Pre-historic Britain

Iberians

About 3000 BC inhabited Europe.

Roads, buildings(wooden, stone) Tools made of bones and antlers We know about their culture through

archaeological axcavations

Celts

2 waves:

600BC- the Gaels 300BC- the Britons

The celts

Art of smelting the iron Lived in villages Built forts with diches Had a free of private property, and

classes Grew corn and wheat, tamed animals

The art of potteryCeltic language is the ancestor of the Gaelic, Irish and Welsh languages

Stonehenge Purpos is unknown, (assumed to be

connected with sun and a ritual place) About 3100 Great knowledge of astronomy and

arithmetic.

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Roman

Julius Caesar

Channel on 55 BC 2 successful raids: 55 and 54BC Withdraw because of a rebellion in

Gaul

Claudius

Invasion in 43 AD Celts did not become slaves, had to

pay taxes

.

Boudicca

Queen of the Iceni tribe Joined forces with the Romans to

defeat a rival tribe Romans turnes on the Iceni tribe Unfortunate destiny

Roman merits

Paved roads Towns and cities Roman baths(Aquae Sulis) Brought Cristianity in 4th

century.

Hadrian’s WallBuilt in 122, against Picth and Scots, 112.6 km long, from Solway to the Tyne.

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Anglo-Saxon Britain

In the 5th centuty the Angles Saxons and Jutes began raiding Britain. In 100 year kingoms were established(Wessex, Mercia, East Anglia)

Destroyed Roman establishments Traiding increased Celts were driven to North, West and ti

islands Were agricultural:no shops, little

trading The conersion of the Anglo-Saxons

into Christianity began in the 6th century.

Danelaw

During the 9th century Vikings invaded and stayed. Vikings were succesful becaus the kingdom of England did not have fleet in North Sea nor a regular army.

In 871 Danes invaded Wessex. King Alfred the Great les Wessex’s resistance.

Danelaw was founded in North, with York as its capital.

Canterbury cathedral 1st Archbishop was St. Augustine The assassination of Thomas

Becket in the north-east Transept on 29 December 1170(misunderstanding between king and the knights)

Alfred the Great Was able to read and write Translating the bokks started He translated Ecclesiastical

History of the English People The Anglo-saxon Chronicle

Beowulf English epic poem Is a strong hero, many victorious

battles The single major surviving work

of Anglo-Saxon heroic poetry

Edward the Confessor

Reign:1042-1066 Successor: Harold Godwin Time of peace Declaired a saint in 1163

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Norman Conquest

Confusion

Harold Godwin said that Edward promised throne to him on his deathbed

Duke William of Normandy said that Edward had promised throne to him when he visited England in 1051

Harald Hardraada, king of Norway, also claimed throne

Battle of Hastings

1066 Godwin marched to meet the forces of

Hardraada, then received word that William had landed in South, then marched there.

Battle was won by William tgrough trickery

King Harold died(an arrow in his eye) It was the last successfu invasion of

Britain Bayeux Tapestry, made about 1080,

valuable historical document

William of Normandy New king of England Brought French culture Built the White tower in London (to

dominate the city)

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The Plantagenets

Henry II

Son of Stephen Blois(adopted) Inherited English kingdom,

Normandy, Anjou, Maine and Touraine

Athletic, strong, travelles ceaselessly

Struggle between churhc and king led to the murder of Thomas Becket

His son was Richard the Lionheart

John I

Lost dominions in France to Philippe II Auguste in 1204

Nickname: John Lackland Disputes with the Pope and nobility Was forced to sign Magna Carta 1215

Henry III

John’s eldest son Was intersed in art and cultur University of Oxford 1st parliamnet in 1265

Edward III

Son of Isabella(daughter of Philip the Fair, had no male inheritans)

Claimed the French throne , but new king was Philipe IV

1337 landed his army in Normandy 100 Years War began 1348 founded a chivalric order-The

Most Noble Order of the Garter War brought weatl to England 1431 French started to rise Joan of Arc burnt at the stake 1453 war ended, only Calais remaind

to England

The Wars of the Roses

Nobleman were bored, nothing else to do

The House od Lancaster and York fought over the throne

Richard II was forced from throne Many battles 1485 Henry Tudor fedeated the royal

army, Richard III was killed Beginning of the Tudors, 1st was

Henry Tudor He married Edward IV’s daughter and

united two houses

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The Tudors

Henry VII

Founded the Tudor dynasty United two rival houses Maried Elizabeth of York 1457-1509

Henry VIII

Anglican Church Had 6 wives 1491-1547

Mary Tudor

Tried to restore catholicism Married to Felipe II of Spain

Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon

1516-1558

Elizabeth I

England became an empire The English Renaissance Established Virginia, the 1st colony 1533-1603

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The Stuarts

Mary Stuart

Queen of Scotland Was Catholic, that caused problems in

the Protestand Scotland Was suspected of treason against

Elizabeth I Married to Francis II of France and

later to Hendry Darnley 1542-1567

James I

First king of England and Scotland Gunpowder plot Very paranoid 1566-1625

Charles I

Was executed by the English commons

English Civil War

1600-1649

Charles II

Son of Charles I The Great Plague 1665 The Great Fire 1666 1630-1685

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Georgian Era

Georg I

Parliament ruled, king did not do much 1st Hanover 1660-1727

Robert Walpole

First Prime Minister of GB Made most of the decisions 1676-1745

Politics at that time

The Whigs against the Tories The Cabinet Loss of American colonies

The Jacobite Rebellions

1688-1746 Organized by the Jacobite Aimed at the restoring the Stuart

dynasty to the throne

Ended by the Battle of the Culloden

The Napoleonic Wars

1803-1815 One of the biggest military conflicts of

that time Revolutin in Europian armies and

weapons Napoleon lost, Bourbon dynasty was

restored

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Victorian Era

Queen Victoria

First Empress of India Mother of many children Longest reigning monarch „The Grandmother of Europe“ 1819-1901 Loved monarch After death of husband dressed in

black, moved less in public

Prince Albert

Husbend of Queen Victoria Happy mariage Big influence in British politics 1819-1861

The Industrial Revolutin

Traiding Railways Changed the world

Less manual labour Heavy machinery

Oscar Wilde

1854-1900 Some of the greatest English comedies Beautiful fairy tales

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Ewardian Age and Post-War Years

Edwars VII

Son of Queen Victoria Always in shadow of his mother Grandfather 1841-1910 Prince of Wales

Social

Very rigid Poverty, miserable conditions Women’s suffrage Age of optimism Arms race with Germany

George V

Dedicated leader Changed family name to Windsor Beloved king Many great successes while he ruled 1845-1936

After the War

Treaty of Versailles Increased in size British Commonwealth

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