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Roman Technology

Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

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Page 1: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Roman Technology

Page 2: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Italia

Page 3: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Small Beginnings:Rome at 380

BC

Page 4: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since
Page 5: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

•Architecture•Civil Engineering•Transportation•Mining

Overview

Page 6: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Architecture

Large Buildings: The ColosseumForum RomanumThe BasilicaThe Pantheon

Page 7: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

ROME (Urbs) at the time of Trajan

Page 8: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

ROME (Urbs) map

Page 9: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Roma: Colosseum

Page 10: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Roman Theater in Arles

France

Page 11: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Roma: Colosseum

Page 12: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since
Page 13: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Colosseum: limestone facade, brick & concrete with marble facing; 3 orders were superimposed (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian)--structure: barrel vaults radiate from elliptical center, weight carried on travertine piers & vaults, marble only lower tiers, wood higher up --velarium: fabric canopy provided relief from sun

Page 14: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Colosseum Design

Page 15: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Roma: Colosseum

Page 16: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Colosseum: Hypogaeum

Page 17: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Colosseum: Concrete Arch

Page 18: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Colosseum: Brick WallBricks laid at an angle to hold stucco facing

Page 19: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Rome: Forum Romanum

Page 20: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Forum Romanum

Page 21: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Forum Romanum

Page 22: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Forum Romanum

Page 23: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Temple of Vesta

Page 24: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Forum: Reconstruction

Page 25: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Forum RomanumTemple to the Divine Antoninus Pius and Empress Faustina on the Roman forum (141 AD, now S. Lorenzo in Miranda)

Page 26: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

The Palatine HillView of the Palatine complex from the Forum, with the columns of the Temple of Vesta in the left foreground.

Page 27: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Nero’s Domus Aurea (Golden House)The largest residence ever. It ranged from the Palatine hill to the Oppius Hill. Nero placed a lake at the site of today’s colosseum.

Page 28: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since
Page 29: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Nero’sDomus Aurea

Page 30: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Domus Aurea: Achilles in the Trojan War

Page 31: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

ROME: Pantheon

Page 32: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

ROME: Pantheon Portico

Page 33: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since
Page 34: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

ROME: PantheonHadrian (ruled 117-130 AD), adopted son and successor to Trajan, was called the Greekling by the Romans of his court because of his love of Hellenic language and culture. The Pantheon (118-128) now called S. Maria della Rotonda. Dedicated to the twelve Olympian gods, the present temple replaced two earlier ones; the first, built by Marcus Agrippa in , was destroyed in the great fire of 80 AD, was rebuilt by Domitian but burned again in 110 AD. The walls themselves were reinforced with hidden brick relievingarches. Rather than appearing as massive mural spaces, the walls were penetrated by alternating curved and square niches that act as piers to hold up the dome.

Page 35: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

This most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two milleniasince its construction. The original bronze rosettes of the coffered interior, the bronze sheets which clad the exterior of the dome, and the bronze beams of the portico were stripped in the seventeenth century at the command of the Barberini pope, Urban VIII. This pillaged material went into the Baldacchino structure of Bernini which stands over the high altar and tomb of St. Peter's. The interior of the Pantheon greets the visitor with an unexpected yet exhilarating explosion of space

Pantheon cont’d

Page 36: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since
Page 37: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

To begin with, the height of the building from floor to ceiling is an incredible 142'. To this we can compare, for example, the height of the dome of St. Peter's (139') or the nave of Chartres Cathedral (140'). Unlike the aforementioned, the Pantheon was a completely free-standing building, and the first hemispherically domed structure. Its concrete drum, rising from a point beginning one-half the actual height of diameter of the building, circumscribes a complete sphere within its volume.

Pantheon cont’d

Page 38: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Pantheon Interior

Page 39: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

ROME: PantheonInterior

Page 40: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Pantheon Rome; 118 A.D.; interior, aedicule

Page 41: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

France: Interieur du Chateau d’Anet

Page 42: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

T. Jefferson, Lawn, Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville; 1817-1826

Page 43: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Rome: Basilica di San Pietro

Page 44: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Capitol

Washington, DC

Page 45: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

The Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine

The basilica originated as the Roman courts of law. One of the largest, known by the Romans as the Basilica Nova or New Basilica, was begun by Maxentius and completed by Constantine after his rival's defeat. The original building--a barrel vaulted central hall with windows adapted from the Roman bath-- was spectacularly decorated with mosaics, paintings, and sculpture which the plain brick-faced exterior belied.

Page 46: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

ROME: Constantin’s Basilica

Page 47: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Rome Tabularium

Page 48: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

The Tabularium

The Tabularium was built to house the public archives of the state, probably built after the fire of 83 BC (probably around 78) by Q. Lucius Lutatius Catullus. The arcaded open gallery was carved into the live tufa of the Capitoline Hill.

Page 49: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Rome Palazzo Senatore

Page 50: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Federal Building

Page 51: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Rome: Temple to the Divine Hadrian, dedicated in 145 AD, now the Borsa (Campus Martius).

Page 52: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

ROME: Teatro MarcelloAugustan Architecture: Theater of Marcellus

Page 53: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

ROME: Teatro MarcelloAugustan Architecture: Theater of Marcellus

Page 54: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

ROME:

Trajan's Markets

Page 55: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

CONCRETE VAULTS, Trajan's Markets

Page 56: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

ROME: Avanzi del frontone del Portico d'Ottavia

Page 57: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

ROME: Porta S.Giovanni

Page 58: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

ROME: Castello e Ponte Sant’ Angelo

Page 59: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

ROME: Castello Sant’Angelo (Hadrian)

Page 60: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

ROME: Circus Maximus

Page 61: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

ROME: Circus Maximus

Page 62: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Tivoli: Hadrian’s Villa

Page 63: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Tivoli: Hadrian’s Theater

Page 64: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Tivoli: Hadrian’s Theater

Page 65: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Tivoli: Mosaic Floor

Page 66: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Gallia

Page 67: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Trier (Augusta Treverorum): Basilika

Page 68: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Trier (Augusta Treverorum): Porta Nigra

Page 69: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Trier: Roman Bridge

Page 70: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since
Page 71: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since
Page 72: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

Basilica di San Pietro: Baldacchino

Page 73: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

The Arch of Constantine

Page 74: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

The Arch of ConstantineErected in honor of Emperor Constantine, after battle to defeat Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge in 315 AD. Constructed of spoliastripped from earlier imperial monuments dedicated to Trajan (112) and Hadrian (128)

Inscription: "Constantine overcame his enemies by divine inspiration"

Page 75: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

ROME: Mausoleum of Augustus, Reconstruction

Page 76: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

ROME: Mausoleum of Augustus

Page 77: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since

The Mausoleum of Augustus, seen in the preceding image in a reconstruction, was begun in 28 BC, the year of Octavian's triumphs for his victories over Cleopatra and other foreign enemies, and the year before he was given the title of Augustus. It consisted of a series of rising concentric circles of concrete with stone or marble facing. Between the upper circles evergreen trees were planted. The circular burial chamber was in the center, and from it rose a column on which was set a bronze statue of Augustus. Two Egyptian obelisks stood at the entrance, near which (exactly where is unknown) were placed two bronze tablets inscribed with Augustus' Res Gestae. The diameter of the Mausoleum was about 88 meters and its height (excluding the statue) about 44 m. Around the Mausoleum was a public park containing trees and paths.

Page 78: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since
Page 79: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since
Page 80: Roman Technology - UNLVThis most famous of Roman buildings was the in-spiration for every domed structure built since, yet it has suffered greatly during the nearly two millenia since