional view of the coliseum showing the delineation of

the seats for the classesthe seats for the classes

©Linda Moore 2001

PompeiiPompeiiAthletic field.Athletic field.

©Linda Moore 2001

PompeiiPompeiiDiscoloration in center of picture is the remnants of a lead Discoloration in center of picture is the remnants of a lead

pipe. Pompeii had running water piped throughout the city.pipe. Pompeii had running water piped throughout the city.

©Linda Moore 2001

PompeiiPompeiiMain thoroughfare of Main thoroughfare of Pompeii. Ruts in the Pompeii. Ruts in the

street are tracks worn into street are tracks worn into the basalt rocks by the the basalt rocks by the

chariots.chariots.

©Linda Moore 2001

PompeiiPompeiiAtrium of an upper class homeAtrium of an upper class home

©Linda Moore 2001

PompeiiPompeiiFrescoes cover the walls.Frescoes cover the walls.

©Linda Moore 2001

PompeiiPompeiiEntrance to this home is bordered by two frescoes Entrance to this home is bordered by two frescoes

©Linda Moore 2001

PompeiiPompeiiLarge pieces of basalt were placed in the street to act as Large pieces of basalt were placed in the street to act as stepping stones when it rained. They are spaced so that stepping stones when it rained. They are spaced so that

the chariots can pass through them.the chariots can pass through them.

©Linda Moore 2001

PompeiiPompeiiOriginal wall of Pompeii (approximately 8 meters high). Original wall of Pompeii (approximately 8 meters high). Area behind wall is unexcavated, but it is believed that Area behind wall is unexcavated, but it is believed that

more homes in the “suburbs” were buried in the eruption of more homes in the “suburbs” were buried in the eruption of 70 A.D.70 A.D.

©Linda Moore 2001

PompeiiPompeiiSurviving “billboard” done in fresco. All exposed frescoes Surviving “billboard” done in fresco. All exposed frescoes

of value are protected by plexiglass.of value are protected by plexiglass.

©Linda Moore 2001

PompeiiPompeiiEvidence of Egyptian Hieroglyphics indicate that the Evidence of Egyptian Hieroglyphics indicate that the

merchants of Pompeii traded with Egyptmerchants of Pompeii traded with Egypt

©Linda Moore 2001

PompeiiPompeiiHoles hold wine amphorasHoles hold wine amphoras

©Linda Moore 2001

PompeiiPompeiiWine merchant’s display bar. People would come in with Wine merchant’s display bar. People would come in with

amphorae and fill them up with wine to carry home.amphorae and fill them up with wine to carry home.

©Linda Moore 2001

PompeiiPompeiiCommon in homes with dogs. Basically says “beware of Common in homes with dogs. Basically says “beware of

dog.”dog.”

©Linda Moore 2001

PompeiiPompeiiPlaster casts of people who died in the 79 A,D, eruptionPlaster casts of people who died in the 79 A,D, eruption

©Linda Moore 2001

PompeiiPompeiiImagine suffocating with hot cinders raining down on you.Imagine suffocating with hot cinders raining down on you.

©Linda Moore 2001

PompeiiPompeiiRare two story wall remaining in PompeiiRare two story wall remaining in Pompeii

©Linda Moore 2001

PompeiiPompeiiFountain with original lead Fountain with original lead

pipepipe

©Linda Moore 2001

PompeiiPompeiiMosaic in bath houseMosaic in bath house

©Linda Moore 2001

PompeiiPompeiiMain trade Main trade

section of city. section of city. Closest to the Closest to the “Marina Gate”“Marina Gate”

©Linda Moore 2001©Linda Moore 2001

PompeiiPompeiiMain trade area with Mt Vesuvius in the background. Area Main trade area with Mt Vesuvius in the background. Area

on right side was used for livestock trade.on right side was used for livestock trade.

©Linda Moore 2001

PompeiiPompeiiThe ForumThe Forum

©Linda Moore 2001