Romanesque Architecture by Eric Fernie | Bibliography & Index

This bibliography is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) available from Yale University Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7

Select Bibliography

introduction

barral i altet, xavier, The Romanesque: Towns, Cathedrals and Monasteries, Cologne, 1998.

conant, kenneth j., Carolingian and Romanesque Architec-ture 800 to 1200, Harmondsworth, 1974; first published 1959.

kubach, hans, Romanesque Architecture, London, 1988; first published as Architettura romanica, 1972; first published in English, 1975.

mcclendon, charles b., The Origins of Medieval Architec-ture, New Haven and London, 2005.

stalley, roger, Early Medieval Architecture, Oxford, 1999.vergnolle, éliane, L’Art roman en France, Paris, 1994.

1 the romanesque style in architecture: past and current definitions

barral i altet, xavier, Contre l’art roman? Essai sur un passé réinventé, Paris, 2006.

bizzarro, tina waldeier, Romanesque Architectural Criticism: A Prehistory, Cambridge, 1992.

quintavalle, arturo carlo, ‘I medioevi delle nazioni: art roman e art gothique in Occidente’, in Quintavalle, 2007c, 11–24.

sauerländer, willibald, ‘Romanesque Art 2000: A Worn Out Notion?’, in Hourihane, 2008, 40–56.

2 the political and cultural contexts

bartlett, robert, The Making of the Middle Ages: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change 950–1350, London, 1994.

le goff, jacques, L’Europe, est-elle née au moyen age?, Paris, 2003.

mckitterick, rosamund, The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751–987, London and New York, 1983.

3 the romanesque style in context

grodecki, louis, L’Architecture ottonienne, Paris, 1958.krautheimer, richard, Early Christian and Byzantine

Architecture, Harmondsworth, 1975.stalley, roger, Early Medieval Architecture, Oxford, 1999.ward-perkins, j. b., Roman Imperial Architecture, Harmond-

sworth, 1983.

4 the carolingian state from 768 to 843

heitz, carol, L’Architecture religieuse carolingienne, Paris, 1980.

hubert, jean, jean porcher, and w. f. volbach, Carolingian Art, London, 1970.

jacobsen, werner, leo schaefer, and hans rudolf sennhauser, Vorromanische Kirchenbauten. Katalog der Denkmäler bis zum Ausgang der Ottonen, Nachtragsband, Munich, 1991.

krautheimer richard, ‘The Carolingian Revival of Early Christian Architecture’, Art Bulletin, 24, 1942, 1–38.

mcclendon, charles b., ‘Carolingian Art, II: Architecture’, Macmillan Dictionary of Art, 1996, vol. 5, 793–6.

oswald, friedrich, leo schaefer, and hans rudolf sennhauser, Vorromanische Kirchenbauten: Katalog der Denkmäler bis zum Ausgang der Ottonen, 3 vols, Munich, 1966.

5 the division of the carolingian empire in 843 and the origins of the german, french and italian romanesque traditions

a. The eastern and central states, 843–1024

beuckers, klaus, johannes cramer, and michael imhof, eds., Die Ottonen. Kunst, Architektur, Geschichte, Peters-berg, 2001.

grodecki, louis, L’Architecture ottonienne, Paris, 1958.puhle, matthias, ed., Otto der Grosse, Magdeburg und

Europa, 2 vols, Mainz, 2001.reuter, timothy, Germany in the Early Middle Ages,

c. 800–1056, London, 1991.

b. The West Carolingian Kingdom, 843–987

mckitterick, rosamund, The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751–987, London and New York, 1983.

stratford, neil, ed., Cluny 910–2010: onze siècles de rayonnement, Paris, 2010.

c. Lotharingia and the First Romanesque style, 843–c. 1050

armi, c. edson, Design and Construction in Romanesque Architecture: First Romanesque Architecture in Burgundy and North Italy, Cambridge, 2004.

donati, maria teresa, and sara masseroli, ‘Lombardia romanica: caratteri generali e specificità locali’, in Bertelli, 2002, 226–41.

porter, arthur kingsley, Lombard Architecture, New York, 1967; first published 1917.

puig i cadafalch, josep y casals, Le Premier Art roman, Paris, 1928.

puig i cadafalch, josep y casals, La Géographie et les origines du premier art roman, Paris, 1935.

puig i cadafalq, josep y casals, a. de falguera, and j. goday, L’arquitectura romànica a Catalunya, vol. 2, Barcelona, 1911.

vergnolle, éliane, ‘Les Débuts de l’art roman dans le royaume franc (ca.980–ca.1000)’, Cahiers de la Civilisation Médiévale, 43, 2000, 161–94.

6 the other states of western christianity from the ninth century to the eleventh

a. The Iberian peninsuladodds, jerrilynn d., Architecture and Ideology in Early

Medieval Spain, University Park, Penn., and London, 1990.

puig i cadafalch, josep y casals, L’Art wisigothique et ses survivances, Paris, 1961.

b. Anglo-Saxon Englandfernie, eric, The Architecture of the Anglo-Saxons, London,

1983.gem, richard, Studies in English Pre-Romanesque and

Romanesque Architecture, London, 2004.

c. Central Europebenešovská, klara, tomáš durdík, and zdeněk dragoun,

Architecture of the Romanesque, Prague, 2001.świechowski, zygmunt, Romanesque Art in Poland, Warsaw,

1983.

7 the german empire north of the alps

gall, ernst, Cathedrals and Abbey Churches of the Rhine, London, 1963.

genicot, luc-fr., Les Églises mosanes du XIe siècle, Louvain, 1972.

kubach, hans, and albert verbeek, Romanische Hallen-kirchen an Rhein und Maas, Neuss, 1972.

kubach, hans, and isolde köhler-schommer, Romanische Hallenkirchen in Europa, Mainz, 1997.

kuile, engelbert h. ter, De Romaanse Kerkbouwkunst in de Nederlanden, Zutphen, 1982.

plant, richard, ‘Architectural Developments in the Empire North of the Alps: The Patronage of the Imperial Court’, in Hiscock, 2003, 29–56.

singleton, barrie, ‘Köln-Deutz and Romanesque Architecture’, Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 143, 1990, 49–76.

stiegemann, christoph, and matthias wemhoff, eds., Canossa 1077. Erschütterung der Welt. Geschichte, Kunst und Kultur am Aufgang der Romanik, exh. cat., 2 vols, Munich, 2006.

von winterfeld, dethard, ‘The Imperial Cathedrals of Speyer, Mainz and Worms: The Current State of Research’, in Engel and Gajewski, 2007, 14–32.

8 the italian peninsula and its islands

bertelli, carlo, ed., Lombardia medievale: arte e architet-tura, Milan, 2002.

brucher, günter, Die Sakrale Baukunst Italiens im 11. und 12. Jahrhundert, Cologne, 1987.

d’onofrio, mario, ed., I normanni, popolo d’Europa, 1030–1200, Venice, 1994.

kappel, kai., S. Nicola in Bari und seine architektonische Nachfolger, Worms, 1996.

krautheimer richard, Three Christian Capitals: Topography and Politics, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1983.

magni, mariaclotilde, Architettura romanica comasca, Milan, 1960.

peroni, adriano, ed., Il Duomo di Pisa, Modena, 1995.quintavalle, arturo carlo, Il medioevo delle cattedrali:

chiesa e impero: la lotta delle imagini (secoli XI e XII), Milan, 2006.

quintavalle, arturo carlo, ed., Medioevo: la chiesa e il palazzo, Parma, 2007.

thümmler, h., ‘Die Baukunst des 11ten Jahrhunderts in Italien’, Römisches Jahrbuch für Kunstgeschichte, 3, 1939, 141–226.

tronzo, william, The Cultures of His Kingdom: Roger II and the Cappella Palatina in Palermo, Princeton, 1997.

9 northern france and the east-west section of the loire valley

aubert, marcel, Cathédrales, abbatiales, collégiales et prieurés romans de France, Paris, 1965.

baylé, maylis, L’Architecture normande au Moyen Age, 2 vols, Caen, 1997.

enlart, camille, Manuel d’archéologie française. Première partie: architecture religieuse, 3rd edn, vol. 1, Paris, 1927.

gaborit-chopin, danielle, et al., La France romane au temps des premiers Capétiens (987–1152), exh. cat., Musée du Louvre, Paris, 2005.

http://yalebooks.co.uk/display.asp?K=9780300203547


lasteyrie, robert de, L’Architecture réligieuse en France á l’époque romane, Paris, 1929; first published 1912.

prache, anne, Ile-de-France romane, La-Pierre-qui-Vire, 1983.

vergnolle, éliane, L’Art roman en France, Paris, 1994.

10 france south of the loire

camus, marie-thérèse, and claude andrault-schmitt, eds., Notre-Dame-la-Grande de Poitiers: l’oeuvre romane, Paris, 2002.

maxwell, robert a., ‘Modern Origins of Romanesque Sculpture’, in Rudolph, 2006a, 334–56.

maxwell, robert a., The Art of Medieval Urbanism: Parthenay in Romanesque Aquitaine, University Park, Penn., 2007.

shaver-crandell, annie, and paula gerson, The Pilgrim’s Guide to Santiago de Compostela: A Gazetteer, London, 1995.

vergnolle, éliane, L’Art roman en France, Paris, 1994.

11 france east of the loire, with the kingdom of burgundy and the crusader states

a. France east of the Loirebaud, anne, Cluny: un grand chantier médiéval au coeur de

l’Europe, Paris, 2003.conant, kenneth john, Cluny: les églises et la maison du

chef d’ordre, Cambridge, Mass., and Mâcon, 1968.stratford, neil, ed., Cluny 910–2010: onze siècles de

rayonnement, Paris, 2010.

b. The Kingdom of Burgundyborg, alan, Architectural Sculpture in Romanesque Provence,

Oxford, 1972.hartmann-virnich, andreas, ‘L’Image de l’art monumental

antique dans l’architecture romane Provençale: nouvelles réflexions sur un ancient débat’, Cahiers de Saint- Michel de Cuxa, 39, 2008, 47–64.

vergnolle, éliane, ed., La Création architecturale en Franche-Comté au XIIe siècle: du roman au gothique, Besançon, 2001.

c. The Crusader statesfolda, jaroslav, The Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land,

1098–1187, Cambridge, 1995.pringle, denys, The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of

Jerusalem: A Corpus, 4 vols, Cambridge, 1993–2009.

12 the iberian peninsula

a. Santiago de Compostelacastiñeiras, manuel, ed., Compostela and Europe: The Story

of Diego Gelmírez, Santiago de Compostela and Milan, 2010.

shaver-crandell, annie, and paula gerson, The Pilgrim’s Guide to Santiago de Compostela: A Gazetteer, London, 1995.

williams, john, and alison stones, eds., The Codex Calixtinus and the Shrine of St James, Tübingen, 1988.

b. The kingdomscastiñeiras, manuel, ‘Verso Santiago? La scultura romanica

da Jaca a Compostella’, in Quintavalle, 2007c, 387–96.dodds, jerrilynn d., maría rosa menocal, and abigail

krasner balbale, The Arts of Intimacy: Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Making of Castilian Culture, New Haven and London, 2010.

durliat, marcel, L’Art roman en Espagne, Paris, 1962.

salvini, roberto, ‘Conques, Compostella e León: problemi di cronologia alle origini della scultura romanica’, in Stratford, 1987, 171–7.

whitehill, walter m., Spanish Romanesque Architecture, Oxford, [1941], 1968.

13 england, wales, ireland and scotland

a. Englandclapham, alfred, English Romanesque Architecture after the

Conquest, Oxford, 1934.crook, john, The Architectural Setting of the Cult of Saints

in the Early Christian West c. 300–c. 1200, Oxford, 2000.fergusson, peter, Architecture of Solitude: Cistercian Abbeys

in Twelfth-century England, Princeton, 1984.fernie, eric, The Architecture of Norman England, Oxford,

2000.gem, richard, Studies in English Pre-Romanesque and

Romanesque Architecture, London, 2004.goodall, john, The English Castle, 1066–1650, New Haven

and London, 2011.

b. Walesthurlby, malcolm, Romanesque Architecture and Sculpture

in Wales, Little Logaston, Herefs., 2007.

c. Irelandó carragáin, tomás, Churches in Early Medieval Ireland:

Architecture, Ritual and Memory, New Haven and London, 2010.

o’keeffe, tadhg, Romanesque Ireland: Architecture and Ideology in Twelfth-century Ireland, Dublin, 2003.

stalley, roger, ‘Ecclesiastical Architecture before 1169’, in Dáibhi Ó Cróinín, ed., The New History of Ireland, vol. 1, Oxford, 2005, 714–43.

d. Scotlandfawcett, richard, Scottish Medieval Churches, Stroud, 2002.fawcett, richard, The Architecture of the Scottish Medieval

Church, 1100–1560, New Haven and London, 2011.sharratt, france and peter sharratt, Écosse romane,

La-Pierre-qui-Vire, 1985.

14 central europe and scandinavia

a. Central Europebachmann, e., ed., Romanik in Böhmen, Munich, 1977.benešovská, klara, tomáš durdík, and zdeněk dragoun,

Architecture of the Romanesque, Prague, 2001.Merhautová-Livorová, Anežka, Romanische Kunst in Polen, der

Tschechoslovakei, Ungarn, Rumänien, Jugoslavien, Vienna and Munich, 1974.

świechowski, zygmunt, Romanesque Art in Poland, Warsaw, 1983.

szakács, béla zsolt, ‘The research on Romanesque architecture in Hungary: a critical overview of the last twenty years’, Arte Medievale, n.s. 4, 2005, 31–44.

b. Scandinaviaandersson, aron, L’Art scandinave, 2 vols, La-Pierre-qui-

Vire, 1968–9.hohler, erla bergendahl, Norwegian Stave Church

Sculpture, 2 vols, Oslo, 1999.

15 romanesque versus gothic

bony, jean, French Gothic Architecture of the 12th and 13th Centuries, Berkeley, 1983.

frankl, paul, Gothic Architecture, rev. Paul Crossley, New Haven and London, 2000; first published 1962.

kimpel, dieter and robert suckale, Die gotische Architektur in Frankreich: 1130–1270, Munich, 1995.

kubach, hans, Romanesque Architecture, London, 1988; first published as Architettura romanica, 1972; first published in English, 1975.

trachtenberg, marvin, ‘Desedimenting Time: Gothic Column/Paradigm Shifter’, Anthropology and Aesthetics, 40, 2001, 5–28.

16 the boundaries of the romanesque style

austin, david, and leslie alcock, eds., From the Baltic to the Black Sea: Studies in Medieval Archaeology, London, 1990.

ćurčić, slobodan, Architecture in the Balkans, New Haven and London, 2010.

faensen, hubert, and vladimir ivanov, Early Russian Architecture, London, 1975.

power, david and naomi standen, eds., Frontiers in Question: Eurasian Borderlands, 700–1700, Basingstoke, 1999.

17 patronage, design and construction

alexander, jennifer s., ‘The Introduction and Use of Masons’ Marks in Romanesque Buildings in England’, Medieval Archaeology, 51, 2007, 63–81.

barnes, carl f. jr, The Portfolio of Villard de Honnecourt, Burlington, Vt., 2009.

binding, günther, Romanischer Baubetrieb in zeitgenössischen Darstellungen, Cologne, 1972.

binding, günther, Medieval Building Techniques, Stroud, 2004.

bork, robert, The Geometry of Creation, Farnham, 2011.coldstream, nicola, Masons and Sculptors, London and

Toronto, 1991.hahnloser, hans, Villard de Honnecourt. Kritische

Gesamtausgabe, Graz, 1972.hartmann-virnich, andreas, Was ist Romanik? Geschichte,

Formen und Technik des romanischen Kirchenbaus, Darmstadt, 2004.

kidson, peter, ‘Systems of Measurement and Proportion in Early Medieval Architecture’, PhD thesis, 2 vols, Courtauld Institute, University of London, 1956.

lugli, emanuele, ‘Hidden in Plain Sight: The Pietre di Paragone and the Preeminence of Medieval Measurements in Communal Italy’, Gesta, 49, no. 2, 2010, 77–95.

macready, s. and f. h. thompson, eds., Art and Patronage in the English Romanesque, London, 1986.

mark, robert, ed., Architectural Technology up to the Scientific Revolution, Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1993.

tosco, carlo, Architetti e committenti nel romanico Lombardo, Rome, 1997.

yeomans, david, ‘The Geometry of a Piece of String’, Architectural History, 54, 2011, 23–47.

wu, nancy, ed., Ad Quadratum: The Practical Application of Geometry in Medieval Architecture, Aldershot, 2002.

18 church buildings: function

blaauw, sible de, Cultus et decor, 2 vols, Vatican City, 1994.braunfels, wolfgang, Monasteries of Western Europe: The

Architecture of the Orders, London, 1972.doig, allan, Liturgy and Architecture: From the Early Church

to the Middle Ages, Aldershot, 2008.heitz, carol, Recherches sur les rapports entre architecture et

liturgie à l’époque carolingienne, Paris, 1963.krautheimer, richard, Early Christian and Byzantine

Architecture, Harmondsworth, 1975.mcclendon, charles b., The Origins of Medieval Architec-

ture, New Haven and London, 2005.

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266 • romanesque architecture

19 church buildings: iconography

baldwin smith, e., The Dome: A Study in the History of Ideas, Princeton, 1971; first published 1950.

bresc-bautier, geneviève, ‘Les Imitations du St-Sépulchre de Jerusalem (IXe–XVe siecles): archéologie d’une dévotion’, Revue d’histoire de la spiritualité, 50, 1974, 330–7.

fernie, eric, ‘The Use of Varied Nave Supports in Romanesque and Early Gothic Churches’, Gesta, 23, 1984, 107–17.

kiilerich, bente, ‘Antiquus et modernus: Spolia in Medieval Art – Western, Byzantine and Islamic’, in Quintavalle, 2006b, 135–45.

kinney, dale, ‘The Concept of Spolia’, in Rudolph, 2006a, 232–52.

krautheimer richard, ‘The Carolingian Revival of Early Christian Architecture’, Art Bulletin, 24, 1942, 1–38.

malmström, r. e., ‘The Colonnades of High Medieval Churches at Rome’, Gesta, 14, no. 2, 1975, 37–45.

traeger, jörg, Mittelalterliche Architekturfiktion. Die Allerheiligenkapelle am Regensburger Domkreuzgang, Zürich, 1980.

20 monastic buildings

braunfels, wolfgang, Monasteries of Western Europe: The Architecture of the Orders, London, 1972.

brenk, beat, ‘Zum Problem der Vierflügelanlage (Claus-trum) in frühchristlichen und frühmittelalterlichen Klöstern’, in Ochsenbein and Schmuki, 2002, 185–215.

fergusson, peter, Canterbury Cathedral Priory in the Age of Becket, New Haven and London, 2011.

Gesta, 12, 1973.horn, walter, and ernest born, The Plan of St Gall, 3

vols, Berkeley, 1979.

21 secular buildings

barral i altet, xavier, The Romanesque: Towns, Cathedrals and Monasteries, Cologne, 1998.

garrigou grandchamp, pierre, ‘Observations sur l’habitat et le tissu bâti des villes aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles en Languedoc occidental’, Cahiers de Saint-Michel de Cuxa, 33, 2002, 97–141.

meirion-jones, gwyn, Edward Impey and Michael Jones, eds., The Seigneurial Residence in Western Europe, AD c. 800–1600, BAR international series 1088, Oxford, 2002.

renoux, annie, Palais royaux et princiers au moyen âge, Le Mans, 1996.

22 research methods

baxandall, michael, Patterns of Intention: On the Historical Explanation of Pictures, New Haven and London, 1985.

dacosta kaufmann, thomas, Towards a Geography of Art, Chicago, 2004.

derrida, jacques, ‘Limited Inc, abc . . .’ Glyph, 2, 1977, 162–254.

elsner, jaś, ‘Style’, in Nelson and Schiff, 2003, 98–109.lowden, john, and alix bovey, eds., Under the Influence:

The Concept of Influence and the Study of Illuminated Manuscripts, Turnhout, 2007.

onians, john, Neuroarthistory: From Aristotle and Pliny to Baxandall and Zeki, New Haven and London, 2007.

rodwell, warwick, The Archaeology of Churches, Stroud, 2012.

sauerländer, willibald, ‘From Stilus to Style: Reflections on the Fate of a Notion’, Art History, 6, 1983, 253–70.

summers, david, ‘Heinrich Wölfflin’s Kunstgeschichtliche Grundbegriffe, 1915’, Burlington Magazine, 151, 2009, 476–9.


aceto, francesco (2007), ‘La corte e la chiesa: l’incompiuta Trinità di Venosa. Un ipotesi sulla sua destinazione funeraria’, in Quintavalle, 2007b, 403–13.

achter, irmingarde (1958), ‘Zur Datierung der Periode VII’, Kölner Domblatt, 14–15, 185–8.

adam von bremen, see Schmeidler, 1917.adam, ernst (1968), Baukunst des Mittelalters, Berlin; first

published in French, 1965.addiss, james (2002), ‘Measure and Proportion in Roman-

esque Architecture’, in Wu, 2002, 57–81.alberti, leon battista ([1475], 1988), On the Art of

Building in Ten Books, trans. J. Rykwert, N. Leach, and R. Tavernor, Cambridge, Mass., from the edition by Hans-Karl Lueke, 1975.

albu, emily (2005), ‘Imperial Geography and the Medieval Peutinger Map’, Imago Mundi, 57, no. 2, 136–48.

alexander, jennifer s. (1996), ‘Masons’ Marks and Stone Bonding’, in Tatton-Brown and Munby, eds., 1996, 219–36.

— (2004), ‘Villard de Honnecourt and Masons’ Marks’, in Zenner, 2004, 53–69.

— (2007), ‘The Introduction and Use of Masons’ Marks in Romanesque Buildings in England’, Medieval Archaeology, 51, 63–81.

— (forthcoming), Stonemasons’ Marks on Buildings in Britain: Origins, Meanings And Purpose, Farnham.

allsopp, bruce (1971), Romanesque Architecture, New York.andersson, aron (1968–9), L’Art scandinave, 2 vols, La-

Pierre-qui-Vire.andrault-schmitt, claude (2000), ‘Le Succès des

tours-porches occidentales en Limousin (XIe–XIIe siècles)’, in Sapin, 2002b, 233–50.

— (2006), ‘L’Architecture de la grande église en questions’, in Claude Andrault-Schmitt, ed., Saint-Martial de Limoges: ambition politique et production culturelle (Xe–XIIIe siècles), Limoges, 219–40.

— (2013a), ‘D’Angoulême à Poitiers, la voûte en majesté pour l’évêque (1118–1167)’, Cahiers de Saint-Michel de Cuxa, 44, 39–53.

— (2013b), ‘Archaism or Singularity? The Nave Clerestory in Romanesque Architecture between the Loire and Dordogne’, in McNeill and Plant, 2013, 95–108.

— and élisabeth lorans (2002), ‘Le Massif occidental de la collégialle Saint-Mexme de Chinon’, in Sapin, 2002b, 251–9.

armi, c. edson (1975), ‘Orders and Continuous Orders in Romanesque Architecture’, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 34, 173–88.

— (2000), ‘The Corbel Table’, Gesta, 39, 89–116.— (2001), ‘The Nave of St Philibert at Tournus’, Journal of

the Society of Architectural Historians, 60, no. 1, 46–67.— (2004), Design and Construction in Romanesque Architec-

ture: First Romanesque Architecture in Burgundy and North Italy, Cambridge.

arslan, edoardo (1954), ‘Larchitettura romanica milanese’, in Storia di Milano, vol. 3, part III, Milan, 395–521.

armitage, ella s. (1912), The Early Norman Castles of the British Isles, London.

ashbee, jeremy (2006), ‘Cloisters in English Palaces in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries’, Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 159, 71–90.

association culturelle de cuxa (2002), Les Cahiers de Saint-Michel de Cuxa, 33: Naissance et renaissance de la ville à l’époque romane.

— (2009), Les Cahiers de Saint-Michel de Cuxa, 40: Le Monde d’Oliba: arts et culture en Catalogne et en Occident (1008–1046).

atkinson, richard (1979), Stonehenge, London.atroshenko, v. l., and judith collins (1985), The Origins

of the Romanesque: Near Eastern Influences on European Art, 4th to 12th Centuries, London.

aubert, marcel (1965), Cathédrales, abbatiales, collégiales et prieurés romans de France, Paris.

austin, david, and leslie alcock, eds. (1990), From the Baltic to the Black Sea: Studies in Medieval Archaeology, London.

autenrieth, hans peter (1984), ‘Il colore dell’architettura’, in Castelnuovo et al., 1984, 241–64.

— (1991), ‘Architettura dipinta’, in Enciclopedia dell’arte medievale, vol. 2, Rome, 380–97.

baccache, e. (1979–80), Eglises de village de la Syrie du nord, 2 vols, Paris.

bachmann, e., ed. (1977), Romanik in Böhmen, Munich.bachrach, bernard (1998), ‘Pirenne and Charlemagne’, in

Alexander C. Murray, ed., After Rome’s Fall: Narrator’s and Sources of Early Medieval History: Essays Presented to Walter Goffart, Toronto, 214–31.

— and david s. bachrach (2008), ‘Continuity of Written Administration in the Late Carolingian East c. 887–911’, Frühmittelalterliche Studien, 42, 109–46.

baldwin brown, g. (1925), Anglo-Saxon Architecture, London.

baldwin smith, e. ([1950], 1971), The Dome: A Study in the History of Ideas, Princeton.

— (1956), Architectural Symbolism in Imperial Rome and the Middle Ages, Princeton.

ballardini, antonella (2007), ‘Hic requiescit Abundius episcopus: la chiesa di Sant’Abbondio di Como e il suo arredo in età carolingia’, in Quintavalle, 2007c, 88–105.

bandmann, günther ([1951], 1979), Mittelalterliche Architektur als Bedeutungsträger, Berlin.

— (1965), ‘Die Bischofskapelle in Hereford. Zur Nach-wirkung der Aachener Pfalzkapelle’, in G. von der Osten and G. Kauffmann, eds., Festschrift für Herbert von Einem, Berlin, 9–26.

bann, stephen (1996), ‘Semiotics’, in Dictionary of Art, Macmillan, London, vol. 28, 396–7.

barford, paul m. (2003), ‘New Directions in Polish Early Medieval Archaeology’, Journal of the British Archaeologi-cal Association, 156, 1–26.

barley, m. w., ed. (1977), European Towns: Their Archaeology and Early History, London.

barnes, carl f. jr (2009), The Portfolio of Villard de Honnecourt, Burlington, Vt.

barnwell, paul (2004), ‘The Laity, the Clergy and the Divine Presence: The Use of Space in Smaller Churches of the 11th and 12th Centuries’, Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 157, 41–60.

barraclough, geoffrey, ed. (1978), Times Atlas of World History, London.

barral i altet, xavier (1989), Belgique romane et Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, La-Pierre-qui-Vire.

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This glossary is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) available from Yale University Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7

aisle narrower and normally lower space flanking a larger one, usually as one of a pair. In churches the central space is referred to as the nave [3, 20, 251, 310]. ‘Three-aisled’ is also used, especially for secular halls where the term nave is not appropriate [388].

alternation traditionally used for any repeated mixture of supports, regardless of the numbers of units involved [3, 61].

ambulatory continuation of the aisles of the east arm around the head of the main vessel [105, 175]. A furniture ambulatory is one consisting of screens and not forming part of the building [211, 212].

angle roll see Moulding.

apse semicircular space for ritual purposes [28a].—enclosed apse: one which is semicircular on the inside and rectangular on the outside [105].

arcade, arcading row of arches; the main arcade in a church or hall is the ground floor of an elevation, consisting of the arches between the main vessel and an aisle [3].—blind arcade, arcading: row of arches forming part of a wall [106 and 208].—interlaced arcading: two rows of superim-posed blind arcading with the arches seem-ingly placed alternately in front of and behind their neighbours [313].

ashlar see Masonry.

atrium courtyard at the entrance to a church [147].

attached shaft see Shaft.

bailey enclosure in a castle [234, 265].

barrel vault see Vault.

basilica in ecclesiastical architecture, a longitu-dinal building with aisles, the central vessel of which rises above the aisles to form a clerestory [3, 24, 29, 61]. The type can be both wood-roofed and vaulted. In Antiquity and the Middle Ages the Latin word basilica was used for any grand building, whether longitudinal or centralized (Einhard, for example, refers to Aachen Palace Chapel by the term).

billet see Moulding.

bonding see Masonry.

buttress thickening of the wall to increase stability or to provide resistance to the thrust of an arch or vault [200].

campanile see Tower.

capital member at the head of a column, half-shaft, or pier; in the case of the column and half-shaft providing a visual conclusion to the shaft and a transition from it to the arch or beam being supported [3, 33, 37, 38].—abacus: slab placed on top of the capital to provide a regular surface to support an arch or beam.—Corinthian capital: bowl with four volutes supporting the four corners of the abacus; bowl decorated with rows of leaves [29, 38].—crocket capital: derived from the Corin-thian variety, but with volutes on the face of the capital as well as under the corners of the abacus.—cushion capital: in theory spherical in its lower half and square in its upper, providing a transition from the cylindrical shape of the shaft to the rectangular section of the arch, forming a shield or lunette shape on each face. At its most geometrical the type is formed by the intersection of a cube and a sphere, the diagonal of the side of the cube forming the diameter of the sphere [33, 90, 139, 289]. Sometimes called a cubic or cubical capital.—prismatic capital: simplified type formed of a plain body combined with an inverted triangular shape representing the volutes and abacus of the Corinthian capital [57, 322].—scallop capital: formed when one face or shield of a cushion capital is divided into two or more shields [67, 288].—volute capital: one in which the transition from circular base to square abacus at the top is effected by the presence of a volute (scroll) at each corner [37, 61, 62]. The basic form of the Corinthian capital.

chamfer bevel at approximately 45 degrees between two surfaces at right angles to one another; common on abaci and plinths [386].

chancel see Presbytery.

chevron see Moulding.

choir a. where the choir stalls are located, with the presbytery to the east and the choir screen to the west; b. also used to describe the east arm of a church; see also presbytery.—choir screen: screen at the west end of the choir, separating it from the nave sanctuary.

chord line from which the curve of an apse is struck.

church —hall church: an aisled building in which the aisles are approximately the same height as the main vessel, placing the three elements under a single roof and excluding a clere-story. In the pure version of the type the arches and vaults of the aisles spring from the same level as those of the nave [201]; in the secondary or extended type the vaults of the nave spring from the tops of the arcade arches and those of the aisles from the capitals of the arcade [203]. The hall church is therefore distinguished from the basilica, which has a storey such as a gallery or clerestory between the arcades and the vault of the nave. The term ‘hall church’ is sometimes used for buildings consisting of a single space without aisles, but as these are simple boxes it seems more useful to restrict the label to the aisled type.—magnate’s or private church or chapel: one built for the use of the magnate or feudal lord.—proprietary church: one built for the use of a magnate but outside their immediate dwelling and intended to serve the inhabit-ants of the manor.

ciborium altar canopy.

claustral pertaining to the cloister, as in ‘claustral square’.

clerestory storey of a central vessel which stands above the level of the aisles and allows light to enter the main space [3, 61, 137].

cloister vault see Vault.

column supporting member consisting of a cylindrical shaft carrying a capital and normally resting on a base [3, 27]. Its cylindrical shape distinguishes the column from the pier, which relates to the wall and hence has a rectangular core [17]. A column composed of blocks of coursed masonry as opposed to cylindrical drums is often referred to as a columnar pier [258].—half-column: half of the base, shaft and capital of a whole column [2].

GlossaryNumbers in square brackets refer to figure references.

compound pier see Pier.

corbel support protruding from a wall, without its own column or pilaster.

crossing formed by the intersection of the axis of the east arm and nave on the one hand and that of the transept on the other.



crypt room or rooms below or in close relation-ship with the sanctuary of a church, often used for burial, especially of saints; it need not be subterranean; usually vaulted [139, 156, 257]. —outer crypt: crypt lying outside the apse wall [55, 113]. —ring crypt: semicircular passage under the sanctuary following the curve of the apse wall, permitting access to the space under the high altar [28a, 353a].

diaphragm arch arch between two walls which does not help carry a vault [135].

dome vault in the form of a hemisphere. Where it is built over a square the transition from the square to the circular base of the dome is performed in one of two ways. Pendentives or spherical triangles are segments of a dome which has as its diameter the diagonal of the square, whereas that of the dome itself uses the side of the square [212]. Squinches are composed of arches placed across the corners of the square, getting broader as they rise to the base of the dome [356]. In a pendentive dome the pendentives continue in order to form the dome, without a separate base and therefore producing a shape much lower than a hemisphere. Also called a sail vault.

donjon see Great Tower.

doppelkapelle type of chapel with a cross-in-square plan with two storeys joined by an open central bay. Used by magnates and especially popular among bishops.

eaves gallery wall passage at the level of the eaves, open to the exterior [7, 149, 295].

echelon east end main apse flanked by apses or other units at the ends of the side aisles, often with more off the transept arms as well, forming an echelon or V shape of three, five, or seven apses [56, 209].

exedra semicircular form like an apse but not aligned with the main axis of a church [42].

façade —sectional façade: one which follows the section of the elements, such as the nave and aisles, of the church behind it; also known as a screen façade [154, 162].

gable triangular shape at the end of a roof [154, 162, 268], or over a portal [270, 371].

galilee a structure at the west end of a church used for burial rituals [56, 216]. The name derives from Christ’s appearance in Galilee after the Resurrection. A kind of narthex.

gallery in churches, the storey of a nave elevation between the main arcade and the clerestory [3] or vault [8]. French usage,

which has been adopted by most art histori-ans, distinguishes a tribune gallery with an exterior wall and windows (like an aisle at first-floor level) [3, 8, 22, 61] from a trifo-rium gallery consisting of the aisle roof space, without an outer wall or windows [184]. The distinction is complicated by English ‘tribune’ also referring to the gallery of a magnate or the head of an institution, normally placed at the west end and on the axis of the church [85]. In this book I have used gallery for the large, aisle-like form, triforium for the storey representing the aisle roof space, and tribune or tribune gallery for the one used by the magnate.—platform gallery: a platform in the arm of a transept at the level of the galleries in the nave and east arm [187].

garderobe the place set aside for defecating and urinating has spawned a large number of euphemisms, as much in the Middle Ages as in modern times, including necessarium, reredorter, latrine, lavatory, toilet, privy, W.C., garderobe, and cloakroom. All have misleading overtones – latrines of the campsite, garder-obes of Victorian gentility, and privies of the army camp. It is impossible to get it right, though garderobe tends to be used for the facility in castles and palaces and reredorter for that in monasteries.

garth square area defined by the walks of the cloister [79, 368].

great tower the most prominent building in castles of the French type, used for display, defence and accommodation. Also called a donjon [182, 263].

giant order see Order.

groin vault see Vault.

half-barrel vault see Vault.

half-shaft see Shaft.

hall a large, normally imposing space used for feasting and administration [388].

jamb side of a doorway or window, often decorated with a nook shaft [190, 297].

lantern upper part of the crossing, rising above the roofs of the east arm, transept arms, and nave, and hence providing direct lighting to the crossing below [324]. The ceiling of the lantern forms the floor of the bell chamber in the crossing tower.

lintel horizontal beam above an opening.

masonry the cut stone of the period can be divided into three categories according to increasing size of block and, to some extent, sharpness of edge, as petit, moyen, and grand appareil. Broadly speaking, petit appareil was at its most popular in First Romanesque

buildings [106, 112, 123] and grand appareil in the later eleventh and twelfth centuries [179, 208].—ashlar: squared stone, or wood.—bonding: the unbroken coursing of blocks of stone, suggesting building in a single phase [261, 383, 384].—opus reticulatum squared stones set diagonally [192].

motte artificial mound forming part of a castle.

moulding —billet: a moulding consisting of rows of discontinuous rolls set so that the rolls and the spaces alternate, forming a checker-board pattern; sometimes rectangular in profile.—chevron: a cylindrical moulding forming a zigzag [317]; variations: point-to-point, hyphenated, syncopated [298].—keel: moulding or shaft with a section pointed like the keel of a ship [305].—roll: a cylindrical moulding defined by its shape (half-roll, three-quarter-roll) or by its position on the angle [302, 314] or soffit [177] of an arch.

mozarabs Christians living under Muslim rule in the Iberian peninsula, some of whom moved into the Christian parts; Mozarabic: the manner of building of those Christians.

mudéjar Muslims living under Christian rule.

narthex building at the entrance to a church, ranging from a simple form to a complex westblock with towers. See Galilee.

nave body of the church west of the apse or crossing, or, liturgically, of the sanctuary and choir [126, 127].

nook shaft see Shaft.

oculus circular opening.

opus reticulum see Masonry.

order element on or forming a pier or arch, so that a simple arch on plain piers has one order [17, 135] and arches on compound piers tend to have two or more orders [22, 203]. Also a type of elevation, as with the Greek, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders. A giant order is one in which a column, pier, or shaft rises unbroken through more than one storey [23, 24].

oversailing characteristic of a wall built with its upper parts substantially thicker than the parts lower down; the extra width is sup-ported on the vaults and arches of the gallery, making it different from corbelling [188, 308]. Also known as false bearing.

pastophory used for the two rooms flanking the sanctuary, one for the preparation of the eucharist and the other for the robing of the celebrant.

glossary • 281


pediment see Gable.

pendentive see Dome.

pier support with a square or rectangular core [17, 130], as opposed to the column which is cylindrical.—compound pier: one with a square or rectangular core with combinations of orders, pilasters, half-shafts, nook shafts, etc. on one or more faces [2, 8, 22, 127, 148].

pilaster rectangular member attached to a pier or wall, frequently used to support the inner order of an arch [8, 18, 67].

platform gallery see Gallery.

presbytery the place for the priests officiating at services; the liturgical centre of a church, containing the sanctuary with the high altar, and subsidiary spaces, therefore often synonymous with the central vessel of the east arm; also called the chancel.

projection —axonometric: projection from a ground plan formed so that the right angles on the plan remain as right angles and the angle between the plan and the verticals can have any convenient value [109].—isometric: projection in which the angles of the three axes (the two of the plan and the vertical one) are all at 120 degrees to one another. Often confused with the axonomet-ric projection and sometimes with a perspec-tival view.

quadrant see Vault.

refectory the room in a monastery where the monks eat [368].

reredorter medieval euphemism for the monastic latrine; see also Garderobe.

respond the other support of an arch; thus pier 4 in a nave is the respond to piers 3 and 5, and the pilasters or shafts on the aisle wall are the responds to similar features on the aisle face of each pier.

rib vault see Vault.

roll see Moulding.

sanctuary see Presbytery.

scallop capital see Capital.

shaft the body of a column, between the base and the capital; either a single piece of stone [3] or composed of drums.—half-shaft: semi-cylindrical or three-quar-ter form attached to a pier or wall, distin-guished from a half-column by its greater height in relation to its thickness; coursed with the masonry of the wall [22, 255].—nook shaft: shaft set into a corner between two orders on a pier or jamb [190].

soffit the underside of an arch [3].—soffit face: the face of a pier supporting the soffit of an arch [3, 17].

soffit roll see Moulding.

spandrel the triangular-shaped section of wall formed by the curve of an arch, the bay divider and the base of the storey above [22].

spolia material re-used from an earlier building.

squinch see Dome.

storey synonmous with floor. As far as possible floor is here used for an actual floor (as in a first-floor hall, a building with two or more floors [262]) and storey for a floor repre-sented on an elevation (hence three-storey elevation, as on the wall of a nave [22]).

stringcourse horizontal course of stone standing proud of the wall surface, often marking a division in an elevation [22].

terminus post quem and terminus ante quem: the two dates after which and before which an event can be shown to have happened.

tower —on the shoulders (aux épaules): pair of

towers placed in the corners formed by the transcept and the east arm [124];—in the armpits (aux aisselles): the equiva-lents placed in the corners formed by the transept and the nave [141, 235, 352g];

transept a part of the church lying at right angles to and across the main east–west vessel.—continuous transept: a space set across the end of the nave, separating the nave from the apse, its extent unbroken by arches, walls, or a crossing of any kind [28, 81].—cross transept: one in which the intersec-tion of the east–west vessel and the transept is marked by a crossing; each arm can be referred to as a transept [110, 126].

tribune see Gallery.

triforium see Gallery.

tympanum semicircular feature over an entrance [151, 215].

vault masonry structure over a space:—barrel vault: tunnel vault [8, 21].—cloister vault: vault composed of a series of narrowing vertical segments, like the end of a banana; also known as a domical vault. [8, 21].—groin vault: vault with the shape formed, in theory, by the intersection of two barrel vaults, in which the curvature of the groins arises from the intersection of the webs of the barrels [127, 231].

—half-barrel vault: vault in the shape of a quarter-circle; also known as a quadrant vault [188].—rib vault: groin vault with ribs marking the groins. The simplest type over a rectangular or square bay is the four-part vault, with two diagonal ribs [148, 189, 258], but there are also six- and even eight-part rib vaults and variants over apse bays.—webbing: the body of a vault; the actual form of barrel and groin vaults [8, 127], and what lies behind the ribs in a rib vault [258].

voussoir one of the wedge-shaped blocks forming an arch.

webbing see Vault.

westblock a large structure at the west end of a church, a fore-building or façade block. Types extend from the simple [75, 131], to the complex, including a whole centralized arrangement with a ground floor providing an entrance, a chapel at first-floor level with its own aisles, galleries, and clerestory, and three towers [58, 85, 92, 176]. The complex type is also known as a westwork, but the term has proved problematic.

westwork see Westblock.

wood-roofed used to indicate that a building does not have a vault [159, 322], though buildings with vaults in northern Europe all have wooden roofs as well. The trouble with describing a building with a wooden roof as ‘unvaulted’ is that it defines something by what it lacks rather than by what it has.

This index is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) available from Yale University Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7

Alfred the Great, king of the West Saxons (849–899) 61

Al-Hakim, Fatimid caliph (985–1021) 216Allen Brown, R. (d. 1989) 200Almanzor, caliph (938?–1002) 135Alpirsbach (Baden-Württemberg, Germany), St

Benedict 77, 129Alps 10, 12, 13, 66, 69, 76, 77, 80, 84, 90, 91,

126, 168al-Qubaiba (Palestinian Territories), church 133Alsace, province 11, 77, 78altars see liturgyAltenstadt (Hesse, Germany), St Michael 78,

79alternation see churchesAltfrid, bishop of Hildesheim, saint

(800?–874) 39Amalfi (Campania, Italy), cathedral 96Ambrose, archbishop of Milan, saint

(337?–397) 81, 82, 217ambulatories see churchesAmer (Catalonia, Spain), Santa Maria 56Amsoldingen (Canton of Bern, Switzerland),

collegiate church St Mauritius 52Ancaster (Lincolnshire, England), St

Martin 248Ancona (Marche, Italy), cathedral of San

Ciriaco 93, 94Ancona, march 93Andersson, Aron 170 Andrew, apostle, saint 162Angers (Maine-et-Loire, France) 184

All Saints 184cathedral 109, 118, 151Saint-Aubin 211Saint-Martin 113, 118Saint-Nicolas 113Saint-Serge 183–184

Angevin see AnjouAngilbert, abbot of Centula, saint (760–814) 34Anglo-Norman, adj. see EnglandAnglo-Saxons see EnglandAngoulême (Charente, France) 114

cathedral 117, 120Angoumois, county 114, 117, 128Ani (Kars, Turkey), cathedral 20Anjou, county 101, 109, 112, 113Annals of St Bertin 252(2)11

Anno II, archbishop of Cologne, saint (1010?–1075) 74

Ansegisus, abbot of Fontanella, saint (770?–833/834) 229

Anselm III, archbishop of Milan (d. 1093) 82Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury

(1033–1109) 151Anspert, archbishop of Milan (d. 881) 50Antioch (Hatay Province, Turkey) 131Antioch, principality 134Antiquity 10, 13, 14, 61, 66

end of 10, 14, 28 late Antique period 245

architecture 5, 8, 14, 16, 38, 40, 42, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 66, 68, 80, 81, 82, 84, 87, 91, 92, 94, 96, 98, 99, 100, 108, 182

post-Antique period 10, 12, 28, 63, 80Anzy-le-Duc (Saône-et-Loire, France),

church 128

Aosta (Aosta Valley, Italy), cathedral 50, 55, 58, 81, 152

apostles 136, 217Apostolic Constitutions 215, 219Apulia, county 80, 95, 247Aqui (Saône-et-Loire, Italy), cathedral 57Aquileia (Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy),

cathedral 48, 208Aquitaine, duchy 100, 114, 118, 124, 133, 181Arabs 13, 80, 90, 91, 135

architecture 60, 82, 97, 99, 122, 126, 140, 141, 181

Caliphate 11, 56, 59, 66 civilisation 96, 114, 126, 139, 199Fatimids 87, 95invasions 10, 40, 58, 60language 98Umayyads 254(6)2

Aragon, kingdom 59, 122, 142, 247archdioceses and dioceses 27, 45, 63, 73, 74, 76,

80, 101, 131, 138, 151, 157arches

diaphragm 50, 87horseshoe 60, 61, 254(6)1

interlaced 98pointed 24–25, 90, 93, 96, 98, 116, 117, 118,

120, 126, 128, 129, 133, 151, 155, 178, 180, 181, 200, 224, 225, 246

fornices spiculos 96round 24, 60, 224, 225

architects see master masonsArdain, abbot of Tournus (d. 1056) 54Ardara (Sardinia, Italy), Santa Maria del

Regno 91Aribertus, archbishop of Milan (970?–1045) 82Arichis II, duke of Benevento (735?–787) 33Arilje (Zlatibor District, Serbia), church 202Arles (Bouches-du-Rhône, France) 123

baths of Constantine 131cryptoporticus 55cathedral of Saint-Trophime 20, 128, 130,

132Saint-Honorat-des-Alyscamps, monastic

church 187Armenia, kingdom 18, 60, 93, 181Armi, Edson 55, 100, 103, 126Armorica 109Arnold, bishop of St Andrews (d.

1162/1164) 186Arnoul, bishop of Orleans (d. 1003) 101Árpád, Hungarian dynasty 167Arras (Pas-de-Calais, France) 183

cathedral of Notre Dame 184articulation see planning and designingAscoli Piceno (Marche, Italy), SS Vincenzo e

Anastasio 94Ashir (Algeria), palace of Ziri 98Askeby (Östergötland County, Sweden),

church 173Aslacton (Norfolk, England), round-tower

church 172Assisi (Umbria, Italy)

cathedral 94San Francesco 190

Asturiaskingdom 60, 199architecture 135, 145

Ath (Hainault, Belgium), Burbant tower 75, 241

Athens (Attica, Greece) 131Atlantic 10, 199atria 33, 34, 40, 76, 83, 84, 228Aubrey de Vere, earl of Oxfordshire 156Auch (Gers, France)

cathedral 118Saint-Orens 118

Audrieu (Calvados, France), Notre Dame 109Augsburg (Bavaria, Germany), cathedral 46, 78,

168Augustine, saint (354–430) 219Augustinian rule 119, 138, 145, 151, 152, 162,

211, 212Augustus, emperor (30BC–14AD) 246Aulnay (Charente-Maritime, France),

Saint-Pierre 116, 162Autun (Saône-et-Loire, France)

cathedral of Saint-Lazare 127, 129, 132, 154, 182

Porte d’Arroux 126Auvergne, county 121, 122Auxerre (Yonne, France)

cathedral of Saint-Etienne 63, 103, 104, 106Saint-Germain 37, 38, 39, 53, 82, 208

Avan (Armenia) church 20 Aversa, county 95Aversa (Campania, Italy)

cathedral 97, 262(19)22

San Lorenzo 97Avignon (Vaucluse, France)

cathedral of Notre-Dame-des-Doms 130Pont Saint-Bénézet 187

Ávila (Castile and Leon, Spain) 141cathedral 188, 262(19)26

San Vicente 141, 162, 262(19)29

town walls 141, 235, 241Avolsheim (Bas-Rhin, France), rotunda 255(6)17

Azay-le-Rideaux (Indre-et-Loire, France), church 110, 111

Baalbek (Bekaa Valley, Lebanon), temple 55Bad Gögging (Bavaria, Germany), church 79Bad Segeberg (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany),

church 79Baghdad (Iraq) 13Bagnacavallo (Emilia-Romagna, Italy), San

Pietro 49 50, 101Baituniya (Palestinian Territories), church 133bald man paradox see research methodsBaldwin I, king of Jerusalem (1058?–1118) 131,

133Baldwin II, king of Jerusalem (d. 1131) 131, 132Baldwin III, king of Jerusalem (1130–1163) 131Baldwin II, count of Flanders (865–918) 241Baldwin V, count of Flanders (1012–1067) 148Ballintober abbey (County Mayo, Ireland) 185Baltinglass (County Wicklow, Ireland),

abbey 161Baltic Sea 13, 68, 165, 172Bamberg (Bavaria, Germany)

cathedral 46, 68palace chapel 218 St Andrew 218

Bangor, diocese 157Bangor (Gwynedd, Wales), cathedral 159

Aachen (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany) 10palace 31–34, 42, 48, 238

chapel 13, 22, 31–34*, 32, 33, 37, 40, 61, 65, 68, 74, 78, 85, 104, 126, 153, 167, 208, 213, 216, 218–219*, 235, 251(1)12

candelabrum 218–219copies of 34, 45, 46, 218–219

hall 31–32, 60, 239Abbeyknockmoy (County Galway, Ireland) 197Aberffraw (Anglesey, Wales), church 159Aboba Pliska (Bulgaria), church 41Abu Ghosh (Israel), crusader church 133, 214Abu Mina (Alexandria Governorate, Egypt),

monastery of St Menas 138accident see research methods explanations Acerenza (Basilicata, Italy), cathedral 97Acre (Israel), timber great tower 241Adalbert, archbishop of Bremen (1000?–

1072) 73, 229Adalbert, bishop of Prague, saint (956?–

997) 64, 164, 167Adam of Bremen (1050?–1081/1085) 66, 73,

173Adare (County Limerick, Ireland), abbey

church 196Adelard, abbot of Saint-Trond (?–1033/34) 75Adelheid, empress, wife of Otto I (931–999) 42,

52, 254(95)29

Ademarus, abbot of Limoges (d. 1114) 121Adriatic Sea 64, 168Afonso I, king of Portugal (1109–1185) 145Agde (Hérault, France), cathedral 214Agen (Lot-et-Garonne, France) 117, 118Agliate (Lombardy, Italy)

baptistery 51San Pietro 49, 50, 52, 68, 81, 89, 103, 168

Aime (Savoie, France), Saint-Martin 52, 126Ainau (Bavaria, Germany), St Ulrich 79Aix (Bouches-du-Rhône, France), cathedral

of Saint-Sauveur 130Ål (Buskerud County, Norway), stave

church 172Alan, count of Cornouaille (d. 1058) 110Alba Iulia see GyulafehérvárAlbereda, sister-in-law of Richard I, duke

of Normandy 104Alberti, Leon Battista (1404–1472), De Re

Aedificatoria 253(3)2

Albigensian crusade 114Albrecht, archbishop of Magdeburg (d.

1232) 192Alcántara (Extremadura, Spain), Roman

bridge 235Alcobaça (Centro Region, Portugal), Cistercian

abbey church 188, 189Alcuin of York (735?–804) 31Alebrand, archbishop of Hamburg (d.

1043) 238Alexandria (Alexandria Governorate,

Egypt) 10, 88Alfarano, Tiberio (1525–1596) 58Alfonso II, king of Asturias (791–842) 60Alfonso III, king of Asturias (848–910) 60, 135Alfonso V, king of Leon (994–1028) 12Alfonso VI, king of Leon and Castille

(1040–1109) 124, 135, 138, 150, 235

IndexPages with illustrations are in italics. Where it might be helpful, main entries have been marked by an asterisk.

References to notes are only given for those subjects where the text does not lead directly to the note. The page number is followed by the chapter number in brackets and then the note number, as e.g. 110(6)26.

Place names are succeeded by their modern location, given in brackets.

index • 283


Banu Hammad (Algeria), Al Qal’a 98baptismal fonts 213, 217baptisteries 51, 63, 85, 213, 221Barbarossa, Frederick I, emperor (1122–

1190) 197, 218Barberá (Catalonia, Spain), Santa Maria 122barbican see castlesBarcelona (Catalonia, Spain) 56

cathedral 179Bari (Apulia, Italy) 96, 97, 107

cathedral 96San Nicola 96, 168

Barnack (Cambridgeshire, England), St John the Baptist 263(22)24

Barral i Altet, Xavier 252(1)15

Barthes, Roland (1915–1980) 244Barton-upon-Humber (Humberside, England),

St Peter 27, 62Barzanò (Lombardy, Italy), chapel 50bases water-holding 25basilicas 14, 16, 18, 19Basilicata 97Basques 199Batuta (Syria), church 19Battle of Poitiers 732Baud, Anne 128Baugulf, abbot of Fulda (d. 802) 37Baume-les-Messieurs (Jura, France), church 53Bavaria, duchy 68, 78 bays 25Bayeux (Calvados, France) 97

cathedral 108, 111tapestry 147

beakhead see decorationBeaufort (Lebanon), crusader castle 133Beaugency (Loiret, France), castle tower 112,

156Beaulieu-les-Loches (Indre-et-Loire, France),

church 111, 116Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne (Corrèze, France),

Saint-Pierre 128Beaumont-le-Richard (Calvados, France),

manor house 237 Beaune (Côte-d’Or, France)

collegiate church 127houses 236

Beauvais (Oise, France)cathedral 102

Basse Oeuvre 110Saint-Lucien 102, 180

Becket, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, saint (1118?–1170) 157

Beirut (Lebanon), cathedral 132, 162Béla I, king of Hungary (1016?–1063) 167Béla III, king of Hungary (1148?–1196) 194Belvoir, (Israel), crusader castle 134, 241Benedict of Aniane (747?–821) 37, 47Benedict of Nursia, saint (480?–547) 95, 101, 228, 230Benevento (Campania, Italy) 73

Santa Sofia 33Benno II, bishop of Osnabrück (d. 1088) 69Beowulf 239Bergamo (Lombardy, Italy)

cathedral 86Santa Croce 255(6)17

Bergen (Hordaland, Norway) 170cathedral 170St Mary 170, 172

Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux, saint (1090–1153) 129

Bernard, bishop of Parma, saint (d. 1133) 85Bernardus Senex see master masonsBernay (Eure, France), abbey church 47, 97,

105, 106, 107, 108, 112Bernold, bishop of Utrecht, saint (d. 1054) 76Bernward, bishop of Hildesheim, saint

(960?–1022) 42, 121Berthold, Hungarian royal family 194Berzé-la-Ville (Saône-et-Loire, France), abbot’s

chapel 212Besalú (Catalonia, Spain)

Santa Maria 142San Pedro 122

Besançon (Franche-Comté, France), cathedral of St-Jean 78

Bethany (Israel), monastery 133, 241Bethlehem (Palestinian Territories), church

of the Nativity 74 Betrothal of the Virgin, Prado 5, 76Beurey-Bauguay (Côte-d’Or, France), Roman

monument 118 Bible 33, 47, 66, 217, 219, 223, 240

Bible moralisée 206Biburg (Bavaria, Germany), abbey church 78Biella (Piedmont, Italy), baptistery 51, 57Birsay (Orkney, Scotland), church 172Bisarcio (Sardinia, Italy), Sant’ Antioco 91, 92bishops’ chapels see chapelsBitonto (Apulia, Italy), cathedral 96Blaauw, Sible de 58Blois, county 104, 112Blois (Loir-et-Cher, France)

Saint-Lomer 261(18)3

Saint-Solenne 37, 42, 62, 104tower residence 47

Blyth (Nottinghamshire, England), priory 208Böckweiler (Saarland, Germany), church 64Bogolyubovo (Vladimir Oblast, Russia), church

of the Virgin of the Intercession 202Bohemia, kingdom and duchy 61, 64, 163, 165

growth of towns 234Boldva (Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County,

Hungary), church 168Boleslav I, king of Poland (992–1025) 63Boleslav II, the Bold, king of Poland

(1039?–1079) 166Bologna (Emilia-Romagna, Italy) 80, 88, 92

San Francesco 190Santo Stefano 93

sarcophagus 17Boniface, archbishop of Mainz, saint (d.

754) 37, 45Bonanno see master masonsBonn (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany) 235Bony, Jean (1908–1995) 108, 147, 155, 179, 182,

248Boothby Pagnell (Lincolnshire, England),

manor house 237Bordeaux (Gironde, France), cathedral 117, 118Borg, Alan 130Borgund (Sogn og Fjordane, Norway), stave

church 25Bořivoj, king of Bohemia 63Bork, Robert 206Bornholm, island (Denmark) 169, 214Borrie (Skåne, Sweden), church 172Borutta (Sardinia, Italy), San Pietro di

Sorres 91Bosa (Sardinia, Italy), San Pietro 91, 92Bourbon, county 129, 130Bourges (Cher, France) 118Boyle (County Roscommon, Ireland),

abbey 161Boves (Somme, France, France), residence 47Brad (Syria), Julianos church 19Bradford-on-Avon (Wiltshire, England), St

Laurence 63Bragança (Trás-os-Montes, Portugal), domus

municipalis 238Brantôme (Dordogne, France, France),

church 121Brauweiler (North Rhine-Westphalia,

Germany), St Nikolaus 74Brechin (Angus, Scotland), abbey 161Bremen (Bremen, Germany), cathedral 73Brescia (Lombardy, Italy)

cathedral 86, 216palazzo comunale 237San Salvatore 49

Břetislav I (1034–1055) 163Břevnov (Prague, Czech Republic), monastic

church 164,bridges 31, 165, 205, 234, 235

Brindisi (Apulia, Italy) San Benedetto 97Santa Maria dal Casale 196

Britain 109, 148Brittany, duchy 101British Isles 103Brixworth (Northamptonshire, England), All

Saints 62bronze doors 45, 202Brook (Kent, England), chapel 212Brotherhood of Saint-Bénézet see master

masonsBrun, archbishop of Cologne (925–965) 44, 241Bruges (Flemish Region, Belgium)

St Basilius 104St Donatus 218

Bruno, bishop of Langres (d. 1015/1016) 53Brunswick (Lower Saxony, Germany), Saints

Blaise and John the Baptist 177Brunus see Petrus BrunusBudeč (Prague, Czech Republic), Saints Peter

and Paul 63building breaks see construction Burgal (Catalonia, Spain), Sant Pere 56Burgundy 11, 75, 77, 78

duchy 48, 51, 53–55*, 59, 68, 103, 124–128*, 130, 184

kingdom 48, 51–53*, 59, 68, 103, 186, 187burhs 61 burhgeat 63 see also castles early tower

residencesburial see funerary practicesBurlats (Tarn, France), Pavillon d’Adélaïde 236Bury St Edmunds (Suffolk, England), abbey

church 149, 172gatehouse 231, 259(15)19

Buschetto see master masonsbuttresses, flying see Gothic architectureByblos see GibletByland (North Yorkshire, England), abbey

church 208Byzantine Empire, see Roman Empire, EasternByzantium see Constantinople

Caen (Calvados, France) 107La Trinité 107, 109, 158Saint-Étienne 15, 19, 107, 108, 148, 149,

150, 154, 179, 180, 247Saint-Nicolas 108

Cahors (Lot, France), cathedral 86, 117, 118, 120

Cairo (Cairo Governorate, Egypt)gate of Bab el Futuh 132mosque of Ibn Tulun 96, 126

Calabria 95, 97Caliphate see ArabsCalixtus II, pope (d. 1124) 71, 90, 113, 119,

120, 136Calvenzano (Lombardy, Italy), Santa Maria

Assunta 83cam see Carolingian dynasty technologyCamaldolese order 58Cambrai (Nord, France) 75Cambridge (Cambridgeshire, England)

Holy Sepulchre 216, 217King’s College Chapel 205

Campania 95, 96campanile see churches, parts, towersCanosa (Apulia, Italy), cathedral 96Canossa (Emilia-Romagna, Italy) 88Canterbury (Kent, England)

castle 156cathedral

Anselm’s 151, 152, 181, 211Lanfranc’s 148, 151, 207, 247post-1174 186

Becket’s shrine 157 St Augustine’s 148, 153

Canute the Great, king of Denmark and England (990?–1035) 169

Canute IV, king of Denmark (1042?–1086) 169Capetian dynasty 47, 66, 101

capitalsangled 180, 182, 190, 194Corinthian 42, 68, 69, 126crocket 186, 190cushion 18, 23, 24, 26, 37, 43*, 50, 68, 76,

87, 109, 148, 154, 171, 248 scallop 72, 74, 109, 155, 170

trumpet scallop 185prismatic 50, 83waterleaf 180, 185, 253(3)6

Carcassonne (Aude, France), Saint-Nazaire 120, 128

Cardona (Catalonia, Spain), Sant Vicenç 15, 16, 25, 56–57*, 93, 108, 121

Carolingian dynastya. kingdom and empire 8, 11, 9–14, 26–28,

31–38, 63, 65, 66, 68, 78, 80, 92, 118, 245architecture 1, 7, 8, 28, 31–38*, 46, 53, 60, 61, 63, 69, 100, 101, 108, 110

economics (cities, growth, tithes) 27, 28monetary system (gold, silver) 11

legal aspects (charters) 12 technology (cam, collar harness, plough) 11–12

writing (classical texts, minuscule) 12 b. division of the empire into kingdoms in

843 10, 12, 26, 39, 40, 247 East 39, 40, 239Central (Lotharingia) 34, 48–59, 59, 73, 103, 154, 218, 255(7)1

West 47, 48, 56, 66, 73, 100, 103, 104Carpathian mountains 165, 167Casander of Rome see master masonsCashel (South Tipperary, Ireland)

cathedral 160Cormac’s Chapel 159, 160

Castelseprio (Lombardy, Italy)San Paolo 246San Giovanni 246

Castile, kingdom 141Castle Acre (Norfolk, England), great

tower 240Castle Rising (Norfolk, England), castle 156castles 2, 47, 66–67, 112, 133, 155, 156, 161,

239–241, 248barbican 134definition 239, 240double-height space 156false storey 155–156great towers 31, 75, 157, 239

chapel over entrance 241cylindrical 241 with protruding apse 213, 241timber 241

tower residences 47, 63, 80, 241wall passages 112, 113

Castor (Cambridgeshire, England), St Kyneburgha 224

Catalonia, county 5, 55–59*, 63, 92, 116, 122, 139, 142, 188

cathedrals see churches, types Caumont, Arcisse de (1801–1873) 5, 100 Cavagnolo (Piedmont, Italy), Santa Fede 193Cavaillon (Vaucluse, France), cathedral

of Notre-Dame 130Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi 249Cefalù (Sicily, Italy), cathedral 98Celles-lès-Dinant (Wallonia, Belgium),

Saint-Hadelin 75, 167Celtic Church 61, 109, 161Celts 109, 199

traditions 159centralized buildings see plansCentula (Somme, France)

chapel of the Virgin 218Saint-Riquier 34, 35*, 37, 40, 62, 68, 101,

106, 111, 122, 213Chalaisian order 129Châlons-sur-Marne see Châlons-en-ChampagneChâlons-en-Champagne (Marne, France)

Notre-Dame-en-Vaux 259(15)11

tower residence 47



types institutional 211–214cathedral 66, 211

double 84collegiate 71, 72, 73, 211, 212, 223, 229

magnate’s 167minster 222, 223monastic 211, 212 monastic cathedrals 62, 98, 99, 148–157

See also monasteriesparish 161, 211See also chapels, and liturgy

ciboria 222Cieszyn (Silesian Voivodeship, Poland), castle

chapel 255(6)23

Cistercian order 100, 129*, 131, 132, 151, 155*, 161, 162, 164, 181, 182

Bernardine plan 155cities see townsCîteaux (Côte-d’Or, France), abbey church 129Civita Castellana (Lazio, Italy), cathedral 189Civitaquana (Abruzzo, Italy), Santa Maria delle

Grazie 93Civate (Lombardy, Italy), San Pietro al

Monte 50Clairvaux (Aube, France), church 129, 155Clapham, Alfred (1883–1950) 249Clarendon royal manor house (Wiltshire,

England) 233Clement V, pope (1264?–1314) 199Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme, France)

cathedral 23, 48, 55, 66, 101Notre-Dame-du-Port 121, 122

cloisters see monasteriesClonfert (County Galway, Ireland),

cathedral 160, 161Clonmacnoise (County Offaly, Ireland)

Cross 161Nuns’ Church 160Temple Finghin 160

Clovis I, king of the Franks (466?–511) 218Cluniac order 100, 135, 138, 144Cluny (Saône-et-Loire, France) 66, 87, 88, 89,

104, 119, 124abbey church

Cluny I 47Cluny II 22, 47, 48, 52, 55, 56, 77, 129Cluny III 116, 118, 121, 124, 130*, 131, 132, 149, 150, 181*, 182, 184, 187

Cluniac school 128houses 127, 236

Coimbra (Coimbra, Portugal), cathedral 137, 145, 146

Colchester (Essex, England), castle 126, 157, 241

Roman temple 156Coliath (Lebanon), crusader castle 134collar harness see Carolingian dynasty,

technologycollegiate churches see churches, typesCologne (North Rhine-Westphalia,

Germany) 66, 73, 76, 104, 128, 169cathedral 39, 42, 43, 45, 73, 78, 193Great St Martin 191St Cecilia 48St Georg 74, 77St Gereon 46, 218St Johannis in Curia 212St Maria im Kapitol 73, 74, 75, 86, 151St Pantaleon 42, 44, 46, 53, 68, 73, 76, 151,

213Roman tower 110

columns 14, 222half- 23, 26, 44, 101spiral 62, 151, 161, 221

comics 263(22)11

Como (Lombardy, Italy)broletto 237 museum porch of Santa Margherita 86Sant’Abbondio 7, 70, 72, 80, 81, 85, 86

chamber blocks see housesChampagne, county 101, 103Chapaize (Saône-et-Loire, France), church 53chapels (for chapels forming part of a church see

churches)types: architectural, centralized: 32

apsed rotundas: 51, 56, 63*, 64, 79, 163*, 164, 167, 172, 218

Doppelkapellen 21, 22, 71, 72, 74, 164, 212, 217

types: functionbishops’ 22, 71, 212burial 212castle 222–223 see castlesmagnates’ 212, 213palace 63, 87, 213

Charlemagne, king and emperor (742–814) 10, 12–13, 36–38, 216, 234, 235, 247

Charles the Bald, emperor (823–877) 47, 54, 240

charnel houses see funerary practicesCharroux (Vienne, France), centralized

church 116Chartres (Eure-et-Loir, France)

cathedral 66, 104, 105, 125, 136, 180, 184, 246, 248

tower residence 47Châteaudun (Eure-et-Loir, France), La

Madeleine 112Château Gaillard (Eure, France) 133Chatillon-sur-Seine (Côte-d’Or, France), church

of Saint-Vorles 53, 256(9)6

Chauvigny (Eure, France), church 208, 209Cheb (Karlovy Vary Region, Czech Republic)

chapel 212street grid 235

Cheddar (Somerset, England), two-storey hall 239

Chelmsford (Essex, England), excavated Roman building 34

Chepstow (Monmouthshire, Wales)castle 157, 158St Mary 158

Cher, river 112Chernigov (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine),

churches 202Chester (Cheshire, England)

St John 158St Warburgh 159

chevron see decorationChinon (Indre-et-Loire, France) 122

church 110, 112, 113, 129tower residence 47

Chios see Nea Moni choirs see liturgyChristchurch (Dorset, England), monastic

church 158Christianity 16, 36, 63Chrodegang of Metz (d. 766) 229churches

partsapses, enclosed 24, 68, 98, 133chancels, raised 89chapels

radiating 23, 24, 47, 48*contiguous 178, 180tangential 74, 151, 153, 211

crossingscompromise 41, 173oblong 249salient 154

crypts annular 47hall 43, 96outer 23, 35, 37, 38, 47, 58, 75, 93, 104

east ends ambulatory 2, 17, 23, 26, 43, 47, 73, 74, 86, 91, 97, 101–106*, 110, 111, 119, 120, 136, 137, 139, 148, 149, 150, 211*, 247

echelon 22, 24, 26, 47, 102, 118, 137,

138, 148rectangular 48, 68, 71, 75, 155, 158, 172

three-apse 22, 47, 50, 52, 105triconch 69, 73, 74, 86, 102, 104with chamber above 60

elevations arcade alternation 24, 39, 72, 87, 93, 94, 106

four-storey 104façades 40

screen 83, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91two-tower 108

gables, tall 110, 159 galleries 37, 41

false 86nave 73, 95, 96, 104western 72, 73, 74

galilees 47, 221jambs, inclined 159narthexes 40naves

double aisles 42, 48, 90, 101, 119, 125, 220, 247

odd supports 77square 62

niches, at eaves level 50passages

external 16, 66, 69, 70, 71, 76, 80, 83, 85, 93, 96

internal 42, 53, 87, 105, 106, 107, 148, 165, 201

pastophories 33, 219porch, Lombard 86, 87, 96 scale 68, 147, 149towers 211

armpit 77, 136clocher limousin 121crossing 18, 23, 24, 26free-standing 40, 91round 154, 159, 167, 172, 198, 249shoulder 68, 73, 81transept

part of 75, 104whole arm 50, 58, 81, 149, 150, 154

west 24, 26, 40 see also westblock and westwork

transepts 210, 222aisled 86, 90, 101, 111, 119, 120, 136, 149, 150

continuous 16, 18, 22–23, 36–37, 48, 62, 95, 96, 220

cross 23, 24, 26, 35, 41, 62, 63double 39, 42, 125, 130nave 76, 77, 84platforms 104, 107west 46, 75, 78

west apse 35, 37, 39, 45, 48, 71, 76, 78, 167, 220

westblocks 34, 37–38, 44, 46, 47, 61, 68, 72, 101, 106, 107, 148, 173, 213

westworks 213types

architecturalcentralized 19, 86, 87, 93, 169, 215, 216, 217apsed rotundas 163, 166 cross-in-square 22, 71, 93

fortified 173, 213longitudinal 19, 22

aisleless 44, 82, 109, 118, 122, 144, 151, 158, 211, 212, 223

columnar 9, 22, 25, 36–37, 66, 69, 76, 80, 91, 93, 95, 96

domed 65 double-ender 37, 42, 43, 75, 129,

164hall 44, 47, 111, 113, 115, 120, 121 vaulted 69wood-roofed 72, 86, 87, 89, 94, 101, 152, 226

Saints Peter and Paul 80San Fedele 86

Compiègne (Oise, France), chapel of the Virgin 218

Conant, Kenneth J. (1894–1984) 1, 2, 7, 125, 126, 128, 136, 138, 182, 245

Conques (Aveyron, France), Sainte-Foi 5, 6, 7, 119, 136, 137, 138, 179, 182

Conrad II, emperor (990?–1039) 68, 69, 73Conrad, bishop of Konstanz (d. 1127) 222Conrad, bishop of Utrecht (d. 1099) 76consecration see liturgyConstantine the Great, emperor (272–337,

306–337) 9, 37, 41, 46, 87, 132, 148, 216, 219

Constantine Porphyrogenitus (912–59) Constantinople (Turkey) 56, 57, 66, 74, 97, 120

Constantine Lips (Fenari Isa Camii) 20, 21, 51

Hagia Sophia 20, 70, 82, 87Holy Apostles 116, 217Imperial palace 32, 238Myrelaion church (Bodrum Camii) 1, 20, 51,

71, 93St Mary of the Pharos 212Saints Sergios and Bakchos 33, 213Virgin of the Pêgê 215

construction 207–209, 249building breaks 150, 151, 207, 246 oversailing 108, 150, 180, 182reinforcements 34see also masonry

Continuatio hispana 252(2)11

Coorland see master masonscorbel tables, arched 5, 18, 24, 45, 48, 49*, 65,

68, 75, 76, 77, 78, 92, 93, 94, 97, 123, 133, 145, 167, 191, 196, 197

Córdoba (Andalusia,, Spain) 13, 60, 66, 90, 136, 141, 143, 199

mosque 70corrente comasca see Romanesque sculptureCorinth-Lechaion (Corinthia, Greece), St

church of Leonidas 38Cormac MacCarthaig, king of Munster

(d. 1138) 160 see also Cashel Cormery (Indre-et-Loire, France), church 111,

115Cornouaille 110Corroyer, Edouard-Jules (1835–1904) 5, 25Corrozet, Gilles (1510–1568) 251(1)3

Corsica 92Corvey (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany),

abbey church 22, 25, 39, 40, 44, 46, 47, 61, 73, 101, 150, 213

Coucy (Aisne, France), tower residence 47, 157Council of Clermont 131Courajod, Louis (1841–1896) 5Crac des Chevalliers see KrakCravant (Indre-et-Loire, France), church 110 Cremona (Lombardy, Italy)

baptistery 213cathedral 86palazzo comunale 237

Croatia, kingdom 64, 168–169, 194Crook, Joseph 263(22)11

Cross of Cong 155, 160crossing see transeptsCrusader states 67, 100, 118, 126, 131–134, 162,

240, 241crypt see churchesCsaroda (Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County,

Hungary), church 197Cunault (Maine-et-Loire, France), Notre-

Dame 113, 116Cunlife, Barry 239Ćurčić, Slobodan 201Cuthbert, saint (634–687) 154, 227Cuxa see Saint-Michel-de-CuxaCyril and Methodius, missionaries 201 Czech, founder of Bohemia 163Czerwińsk (Płońsk County, Poland)),

church 167

index • 285


Dalby (Skåne, Sweden)cathedral 169church 169

Dalmatian coast 168, 169Dalmeny (Lothian, Scotland), church 225Dambeck (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,

Germany), church 73Danube, river 77, 78, 167Daphni (Attica, Greece), church 215dating buildings 246 see also research methodsDavid I, king of Scotland (1124–1153) 161, 248David II, king of Georgia (1089–1125) 132David, ‘the Scot’, bishop of Bangor

(1120–39) 159Davies, Martin 7Davis, Michael 248 Dečani (Peć, Kosovo), monastic church 201deconstruction see postmodernismdecoration

chip carving 107, 158inlay, Cosmati work 189mouldings 66, 154

beakhead 155, 160billet 169chevron 98, 109, 155, 161, 171, 194roll

angle 169half 62, 63, 107, 154, 174, 253(3)14

stripwork 62Deerhurst (Gloucestershire, England), St

Mary 61, 62, 214dendrochronology 246Denis, saint (d. 250) 37Denmark, kingdom 169–170 Derrida, Jacques (1930–2004) 243Desiderius, abbot of Montecassino

(1026?–1087) 95design see planningDeutz (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany),

church 46, 218Devenish (County Fermanagh, Ireland), church,

round tower 160Deventer (Overijssel, Netherlands),

St. Lebuinus church crypt 76, 151Diego Gelmírez, archbishop of Santiago

(1070?–1140) 136, 205Diego Peláez, bishop of Santiago (d. 1088) 135Digne (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France),

Saint-Donat 130Dijon (Côte-d’Or, France)

Saint-Bénigne 53, 66, 218Notre-Dame 184, 187

Diocletian, emperor (284–305) 34, 216Dionysus, abbot of Regensburg 160Dionysius the Areopagite 37Diotisalvi see master masonsDixon, Philip 240Doksany (Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic),

Premonstratensian church 164, 165Dolianova (Sardinia, Italy), cathedral of San

Pantaleone 91, 176documentary evidence see research methods 148domes see vaultsDomesday Book 157Dominican order 193Dömös (Komárom-Esztergom County,

Hungary), church 168Dompeter (Bas-Rhin, France), St Peter 17Doña Mayor, wife of Sancho el Mayor

of Navarre 141Doña Sancha, daughter of Ramiro I 144Doña Urraca, daughter of Ferdinand I 140Donatus see master masonsdonjon see castle, great towerDønnes (Nordland, Norway), church 172Doppelkapellen see chapelsdormitory see monasteriesDoué-la-Fontaine (Maine-et-Loire,

France) tower residence 47, 104Dover (Kent, England), castle 62, 63, 157, 185

St Mary in Castro 62

Draper, Peter 183Dublin (Dublin, Ireland), Christ Church 160,

185Duisburg (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany),

palace hall 239Dulzago (Piedmont, Italy), church 83Dunfermline (Fife, Scotland), abbey

church 161, 162, 172, 248Dura Europos (Syria) church house 231Durham (County Durham, England)

castle 158cathedral 151, 152, 155, 160, 172, 180, 211,

227Durliat, Marcel (1917–2006) 142Dyfed, principality 157

Earls Barton (Northamptonshire, England), All Saints 62

Ebbo, archbishop of Reims (770?–851) 37Eberbach (Hesse, Germany), abbey church 191Ebreuil, Saint-Leger 122economic factors

medieval 10-11, 27, 28, 154, 183, 207 castles 134, 239 towns 234

modern 11, 128Roman 28

Edessa, county 131Edessa (Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey),

cathedral 215Edward the Confessor, king of England, saint

(1003–1066) 147, 154Edward the Martyr, king of England, saint

(962–978) 63Eger (Heves County, Hungary) 167

cathedral of St Stephen 168Egilsay (Orkney, Scotland), St Magnus 172Einhard (775?–840) 32, 34, 37, 235Einsiedeln (Canton of Schwyz, Switzerland),

church of St Mary 53, 77Eisenach see WartburgElbe, river 41, 68, 69Elias, archbishop of Bari (d. 1105) 96Elne (Pyrénées-Orientales, France),

cathedral 116El Run (Aragon, Spain), church 145Elsner, Jás 245Ely (Cambridgeshire, England), abbey and

cathedral 149, 150, 151, 181, 211Emeric, son of king Stephen of Hungary 168Emma, daughter of Richard I, Duke of Nor-

mandy (985?–1052) 147Emmerich (North Rhine-Westphalia,

Germany), church 6, 76, 103empiricism 243, 244 see also research methodsEngland, kingdom

Anglo-Saxon 12, 13, 36, 61–63Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 63, 66architecture 61–63, 147, 154, 155

Norman 72, 95, 97, 98, 99, 104–105, 108, 109, 147–157, 169, 170, 172, 174, 180, 184

Anglo-Norman as an architectural label 147

Saxo-Norman 147, 154dedications 154

Ephesus (Izmir Province, Turkey)St John 20, 21, 91, 136, 138, 150, 217, 218grottoes 126temple of Hadrian 17

Ercsi (Fejér County, Hungary), monastic church 193

Erfurt (Thuringia, Germany), church 77Erik I, king of Denmark (1060?–1103) 169Ermelo (Mondim de Basto, Portugal),

church 146Ermentarius, Miracula 54Escalada (Leon, Spain), San Miguel 61, 200Eschau (Bas-Rhin, France), St Trophime 77, 78Essen (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany),

Holy Trinity 62, 74, 75, 167, 218Essen-Werden see Werden

Estagel (Pyrénées-Orientales, France), church 123

Estella (Navarre, Spain), house 25, 179, 238Esztergom (Komárom-Esztergom,

Hungary) 234, 235archdiocese 167cathedral 193

Étampes (Essone, France), Notre-Dame 183Etheldreda, saint (636–679) 154 Ethelred II, king of England (968?–1016) 147Ethelwold, bishop of Winchester (904/909–

984) 61, 62Euclid (325BC?–265BC?) 206Euphrates, river 60Europe, central 67, 247European age

early 22, 28, 244–245origins 12, 13, 14

European Economic Comunity 246Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea (263?–339) 215,

221Evans, Joan (1893–1977) 128Evreux (Eure, France), cathedral 109, 184evolution 246 see also research methodsÉvora (Alentejo, Portugal), cathedral of the

Virgin Mary 188Ewenny (Vale of Glamorgan, Wales),

St Michael 158Exeter (Devon, England), cathedral 153Eystein, archbishop of Nidaros (d. 1188) 195

façades see churchesFaith, saint 119Fanum (Italy) 16, 25, 153Farfa (Lazio, Italy)

monastic church 48, 52, 58, 200consuetudinary 47

Favila, king of Asturias (d. 739) 217Fawcett, Richard 161Fécamp (Seine-Maritime, France), Holy

Trinity 105, 184, 211Félibien, Jean-François (1658–1733) 5Felsőörs (Veszprém County, Hungary),

monastic church 194Ferdinand I, king of Leon and Castile

(1014–1065) 12, 138Ferentinum (Lazio, Italy), market hall 14Fergil 252(2)11

Fergusson, Peter 215Fernández-Armesto, Felipe 199Ferrara (Emilia-Romagna, Italy) 72, 86

cathedral 87feudal system 11, 47, 61, 63, 80, 94, 161Fibonacci series 205Filarete (1400–1469) 251(1)3

Flanders, county 75, 103, 104, 107growth of towns 234

Flaran (Gers, France), abbey chapter house 229Flavigny (Côte-d’Or, France), Saint-Pierre,

outer crypt 53Fleury see Saint-Benoît-sur-LoireFlorence (Tuscany, Italy) 70, 80, 83

baptistery 90, 213Santi Apostoli 92Santa Croce 229Santa Maria Novella 190San Miniato 87, 89, 90, 92, 143Santo Stefano al Ponte 189

Florin of France see master masonsFocillon, Henri (1881–1943) 5–8, 24, 28Fontenay (Côte-d’Or, France), abbey

church 128, 129, 132, 182Fontevraud (Maine-et-Loire, France), abbey

church 111, 113, 117kitchen 111, 230

Forma Urbis Romae 35fornices spiculos see arches, pointedFossanova (Lazio, Italy), monastic church 190Fossier, Robert 11, 239Foucault, Michel (1926–1984) 243, 244Fountains (Yorkshire, England), monastery 230

abbey church 155

France 10, 11, 13, 47-48, 56, 59, 64, 66, 67, 72, 73, 75, 80, 86, 91, 97, 100–130*, 131,

135, 136, 138, 139, 147, 154, 162*, 178-183, 184, 199, 247.

duchies 256(10)8

Franconia, duchy 45, 68, 71, 76Frankfurt (Hesse, Germany), palace 234, 238,

239Frankl, Paul (1878–1962) 181, 182, 244Franks 10, 12, 17, 36, 64, 92, 103, 118, 255(7)1

architecture 17, 37 Freckenhorst (North Rhine-Westphalia,

Germany), St Boniface 73Frederick I, Barbarossa (1152–1190) 84, 85, 197Frederick II, emperor (1194–1250) 196, 216Fréjus (Var, France) 56Fréteval (Loir-et-Cher, France), great

tower 241Freyburg (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany),

Neuenburg castle 212Frisia, province 76, 77Froliuba, wife of King Favila 217Frómista (Castile and Leon, Spain), San

Martín 138, 141, 162Fronto, saint 116Frose (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), church 73Froville (Meurthe-et-Moselle, France), priory

church 171Fulbert, bishop of Chartres (d. 1028) 104Fulda (Hesse, Germany)

abbey church 22, 37, 39, 45, 46, 48, 68, 69St Michael 46, 218, 255(6)17

Fulk III [Nerra], count of Anjou (972–1040) 112, 113

Fulk, king of Jerusalem (1089/1092–1143) 131, 132

function 2, 247, 248funerary practices 212

chapter houses 232charnel houses 163, 212tombs 42, 63, 223, 224

Fyrkat (Jutland, Denmark), timber building 25, 239

gables see churchesGaillard, Georges (1877–1953) 141galilees see churchesGalicians 199Gall, Ernst (1888–1958) 178Gallarus Oratory (County Kerry, Ireland) 159galleries see churchesGalliano (Lombardy, Italy), baptistery 51, 57,

63Gamla Uppsala (Uppsala County, Sweden),

cathedral 173Gamle Aker (Oslo, Norway), church 171, 172,

173Garamszentbenedek (Hronský Bénadik,

Slovakia), Zent Benedek 168Gascony, duchy 117, 118gatehouses 31Gauls 37, 61, 66, 100Gauzlin, abbot of Fleury (d. 1030) 101Geary, Patrick 11Gebhard, bishop of Konstanz (949?–995) 222Gelmírez see Diego GelmírezGelnhausen (Hesse, Germany), imperial

palace 238Gem, Richard 6Genoa (Liguria, Italy) 48, 51, 56, 66, 86, 88, 92,

133, 247cathedral 189 Sant’Agostino della Cella 51SS Cosma e Damiano 133

Genum (Friesland, Netherlands), church 77geometry see planningGeorge, admiral of Antioch (d. 1151/52) 98Georgia, kingdom 18, 132, 155Gerace (Calabria, Italy), cathedral 97Gerard, bishop of Cardaillac (d. 1112) 120



Gerbert of Aurillac (946–1003) see Sylvester II, pope

German Empire 13, 40–47*, 48, 51, 62, 67, 68-79*, 80, 81, 97, 100, 101, 103, 127, 130, 148, 160, 172, 190-193, 201, 212, 221, 241, 247

Germanic invasions 10Germany 10, 11, 12Germigny-des-Prés (Loiret, France),

church 38, 93, 106, 212, 218Gernrode (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany),

church 41, 43, 62, 68, 76, 78, 91, 176Gero I, margrave (900?–965) 41, 64Gero II, margrave (975–1015) 213Gertrude, first wife of Vladislav II 164–165 Gerville, Charles de (1769–1853) 5, 14Géza of Hungary, grand prince (945?–997) 167Ghent (East Flanders, Belgium)

altarpiece 209St Bavo 104

giant order see ordersGiblet (Lebanon) 133

crusader castle 134Giebło (Zawiercie, Poland), church 27Giecz (Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland),

palace 63, 212, 238Giles, saint 123Giordano of Aversa 97Giotto di Bondone (1266/1267–1337) 209, 255,

229Girona (Catalonia, Spain), cathedral of Santa

Maria 122Glaber see RalphGlastonbury (Somerset, England), Lady

Chapel 184, 185 Gloucester (Gloucestershire, England)

abbey church 153, 158Roman basilica 153

Gniezno (Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland) 164, 165

archdiocese 64, 165Godehard, bishop of Hildesheim, saint

(960–1038) 74Godiva, lady (d. 1067?) 63gold see Carolingian dynasty, monetary systemgolden section see planning geometryGoltho (Lincolnshire, England), tower

residence 63Gontram, abbot of Saint-Trond (d. 1058?) 75Gortyna (Crete, Geece), St Titos 74, 93Gorze (Moselle, France), monastery 47, 48, 76Goslar (Lower Saxony, Germany)

imperial palace 72, 238chapel of St Ulrich 72, 212

Neuwerk, church 225chapel of St George 218 SS Simon and Jude 72, 74

Gospels of Otto III 252(2)15

Gothia, march 56, 122Gothic architecture 1, 5, 8, 66, 108, 245

early 178–183flying buttresses 125, 180piers 179medieval modernism 183

Gotland (Sweden) 174government buildings 237–238Gozbert, abbot of St Gall (763?–836) 35Gravedona (Lombardy, Italy), baptistery 213Great Paxton (Cambridgeshire, England) Holy

Trinity 62, 155great towers see castlesGreding (Bavaria, Germany)

rotunda 79St Martin 78

Greek language 98Gregorian reform 8Gregory VII, pope (1020?–1085) 71, 88, 124Gregory, archbishop of Nazianz

(329?–389/390) 217Gregory, bishop of Tours, saint (538–594) 40,

217grid systems see planning geometry

Grodecki, Louis (1910–1982) 7groin vaults see vaultsGroningen (Groningen, Netherlands), St

Walpurgis 218Grötlingbo (Gotland, Sweden), church 195Gruffydd ap Cynan, king of Gwynedd

(1055–1137) 158-159, 160Gubbio (Umbria, Italy), Palazzo dei

Consoli 196, 197, 237guest range see monasteriesguild systems 204Guimarães (Braga, Portugal) castle 145, 162Guiscard, Robert, duke of Apulia and Calabria

(1015?–1085) 95Gunn, William (1750–1841) 5, 14Gunzo of Cluny 125Guy, count of Ponthieu (d. 1100) 252(2)8

Gwent, principality 157Győr (Győr-Moson-Sopron County,

Hungary) 167Gyulafehérvár (Alba County, Romania) 167 Haddington (East Lothian, Scotland), St

Mary 197Hadered (Västra Götaland County, Sweden),

stave church 172Hadid, Zaha (b. 1950) 248Hadrian, emperor (117–138) 246Hadrian I, pope (700?–795) 32Hadstock (Essex, England), church 154, 155Haimo, bishop of Verdun (d. 1024) 45Hakon Paulsson, earl of Orkney 172Halberstadt (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany) 213

cathedral 73, 93, 193Liebfrauenkirche 73, 77

half-roll see decoration, mouldingshalls 31, 32, 239

vaulted or wood-roofed 239Halltorp (Småland, Sweden), church 173, 214Hamar (Hedmark, Norway), cathedral 171Hamburg (Hamburg, Germany), palace

of Archbishop Alebrand 238Hamburg-Bremen, archdiocese 169, 198Hammarlunda (Skåne, Sweden), church 172Hamersleben (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany),

church 77Hariulf (1060–1143) 240Harley, J. B. 243Harold Blue Tooth, king of Denmark

(d. 985) 169, 170Harold Godwinson, king of England

(1022–1066) 62, 246Hartmann-Virnich, Andreas 131Hartwig, bishop of Regensburg (d. 1164) 223,

226Hastière (Namur, Belgium), Saint-Pierre 75Hattin, battle of 131Havdhem (Gotland, Sweden), church 174, 195Havelberg (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany),

cathedral 73Hecklingen (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany),

church 203, 205Hedingham (Essex, England), castle 156Heeslingen (Lower Saxony, Germany),

round-towered church 172Heidenheim (Bavaria, Germany), minster 79Heiligenberg (Baden-Württemberg, Germany),

St. Michael, chapter house 229Heilsbronn (Bavaria, Germany), minster 79Heisterbach (North Rhine-Westphalia,

Germany), abbey church 192Heito, abbot of Reichenau (d. 836) 37Helgaud of Fleury (d. 1048) 101Héliot, Pierre (1901–1984) 244 Hemel Hempstead (Hertfordshire, England),

church 226, 248–249Hemingford Grey (Cambridgeshire, England),

manor house 237Henry I [the Fowler], king of the Ottonian

Kingdom (876?–936) 40, 42, 72, 239, 241Henry I, king of England (1068/1069–

1135) 109, 156

Henry II, king of England (1133–1189) 112, 157, 232, 241

Henry II, German emperor (973–1024) 42, 46, 84

Henry III, king of England (1207–1272) 189Henry III, German emperor (1017–1057) 72,

75, 238Henry IV, German emperor (1050–1106) 69,

70, 75, 88, 91, 127Henry V, German emperor (1086–1125) 71Henry VI, king of England (1421–1471) 205Henry VII, king of England

(1457–1509) 259(15)7

Henry de Sully, bishop of Fécamp (d. 1189) 184

Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester (1098/1099–1171) 240

Henry of Burgundy, count of Portugal (1066–1112) 145

Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony (1129–1195) 72

Herdecke (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany), church 37

Hereford (Herefordshire, England)bishop’s chapel 153, 212, 218 cathedral 154

Heribert, archbishop of Cologne, saint (970?–1021) 46

Herman, bishop of Old Sarum/Salisbury (d. 1078) 152

Hermopolis (Egypt), cathedral 138Hersfeld (Hesse, Germany), abbey 69, 77Heslop, Sandy 8, 9, 148, 241, 253(3)18

Heywood, Stephen 172Hezelo of Cluny 125, 204Hierapolis (Denizli Province, Turkey),

martyrium 33 Hildemar of Corbie (d. 850?) 228Hildesheim (Lower Saxony, Germany)

cathedral 39, 42, 46, 47, 63, 74St Godehard 73, 77St Michael 24, 42, 43, 47, 48, 68, 90, 101,

106, 118Hilduin, bishop of Paris (775–840) 38hindsight see research methodsHinton, Ian 219Hirsau (Baden-Württemberg, Germany) 47,

168SS Peter and Paul 77, 129St Aurelius 53

Historia Compostellana 135historicism 183 history of art 244Hoey, Larry (1951–2000) 186Höfe (Hesse, Germany), church 63Hohenstaufen dynasty 72, 97, 190Hohler, Christopher 56, 257(12)3

Holy Land 67, 172Holycross (County Tipperary, Ireland), Holy

Cross 197Holy Roman Empire 252(2)15

Honorius Augustodunensis (1080–1154) 215, 229

Horn, Walter (1908–1995) 6, 25, 35, 230Hornby (Yorkshire, England), St

Mary 263(22)24

Hørning (Jutland, Denmark), timber church 169

Hosios Lukas (Boeotia, Greece), monastic church 215

hospitals 230, 231 See also monasteries infirmary

Hospitallers 100, 131, 134Houdan (Yvelines, France), great tower 241houses 127, 236–237

chamber blocks 237Hrabanus Maurus (780?–856) 216, 218Hroswitha of Gandersheim (935?–1002) 199Hugh I, king of France (939?–996) 101Hugh of Abbeville 240Hugh of Semur, abbot of Cluny (1024–

1109) 124–127, 138

Hugh of St Victor (1096?–1141) 262(19)30

Hulín (Zlín Region, Czech Republic), church of St Wenceslas 193

humanism 243 see also research methodsHungarians 11, 40, 54, 167Hungary, kingdom 167–168, 193–194Husaby (Västergotland, Sweden), church 173,

198

Iberian peninsula 13, 60, 61, 66, 67, 72, 100, 131, 135–146*, 147, 187–189

Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) 199iconography, churches 82, 84, 86, 90, 91,

215–227cloisters 229 east end richer 225, 226levels 223, 226 numbers 217, 221supports as markers 166, 226, 227, 248See also vaults, domes

Idensen (Hannover, Germany) magnate’s church 73, 212, 213magnate’s residence 239

Idwal, son of Gruffydd and abbot of Penmon 159

Iffley (Oxfordshire, England) 184Iguácel (Aragon, Spain) Nuestra Señora 142,

143, 208, 209 Ilbenstadt (Hesse, Germany), abbey church 71Ile-de-France 100Ilmmünster (Bavaria, Germany), St Alsatius 78Inchcolm (Firth of Forth,, Scotland), abbey

refectory 197Inden (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)

St Saviour 37St Stephen 37, 60

India 10, 127, 135infirmary see monasteriesinfluence see research methodsInge II, king of Sweden (d. 1125?) 173Ingelheim (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany),

imperial palace 32, 104, 105, 238, 241Innerleithen (Scottish Borders, Scotland),

Traquair hunting lodge 237Innocent II, pope (d. 1143) 125Inowłodz (Tomaszów Mazowiecki County,

Poland), round-towered church 167Ireland, kingdoms 63, 67, 100, 147, 155,

159–161, 185Isidore of Seville (560?–636) 139, 140, 219Islam 131, 133, 198, 199, 217Istanbul see ConstantinopleItaly, Italian peninsula 13, 25, 27, 48-51*, 56,

59, 61, 64, 66, 70, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 80–99, 103, 114, 123, 126, 131, 148, 167, 168, 189-190*, 196–197, 198–201

growth of towns 234ivories 35, 40Ivrea (Piedmont, Italy)

cathedral 50, 52, 81Sto Stefano 81

Ivry-la-Bataille (Eure, France), great tower 104, 105, 112, 155, 241

Jaca (Aragon, Spain) cathedral 138, 143 Jacob’s Well (Palestinian Territories),

church 132Ják (Vas County, Hungary), Szent György 194Jakub (Prague, Czech Republic), St James 27,

165James, apostle, saint 135Jaromír, bishop of Prague (d. 1090) 88, 164Jarrow (Tyne and Wear, England),

monastery 228Jedburgh (Scottish Borders, Scotland),

Augustinian church 161–162Jelling (Jutland, Denmark)

stone 169timber church 169

Jerichow (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), monastic church 191

index • 287


Jerome, saint (347–420), on towns 111, 235Jerpoint abbey (County Kilkenny, Ireland) 197Jerusalem (Israel)

city 10, 131Dome of the Rock 131, 133Haram al-Sharif see Temple MountHoly Sepulchre 131, 216

copies 34, 44, 46, 53, 86, 91, 93, 169, 216–217*, 218, 221

Holy Cross church 132mosque of Al-Aqsa 126, 133 mosque of Omar 90St Anne 132Temple Mount 133Temple of Solomon 215Temple of the Lord 126

kingdom 133, 134Jindřich Zdík, bishop of Moravia

(1083?–1150) 164–165Johannisberg (Hesse, Germany), round-towered

church 172John IV, Patriarch (d. 1019) 48John, bishop of Genoa (641–669) 51Josephus (37–100) 207Judith, duchess, wife of Richard II, duke

of Normandy (d. 1017) 105Judith, second wife of Vladislav II

(1135?–1174) 165 Jumièges (Seine-Maritime, France)

Notre-Dame 24, 25, 87, 104, 106, 107*, 108, 121, 127, 143, 147, 154, 181, 213, 245

Saint-Pierre 37, 40, 46, 105, 107, 108, 253(3)11

Justinian I, emperor (482–565) 20, 33, 74, 87, 88, 116, 216

Kałdus (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland), church 64

Källstad (Östergötland County, Sweden), church 173

Kalocsa (Bács-Kiskun County, Hungary), archdiocese 167

Kalundborg (Zealand, Denmark), church of Our Lady 195

Kasimir I, king of Poland (1016–1058) 165Kelso (Scottish Borders, Scotland), Tironensian

abbey 161, 162Kerkrade (Limburg, Netherlands), monastic

church 76Kerr, Minott 126Khirbat Iqbala (Israel), church 133 Kidson, Peter 8Kiev (Ukraine) 13Kilfenora (Kilfenora, Ireland), cross 161Killaloe (County Clare, Ireland)

abbey church portal reset from cathe-dral 176, 177, 185

St Flannan’s Oratory 159Kilpeck (Herefordshire, England), Saints Mary

and David 225Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 97Kings Lynn (Norfolk, England), St

Margaret 155Kirkwall (Orkney, Scotland), cathedral of St

Magnus 172kitchens

medieval 233 see also monasteriesmodern 245

Kleinmariazell (Lower Austria, Austria), monastic church 176, 177, 196

Kleincomburg (Baden-Württemberg, Germany), church 77

Klosterrath see KerkradeKnights of St John see HospitallersKojice (Pardubice Region, Czech Republic),

church 213knowledge 243 see also research methodsKoloman, king of Hungary (1074?–1116) 168Kondrac (Central Bohemian Region, Czech

Republic) church 213Königslutter (Lower Saxony, Germany),

collegiate church 72

Konstanz (Baden-Württemberg, Germany) 220, 222, 237

cathedral 46rotunda 255(6)17

Kornelimünster see IndenKościelec Proszowicki (Lesser Poland

Voivodeship, Poland) church 193Krak (Syria), castle 133, 241Krakow (Kraków County, Poland) 64, 165, 166,

208, 235Wawel citadel 64, 165, 166

cathedral of Saints Stanislaus and Wenceslaus 165, 166

St Andrew 166, 167St Adelbert 167

Krautheimer, Richard (1897–1994) 94, 215, 216Kubach, Hans 1, 2, 25, 247Kugler, Franz (1808–1858) 5Kunstlandschaft see research methods,

explanationsKursumlija (Toplica District, Serbia), St

Nicholas 260(16)11

Kyje (Hradec Králové Region, Czech Republic), church 196, 213, 214

La Charité-sur-Loire (Nièvre, France), monastic church 127, 129, 130

laity see liturgyLambert of Ardres (1160–1203) 241Lambert, bishop of Konstanz 255(6)17

Landévennec (Finistère, France), church 110Landsberg (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany),

Doppelkapelle 222Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury (1005?–

1089) 148, 153, 154Lanfranc of Modena see master masonsLangeais (Indre-et-Loire, France), castle 112Langres (Haute-Marne, France), cathedral 128Lanleff (Côtes-d’Armor, France), church 216,

217Lanmeur (Finistère, France)

Notre-Dame de Kernitron 110Saint-Melar 227

Laon (Aisne, France) 71cathedral of Notre-Dame 108, 179, 180, 181,

259(15)19

hall of Louis IV 47Templar church 133

La Pobla de Lillet (Catalonia, Spain), rotunda 56, 255(6)17

La Sauve Majeure (Gironde, France), monastic church 118

Lasko, Peter (1924–2003) 253(4)12

Lasteyrie, Robert de (1849–1921) 7, 28, 100, 101, 128, 131

Latin Church 1, 9, 10, 12, 26–28*, 34, 63–68, 80, 82, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 151, 154, 159, 161, 168, 176, 198–202

Latin language 98lavabos see monasteriesLavardin (Loir-et-Cher, France, France)

Saint-Genest 110Saint-Gilderic 110

law 111, 183, 236, 240Lechfeld, battle 40L’Ecluse Haute (Haute-Savoie, France),

church 56Le Corbusier (1887–1965) 248Le Dorat (Haute-Vienne, France), church 121Le Goff, Jacques 246Le Grand Pressigny (Indre-et-Loire, France),

great tower 240Le Mans (Sarthe, France) 109

cathedral 37, 66, 103Notre-Dame-de-la-Couture 109Notre-Dame-du-Pré 109Saint-Junien 109

Le Puy (Haute-Loire, France), cathedral 121, 122

Le Thor (Vaucluse, France), church 187Le Thoronet (Var, France) monastery 229Lefèvre Pontalis, Eugène (1862–1923) 128

Łekno (West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland), apsed rotunda 167, 172, 255(6)23

Lenno (Lombardy, Italy), baptistery 213Leo III, pope (750?–816) 32, 34, 234, 239Leo IV, pope (d. 855) 37Leo IX, pope (1002–1054) 78Leo of Ostia (d. 1075?) 95Leofric, earl of Mercia (1057) 63Leofsinus (d. 1000) 261(19)13

Leominster (Herefordshire, England), church 211

Leon, kingdom 60, 139León (Leon, Spain)

San Isidoro 138, 139, 140, 212Museu Sant Marc 254(6)1

Lepcis Magna (Libya), Severan basilica 14Lérida see LleidaLessay (Manche, France) abbey church 19,

108, 109, 151, 154 Leuchars (Fife, Scotland), St Athernase 162Leyre (Navarre, Spain), abbey church 142Liber Sancti Jacopi 135, 212

Pilgrim’s Guide 110, 114, 119, 123, 135 Liège (Wallonia, Belgium)

cathedral 69, 74, 75Notger’s burial church 45Saint-Barthélemy 74St Janskerk 218Saint-Laurent 74

Liguria 51, 55, 87Limburg-an-der-Haardt (Rhineland-Palatinate,

Germany), collegiate church 69, 76, 77, 101

Limburg-an-der-Lahn (Hesse, Germany), cathedral 192, 193, 208

Limoges (Haute-Vienne, France), abbey church of Saint-Martial 102, 121, 136, 137

Limousin, county 121Lincoln (Lincolnshire, England)

castle 148cathedral 148Jew’s house 236

Lisbon (Alentejo Region, Portugal), cathedral 145, 188

Litani, river 133liturgy 2, 199, 247

altars 47, 68, 210, 222church divisions 210consecration 210Farfa consuetudinary 47laity 40Orthodox rite 95Regularis Concordia 43, 62Roman or Latin rite 12, 63, 65, 95, 109, 120,

122, 135, 144Li Vaux de Moise (Jordan), crusader castle 133Llandaff (South Glamorgan, Wales),

cathedral 157, 186Llandrillo-yn-Rhos (Conwy County Borough,

Wales), Capel Trillo 157 Llangennydd (Glamorgan, Wales), St

Cennydd 158Lleida (Catalonia, Spain)

Casa de la Pahería 237cathedral

Porte des Fillols 188Loarre (Aragon, Spain)

castle 143, 241chapel 143

Loches (Indre-et-Loire, France)castle 25, 26, 90, 112, 113, 156, 241, 246Saint-Ours 111, 112

Loire, river 100, 110–113, 114Lombard League 237Lombards 12, 92Lombardy, kingdom 7, 11, 48–53, 56, 68, 80,

81, 84, 88, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 108Lomello (Lombardy, Italy), Santa Maria 26, 50,

81, 82, 89, 213London (England)

cathedral of St Paul 149, 151, 260(17)2

houses 237

Roman wall 155St Bartholomew the Great, Smithfield 152Temple Church 185Tower of London, White Tower 155, 156,

157, 241 Westminster

abbey 147, 154palace 239

Lord’s Resistance Army 245Lorraine, northern and southern duchies 11,

44–46, 48, 68, 71, 73–77, 88, 103, 104, 151Lorsch (Hesse, Germany), monastery 35, 37,

40, 43, 228cushion capital 23Torhalle 22, 38, 42, 62, 101, 110

Lothar of Süpplingenburg, emperor (d. 1137) 72, 163

Lotharingia see Carolingian kingdom and empire

Loudun (Vienne, France)church 153great tower 156

Louis II, king of the Western Carolingian kingdom (d. 875/876) 239

Louis IV, king of the Western Carolingian kingdom (920–954) 47

Louis the Pious, Carolingian emperor (778–840) 31, 35, 37, 38, 239, 247

Louis VII, king of France (1120–1180) 179Louvain (Flemish Region, Belgium), St Peter,

octagon 212, 218Lübke, Wilhelm (1826–1893) 5Lucca (Tuscany, Italy) 91

cathedral of St Martin 91San Frediano 91San Michele 91

Lucciana (Haute-Corse, France), Santa Maria di Mariana 92

Ludlow (Shropshire, England), castle chapel 212

Lund (Skåne, Sweden)archdiocese 169 cathedral 169timber church 169

Lunner (Oppland County, Norway), church 172

Lyman, Thomas 137Lyon (Rhône, France) 55, 235

cathedral 187Manécanterie 237Saint-Martin d’Ainay 78

Maastricht (Limburg, Netherlands)St Servatius 75Our Lady 46, 73, 173, 216

MacCarthaigabbot of Regensburg 160dynasty 159

Macdara’s Island (County Galway, Ireland), monastic church 159

Madurai (India), temple 127Magdeburg (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany)

cathedral 42, 192, 193north building 42Liebfrauenkirche 73, 77, 239

magistri comacini 204Magnus, saint (d. 1115) 172Maguelonne (Hérault, France), cathedral 123,

214Maimonides (1135–1204) 219Maine, county 109Mainz (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany) 66

bridge 235cathedral 7, 45, 46, 69, 72, 176, 190

chapel of St Godehard 71, 212Maiol, abbot of Cluny, saint (d. 994) 47, 56, 130Malaucène (Vaucluse, France), church 196Malcolm III, king of Scotland (d. 1093) 161Manresa (Catalonia, Spain), abbey 142Mantua (Lombardy, Italy) 88

baptistery 88Marast (Haute-Saône, France), church 53



Marburg (Hesse, Germany), St Elizabeth 193Margam (Neath Port Talbot, Wales), Cistercian

abbey church 186Margaret, Anglo-Saxon princess

(1045?–1093) 161Maria Laach (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany),

monastic church 76, 128Marmoutier, (Indre-et-Loire, France), monastic

kitchen 231Marmoutier (Bas-Rhin, France), monastic

church 78, 167Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône, France) 55, 56Martin, bishop of Tours, saint (316?–397) 110,

111Martindale, Andrew (1932–1995) 254(5)29

Marshall, Pamela 240masonry 2, 11–12, 27, 33, 49, 52, 61, 66, 80,

100, 169, 246 appareil grand, petit 66 ashlar 49, 66, 80, 87, 139brick 33, 49, 50, 149coursing 207dark 42

Purbeck 208 Tournai 104

masons’ marks 207, 246polychromy 17, 90, 92, 110, 112, 122, 186,

189, 207, 208, 253(3)10

quarrying 12, 27, 207Roman masonry tradition 14–26

masonry, master masons 204agreed and/or suggested

Bernardus Senex 135Bonanno 91Brotherhood of Saint-Bénézet 205Buschetto 90Casander of Rome 204Coorland 114Diotisalvi 91Donatus(?) 169Florin of France 204Lanfranc of Modena 86Maurice ingeniator 204Petrus Deustamben 140Raimundus Lombardus 204Regnerus(?) 169Rotbertus 135Teinfrith 204Wernher, architect to Vladislav II 164William of Sens 204

Massa Maritima (Tuscany, Italy), palazzo comunale 237

Matilda, countess of Tuscany (1046–1115) 86, 87, 88, 91, 164

Matilda, duchess of Normandy queen consort of England (1031–1083) 107

Matilda, empress (1102–1167) 112Matthew, apostle, saint 135Maurice ingeniator see master masonsMaurice, son of William de Londres 158Maurus, bishop of Kraków (d. 1118) 166Maximus the Confessor 211Maxwell, Robert 27, 116Mayenne (Mayenne, France), tower

residence 47McCormick, Michael 11McClendon, Charles 35, 253(3)10

Mediterranean Sea 10, 13, 56, 87, 90Mehun-sur-Yèvre (Cher, France), church 211 Meinwerk, bishop of Paderborn (975?–

1036) 44, 73Melbourne (Derbyshire, England), church

of Henry II 159, 172, 212Melisende, queen of Jerusalem (1105–

1161) 131, 132, 133Melkow (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), church 73Mellifont (County Louth, Ireland), Cistercian

abbey 161Melrose (Scottish Borders, Scotland), Cistercian

abbey 161Memleben (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), abbey

church 42, 43

Méobecq (Indre, France), church 112Meriamlik (Mersin, Turkey), San Thecla 96Mĕřín (Vysočina Region, Czech Republic), St

John the Baptist 193Merovingian dynasty 103, 118Meschede (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany),

St Walburgis 47, 106Mesqui, Jean 241metaphors 246 see also research methodsmetrology 207, 257(12)5

Mettlach (Saarland, Germany), Alte Turm 212, 218

Metz (Moselle, France)cathedral of St Stephen 45tower houses 236

Meuse, river 51, 74, 75Meusnes (Loir-et-Cher, France), church 112,

113, 122Michael, saint 125, 200, 210Middle Ages 10, 13, 14, 66Mieszko I, king of Poland (ruled c.

960– 992) 63Mikulčice (Pardubice Region, Czech Republic),

church 63, 64Milan (Lombardy, Italy) 56, 66, 81, 92

Holy Apostles 46, 82, 218 see also San Nazaro

palazzo comunale 237Sant’Ambrogio 49, 50, 81, 82, 85, 87, 108,

123, 181Sant’Eustorgio 49, 50San Lorenzo, Sant’Aquilino 218San Nazaro 70, 77,81, 82, 83, 85, 97, 151 see

also Holy ApostlesSan Simpliciano 46, 96San Satiro 212San Vincenzo in Prato 49, 50

Milevsko (South Bohemian Region, Czech Republic) church 213

millennium 66Minden (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany),

cathedral 46, 68Mljet (Dalmatia, Croatia), St Mary 260(16)11

Modena (Emilia-Romagna, Italy) 66 cathedral 86, 87, 89, 143, 168

modernism 184, 245, 248medieval modernism see Gothic

Moissac (Tarn-et-Garonne, France), monastic church of Saint-Pierre 117, 118, 120, 121

Moje (Marche, Italy), monastic church of Santa Maria 93

Molfetta (Apulia, Italy), cathedral 96monasteries

monasterium meaning ‘church; 102monastic buildings 35, 228–233

chapter house 229, 230, 232cloister 35, 228, 230dormitory 35, 230gatehouse 230, 231 guest range 35infirmary 35, 230 see also hospitalkitchen 111, 112, 230lavabo 230 night stair 210refectory 35, 230reredorter 230, 232school 35scriptorium 231treasury 230, 231

monastic churches see churches, typesmonastic orders 27, 109, 161

monastic reform 13, 27, 47, 76Mondoñedo (Galicia, Spain), cathedral 140monetary system see Carolingian kingdom and

empireMonkwearmouth (Tyne and Wear, England),

abbey 35Monreale (Sicily, Italy), cathedral 98, 99

monastic buildings 262(20)7

Montbazon (Indre-et-Loire, France), great tower 112, 156

Montecassino (Lazio, Italy), abbey church 95, 96, 101, 126, 228

Monte Gargano (Apulia, Italy), shrine of St Michael 200

Montier-en-Der (Haute-Marne, France), monastic church 103

Montmajeur (Bouches-du-Rhône, France), Saint-Pierre 130

Montmorrillon (Vienne, France), octagon 116, 212

Mont-Saint-Michel (Manche, France), abbey church 106, 111

Montserrat (Catalonia, Spain), Santa Cecilia 56Moralejo, Alvarez 142Moravia, province 63, 64, 163Moravské Budějovice (Prague, Czech Republic),

apsed rotunda 163, 212Morgannwg, principality 157Morienval (Oise, France), Notre-Dame 102Mortemer (Eure, France), abbey church 184Moselle, river 51, 75, 76mouldings see decorationMount Garizim (Israel), church of the

Virgin 74Moyne Friary (County Mayo, Ireland) 197Mozarabic architecture 61, 135, 145Mudejar architecture 140Muirchertach, king of Munster

(1050?–1119) 160Muizen (Antwerp, Belgium), St Lambertus 45,

218Münchsteinach (Bavaria, Germany), abbey

church 79Munster, kingdom 159Münzenberg (Hesse, Germany), castle 213,

240, 241Murato (Haute-Corse, France), San

Michele 27, 92Murbach (Vosges, France), monastic church 78,

191Murchadh, king of Ireland (d. 1036) 158Muri (Canton of Aargau, Switzerland), abbey

church 53Myra (Antalya Province, Turkey) 96

Nabi Samwil (Palestinian Territories) 132Namur (Wallonia, Belgium), Saint-Aubin 75Nanteuil-en-Vallée (Charente, France), monastic

treasury 231Naples (Campania, Italy), cathedral 196Naranco (Asturias, Spain)

hall 239 Santa Maria 60

Narni (Umbria, Italy), cathedral 94Navarre, kingdom 142naves see churchesNea Moni (Chios, Greece), Katholikon 201Nebbio (Haute-Corse, France), cathedral 92 Neuenburg (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), castle,

Doppelkapelle 212Neuss (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany), St

Quirinus 191Neustadt (Bavaria, Germany), abbey church 79Neustadt-am-Main (Bavaria, Germany), St

Saviour 37Neuvy-Saint-Sepulchre (Indre, France),

church 112Nevers (Nièvre, France)

cathedral 129Saint-Étienne 122, 126, 129, 136, 178, 180

Nevers, county 129New Shoreham (Sussex, England) 184 Niccolò, sculptor 72, 86, 87Nicholas bishop of Myra, saint (270–343) 96,

107, 247Nicolas de Biart (c. 1260) 204 Nidaros see Trondheimnight stair see monasteriesNijmegen (Gelderland, Netherlands) royal

palaceSt Martin 169St Nicolas 45, 218

Nikopolis (Epirus, Greece), Basilica A 18, 38Nîmes (Gard, France), Temple of Diana 131Nin (Zadar, Croatia), Holy Cross 65Nitrianska Blatnice (Slovakia), St George 63Nivelles (Wallonia, Belgium) St Gertrude 48,

74, 75, 219, 261(19)6

grave of St Gertrude 219Noli (Liguria, Italy), San Paragorio 51, 93Norbert, bishop of Xanten, saint

(1080?–1134) 71Norbertine order see Premonstratensian orderNormandy, duchy 18, 25, 47, 87, 98, 101, 109*,

147, 156, 180, 184, 240, 247Norman conquest of England 67, 147Norman conquest of southern Italy and

Sicily 95Normans 80, 88, 95, 157Nørre Jernløse (Zealand, Denmark),

church 169Norssunda (Stockholm County, Sweden),

church 173North Elmham (Norfolk, England), bishop’s

chapel 220, 221North Sea 172, 198Northampton (Northamptonshire, England),

palace 61Norway, kingdom 170–172, 249Norwich (Norfolk, England)

castle 156, 246cathedral 151, 172, 180, 181, 211, 246

Notker, biographer of Charlemagne (840–912) 12

Notger, bishop of Liège (940?–1008) 45Novara (Piedmont, Italy)

cathedral 83Ognissanti 84palazzo comunale 237

Novgorod (Novgorod Oblast, Russia), churches 202

Noyon (Oise, France), cathedral 179, 180number symbolism see iconographyNuremberg (Bavaria, Germany), palace

chapel 212Nylars (Bornholm, Denmark), St Nicholas 170

Oakham (East Midlands, England), hall 239Oberfeldbrecht (Bavaria, Germany), Saints

Mary and George 79 O’Briain, dynasty 159Ockham’s razor 248 see also research methodsOcquier (Wallonia, Belgium) church 75Odense (Southern Denmark, Denmark), St

Alban 169Oder, river 68, 165, 172Odilo, abbot of Cluny (962?–1048/1049) 47, 52,

55, 66, 130, 254(5)29

Odo of Metz 32Odo, Norman magnate (d. 1098) 108Odolric, abbot of Conques (d. 1065) 119Ohrid (Macedonia), St Sophia 20, 51O’Keeffe, Tadhg 8, 247Olaf Haraldson, king of Norway, saint

(995–1030) 170, 172, 174Olaf Kyrre, king of Norway (1050?–1093) 170Olaf Tryggvason, king of Norway

(960?–1000) 170Olbia (Sardinia, Italy), San Simplicio 91, 92old-fashioned see research methodsOld Sarum (Wiltshire, England)

bishop’s palace 232 castle 152cathedral 152, 213

Old Shoreham (Sussex, England), church 226Oleggio (Piedmont, Italy), church 103Oliba, abbot of Cuxa and Ripoll, bishop of Vic

(971–1046) 58*Olomouc (Moravia, Czech Republic), bishop’s

palace 164Olov Skötkonnung (c. 995–1022) 172Omiš (Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia), St

Peter 65, 168

index • 289


Opatów (Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland), church 167

Oporto (Norte Region, Portugal), Cedofeita, church 145

opus alexandrinum 95opus reticulatum 122, 129Orange (Vaucluse, France), triumphal arch 131Orcival (Puy-de-Dôme, France),

Notre-Dame 122Orderic Vitalis (1075–1142?) 66, 124, 129, 204orders

arch 28, 66, 68 giant 16, 68, 153, 162

Orford (Suffolk, England), great tower 241orientation 210, 219Orkney, earldom 172Orkneyinga Saga 172Orléans (Loiret, France) 66, 100, 101

cathedral of Sainte-Croix 101, 103Saint-Aignan 101, 103, 104, 111, 136

Orphir (Orkney, Scotland), round church or chapel 172

Orp-le-Grand (Wallonia, Belgium), church 75Orthodox Church 19, 65, 95, 97, 131, 200Oslo (Oslo, Norway)

diocese 170cathedral 171Gamle Aker 171

Østerlars (Bornholm, Denmark), St Lau-rence 169, 170

Ostia (Lazio, Italy), houses 236, 237Ostrogoths 33,36, 92Ostrów Lednicki (Poland), palace 63, 238Ottmarsheim (Haut-Rhin, France), monastic

church 77, 78, 218Otto I, emperor (912–73) 13, 40, 42, 64, 223,

224Otto II, emperor (955–983) 41, 42, 58, 74Otto III, emperor (980–1002) 44, 63, 64, 65,

238, 252(2)15

Ottonian dynasty and empire 12–13*, 28, 47, 48, 61, 64, 66, 68, 72, 84, 245

architecture 1, 7, 8, 24, 40–47*, 53, 64, 69, 73, 74, 107

Ovarra (Aragon, Spain), Santa Maria 145oversailing see constructionOviedo (Asturias, Spain)

San Miguel de Lillo (also Linio) 60Santullano de los Prados 60

Oxford (Oxfordshire, England), St Frideswide’s 179

Paderborn (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)Abdinghofkirche 44, 73, 103Busdorfkirche 44, 46cathedral 73, 108, 198, 198palace 44 St Bartholomew 44, 47, 68, 212

Paderna (Piedmont, Italy), castle chapel 167Padua (Veneto, Italy), Arena Chapel 209painting on buildings 207palaces 31, 33, 34, 41, 42, 44, 60, 61, 63, 64, 72,

84, 88, 97, 98, 212, 213, 232–233, 238–239*, 240

to north of church 60, 238See also chapels, palace

palazzo comunale see government buildingsPalencia (Castile and Leon, Spain), cathe-

dral 139, 140, 144Palermo (Sicily, Italy) 90, 97

Cappella Palatina 98, 212cathedral 99La Zisa 98, 200, 238La Cuba 98, 238Martorana 98, 200Ponte Amiraglio 235San Cataldo 98San Francesco 196San Giovanni degli Eremiti 98, 187San Giovanni dei Lebbrosi 98

Palmyra (Syria) 40Pamplona (Navarre, Spain), cathedral 142

Pannonhalma monastery (Győr-Moson-Sopron County, Hungary) 167, 168

Panofsky, Erwin (1892–1968) 66, 178, 245, 251(1)2

papacy 8, 9, 12, 13, 19, 27, 31, 66, 76, 94, 96, 124

Gregorian reform 8Papal states 47, 49, 80, 88, 92–94

Paray-le-Monial (Saône-et-Loire, France), abbey church 127, 128

Paris (Île-de-France, France) 100, 101, 218cathedral 180palace of the Louvre 102Saint-Denis 36, 37, 38, 46, 101, 108, 178,

181Saint-Germain-des-Prés 102Saint-Pierre-de-Montmartre 180Saint-Martin-des-Champs 178, 180Sainte-Chapelle 212

parish churches see churches, typesParma (Emilia-Romagna, Italy) 66, 88

baptistery 189, 213cathedral 84, 85, 89, 165

Parthenay (Deux-Sèvres, France)Holy Sepulchre 115, 116, 235 St-Croix 115

Parthenay-le-Vieux (Deux-Sèvres, France), Saint-Pierre 115, 116

Paschal I, pope, saint (d. 824) 37Paschal II, pope (d. 1118) 85pastophories see churchespatronage 1, 2, 204–205Paul of Caen, abbot of St Alban’s (d. 1093) 148,

149Paulinus, bishop of Tyre (d. 329?) 215Paulinzelle (Thuringia, Germany), monastic

church 77Pavia (Lombardy, Italy) 50, 84, 169

cathedral 70, 77, 84palace of Otto III 238San Michele 72 84, 86, 172Torre Civica 50

Payerne (Canton of Vaud, Switzerland), abbey church 52, 55

Pécs (Baranya County, Hungary) 167cathedral 168

Pedro Deustamben see master masonsPeers, Charles (1868–1952) 248Peirce, Charles (1839–1914) 261(19)4

Peláez see Diego Peláez pendentives see vaults domesPenmon (Anglesey, Wales), priory 159Perge (Antayla Province, Turkey), Basilica A 96Perigord, county 114, 116, 117Périgueux (Dordogne, France)

houses 236Saint-Étienne 116, 117, 213Saint-Front 116, 117

periods 28, 244, 245Carolingian, Ottonian, Romanesque 28whole-culture 28, 245, 253(3)10 Western history, on three-part and two-part

models 13, 14Perpignan (Pyrénées-Orientales, France) 56Perrault, Charles (1628–1703) 153Perrecy-les-Forges (Saône-et-Loire, France),

church 256(9)6

Perros Guirec (Côtes-d’Armor, France), Saint-Jacques 110

Perschen (Bavaria, Germany) rotunda 79Saints Peter and Paul 78

Peter, apostle, saint 116, 121, 136Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny (1092?–

1156) 125, 128, 231Peterborough (Cambridgeshire, England),

cathedral 162,180, 184, 196, 227Petronell (Lower Austria, Austria), rotunda 79Petrus Brunus, sculptor(?) 123Petrus Deustamben see master masonsPeutinger map 10, 11, 135Pförring (Bavaria, Germany), St Leonhard 79

Philip I, king of France (1052–1108) 114, 138Photius, patriarch of Constantinople,

(810?–893?) 212Piacenza (Emilia-Romagna, Italy) 66, 72

cathedral 85, 86, 87, 205 Sant’Antonino 50, 150San Savino 256(8)13

Piegut (Dordogne, France), great tower 263(21)12

piers 14, 15, 23, 24,26, 49compound 51, 62, 66, 83, 87, 89, 101cylindrical 55, 86, 153rectangular 37

Pietro Orseolo, doge, saint (928–998) 58Pilgrim’s Guide see Liber Sancti Jacopipilgrimages 27, 47, 66, 96, 135, 210Pineuilh (Gironde, France), tower residence 47Pippin [the Short], king of the Franks

(714?–768) 37Pirenne, Henri (1862–1935) 10 Pisa (Tuscany, Italy) 51, 66, 91, 92, 247

baptistery 91, 213cathedral 85, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 126campanile 91San Piero a Grado 92

Plaimpied (Cher, France), church 112Plankstetten (Bavaria, Germany), Saints Mary

and John 79, 258(13)4

plans, centralized 19, 46, 51, 53, 56, 63, 64, 71, 229, 230

See also chapels, centralized, and churches: types, centralized

planning and designing 2, 205–207, 210–211, 248

geometry 205–207golden section 205grid systems 235square root of two 205, 206vesica piscis 205

tracing floors 206types:

ambiguous space 14, 15, 18, 20articulation 6, 7, 8, 14, 15, 20–42 passim, 41–42, 49, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 69, 101, 157, 204, 211, 249

Gothic 178, 179units 206

Plasy (Plzeň Region, Czech Republic), Cistercian monastery 164

Plato (424/423BC–348/347BC) 206Płock (Poland), bronze doors 202plough, heavy-wheeled see Carolingian dynasty,

technologyPo, river 49, 55, 85, 86, 92Poitiers (Vienne, France) 40, 115, 116

baptistery 18, 110cathedral 186Notre-Dame-la-Grande 115Saint-Hilaire-le-Grand 114, 122, 256(9)6

Poitou, county 113, 114, 117, 128Poland, kingdom 63–64, 79, 165–167, 193, 249

growth of towns 234politics, political units 100, 247polychromy see masonryPompeii (Campania, Italy)

Stabian baths 63Villa of the Mysteries 228

Pomposa (Emilia-Romagna, Italy) abbot’s hall 239church 49, 81

Pons de Melgueil, abbot of Cluny (1075?–1126) 128

Pontigny (Yonne, France), abbey church 182Poppo, abbot of Stavelot (d. 1048?) 75Poppo, archbishop of Trier (d. 1042?) 76Poppo, bishop of Paderborn (in office

1076–1088) 73Poppo, patriarch of Aquileia (1019–42) 48Poreč (Istria County, Croatia), cathedral 58, 91

baptistery 213Poříčí nad Sázavou (Central Bohemian Region,

Czech Republic), church 213

Porto Torres (Sardinia, Italy), San Gavino 91 Portchester (Hampshire, England), tower

residence 63Port de Cize 114Porter, Arthur Kingsley, (1883–1933) 83, 141,

142Portocalia 145Portofino see San Fruttuoso di CapodimontePortonovo (Marche, Italy), Santa Maria 93Portovenere (Liguria, Italy), San Pietro 196Porto Torres (Sardinia, Italy), San Gavino 91Portugal, kingdom 145, 146, 188postmodernism 243, 244 see also research

methodsPoznań (Greater Poland, Poland) 63, 165

cathedral 64Pozzuoli (Campania, Italy), Piscina Mirabile 14,

15, 58Prague (Prague, Czech Republic) 63, 235

castle 165bishop’s palace 238chapel 213cathedral of St Vitus 63, 164, 166

apsed rotunda 164St George 164

Holy Cross the Lesser 163Hospitallers, church 165Judith Bridge 165, 235Karlshof, chapel 218residence of the Lords of Kunstat 236 St Longinus 163St Martin on the Wall 165Strahov, Premonstratensian house 165Vyšehrad Castle 213

St Peter 212St Laurence 164

Prandocin (Krakow, Poland), St John the Baptist 167

Premonstratensian or Norbertine order 71, 73, 129, 132, 164, 193, 212

Přemyslid dynasty 163Procopius (500?–565?) 217projections axonometric, isometric 281 Provence, county 52, 55, 56, 67, 100, 123, 128,

130, 131, 187Provins (Seine-et-Marne, France), house 236Prussians 64public buildings see government buildingsPudsey, bishop of Durham (1125?–1195) 184Puente la Reina (Navarre, Spain)

bridge 235street grid 235

Puig i Cadafalch, Josep (1867–1956) 7, 48Pyrenees 114, 122, 135, 138, 142, 143, 199, 235

Qal’at Si’man (Syria), church 19, 90Qairouan (Tunisia) 126Qalb Lozeh (Syria) 19, 40Quarante (Hérault, France), Sainte-Marie 122quarrying see masonryQuedlinburg (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany)

St Servatius 72Wipertikirche 43, 73

Querfurt (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), castle chapel 73

Quicherat, Jules (1814–1882) 100Quimper (Finistère, France), Locmaria 110Quimperlé (Finistère, France),

Sainte-Croix 216Quintanilla de las Viñas (Castile and Leon,

Spain), church 61Quintavalle, Arturo Carlo 8, 211, 215

Rab (Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Croatia), cathedral of St Mary the Great 168, 169

Radford, Ralegh (1900–1999) 248Rahan (County Offaly, Ireland), main

church 160Raimundus Lombardus see master masonsRainaldus, abbot of Vezelay (d. after 1128) 128Rainerus, bishop of Florence (d. 1113) 90Ralph Glaber (985?–1047) 66, 207



Ramiro I, king of Aragon (1007–1063) 60, 142Ramleh (Israel) 126Raphael [of Urbino] (1483–1520) 221Rates (Norte Region, Portugal), San Pedro 145Ratger, abbot of Fulda (d. 802) 37Ravello (Campania, Italy), San Giovanni del

Toro 96Ravenna (Emilia-Romagna, Italy) 32, 40, 91, 92

Galla Placidia, oratory 217Orthodox baptistery 18, 49Sant’Apollinare in Classe 49, 216Sant’Apollinare Nuovo 47, 49San Vitale 20, 22, 33, 82, 93, 118San Vittore 49

Raumverschmelzung 178Reconquista 66Red Tower (Plain of Sharon, Israel) crusader

castle 134refectory see monasteriesRegensburg (Bavaria, Germany)

bridge over the Danube 235cathedral of St Peter 46

Allerheiligenkapelle 223, 224St James 160St Emmeram 38

Regularis Concordia see liturgyReichenau (Baden-Württemberg, Germany)

Mittelzell, monastery 228St Mary 22, 37, 40, 43, 53

Oberzell, St George 40, 62Reims (Marne, France) 58, 101,103

cathedral 6, 25, 37, 40, 103, 179Saint-Remi 103, 111, 121, 136, 184, 211tower residence 47

reinforcements see constructionrelics 13, 27, 47, 63, 96, 107, 210Renaissance 13Renoux, Annie 239Repton (Derbyshire, England), St Wystan 62,

151reredorter see monasteriesresearch methods 243–249

bald man paradox 259(15)19

documentary evidence 148, 246explanations 247

accident 248design 248–249 Kunstlandschaft 247

hindsight 183, 192, 245influence 248old-fashioned 66, 69, 246plans, placing of 248semiotics 261(19)4

sources 248 tradition, traditional 66, 76, 77, 246See also dating buildings, evolution,

humanism, metaphors, Oakham’s razor, periods, postmodernism, teleology

Resurrection 47, 216, 221Řeznovice (South Moravian Region, Czech

Republic), chapel 213Rhine, river 41, 51, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 77, 82,

100, 102, 128Rhône, river 55rib vault see vaultsRibe (Southern Denmark, Denmark),

cathedral 169Richard I, duke of Normandy (933–996) 104,

147Richard I, king of England (1157–1199) 241Richard II, duke of Normandy (978/983–

1026) 104, 105Richard Landes 66Richmond (Yorkshire, England), castle 158,

239, 240, 241Rio Mau (Porto, Portugal), São Cristóvão 145Říp (Ústí nad Labem Region, Czech Republic),

St. George, apsed rotunda 163Ripoll (Catalonia, Spain), Santa Maria 57, 58*,

59, 103, 122Rivolta d’Adda (Lombardy, Italy), church 67,

70, 83, 87

Robert II, king of France (972–1031) 56, 101Robert Campin (1375?–1444) 76Robert Fitzhamon, lord (d. 1107) 213–214Robert Guiscard (1015?–1085) 95Robert, abbot of Jumièges, bishop of London,

archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1052/1055) 147

Robert, abbot of Molesme, saint (1028?–1111) 129

Robert, archbishop of Rouen (989–1037) 105Robert, bishop of Hereford (d. 1095) 212Robert, bishop of St Andrews (d. 1159) 162Robert, earl of Bellême (1056–1130) 204Rochester (Kent, England)

castle 156, 212, 234, 241cathedral 155

Roda (Catalonia, Spain), Sant Pere 58, 106Roda de Isábena (Aragon, Spain), cathedral 145Roermond (Roermond, Netherlands), Cistercian

abbey church 191Roger II, king of the Two Sicilies (1095–

1154) 97, 98Roger, abbot of Moissac (in office

1115–131) 121Roger, bishop of Old Sarum/Salisbury

(d. 1139) 158, 209, 232Roger of Pont l’Evêque, archbishop of York

(1115?–1181) 186Rohr (Thuringia, Germany), St Michael 37, 43,

212Rolduc see KerkradeRomainmôtier (Canton of Vaud, Switzerland),

monastic church 52, 55Roman Empire 10, 11, 114, 252(2)15

administration 114, 157architecture 5, 14, 15, 16, 25, 33, 35, 36, 66,

68, 70, 76, 82, 103, 126, 148, 153, 154, 158, 174, 224

law on cemeteries 111masonry tradition 14–26, 155towns 235triumphal arches 34, 87, 114, 131, 148

Roman Empire, Eastern 10, 12, 17, 18, 19, 33, 63, 80, 87, 95, 92, 134, 252–253(2)15

Byzantine architecture 5, 12, 19–22, 38, 41, 49, 51, 56, 57, 63, 64, 71, 91, 93, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 118, 167, 168, 173, 174, 201, 215

sculpture 81, 87Roman Empire, Western 10, 17, 33, 49, 81, 92,

245, 252(2)15

Romance languages 5, 100 Romanesque architecture 1, 2, 5–9*, 14–28*,

38, 69, 80, 81, 87, 94, 95, 131, 157, 184, 245, 246

contexts 10–13definitions 1–9, 10, 14 see also articulation

First 7, 48, 48–59*, 58, 66, 68, 75, 77, 80, 82, 87, 92, 100, 101, 103, 116, 118,

122, 124, 126, 139, 140, 145, 246, 247late 176–177, 195origins 7, 8, 28pre- 8proto- 252(1)14

Second [], 66, 80, 103, 246sources 25square schematism 6

Romanesque sculpture 8, 24, 66, 70, 72, 84, 87, 93, 114, 135, 141, 142

corrente comasca 84Romania 260(16)12

Rome (Lazio, Italy) 10, 48, 58, 61, 80, 81, 91, 94, 95, 97, 136, 172

Aurelian walls 16Basilica Julia 26Basilica of Maxentius 55, 70churches

Sant’Agnese 38San Clemente 94, 97Santa Costanza 212San Giorgio in Velabro 94SS Giovanni e Paolo 94

San Lorenzo 38Santa Maria in Cosmedin 94Santa Maria in Trastevere 94Santa Maria Maggiore 47Santa Maria sopra Minerva 197St Paul’s Outside the Walls 16, 17, 35–37, 44, 47, 51, 80, 94 167, 229

St Peter’s 16, 17, 32, 34, 35–37,43, 46, 48, 51, 58, 63, 68, 69, 80, 90, 94, 101, 103, 106, 126, 149, 150, 219, 247

copies 220, 221Santa Prassede 37Santa Sabina 40Santi Quattro Coronati 94San Sebastiano 17, 38, 63Santo Stefano degli Abessini 37

Colosseum 6, 15, 38Domus Augustana 34Forma urbis romae 35Lateran

cathedral of St John 222cloister 189, 229papal palace 234, 238, 239

triclinium 32Milvian bridge 235Minerva Medica 70Palatine 41, 238Pantheon 55, 90, 127, 246Thermae of Diocletian 36Villa dei Sette Bassi 70Villa Mattei, sarcophagus 254(6)1

Romsey (Hampshire, England), abbey church 162, 248, 258(13)18

Romuald of Ravenna, saint (950?–1025/1027) 58

Ronceray (Maine-et-Loire, France), abbey church 113, 116

Roriczer, Mathes (d. 1495?) 205, 206Roscrea (North Tipperary, Ireland), St

Cronan’s 160Rosheim (Bas-Rhin, France), church 171Roskilde (Zealand, Denmark), church 169Roslyn (Midlothian, Scotland), church 197Rotbertus see master masonsrotundas see chapels, centralized; churches,

types, centralized; and plans centralizedRouen (Seine-Maritime, France) 61, 66, 101

cathedral 37, 40, 105, 106, 148 great tower 104Petit Quevilly, church 184 street grid 235, 254(6)6

Royal Domain 100, 101, 178R’safah (Syria), St Sergius 19 Rudolf of Altenburg, (count of Habsburg

(985/990–1063/1064) 77Rule of St Augustine see Augustinian ruleRule of St Benedict 231Russia 173, 174

Sabiona (South Tyrol, Italy), monastic church 47

Sabratha (Tripolitania, Libya), theatre 62Sagra di San Michele (Piedmont, Italy) 85, 87Sahagún (Castile and Leon, Spain)

San Facundo 140San Tirso 140

Said, Edward (1935–2003) 243Sa’id ibn Akhmad (d. 1070?) 199Saint-Aignan (Loir-et-Cher, France),

church 112 Saint-Antonin-Noble-Val (Tarn-et-Garonne,

France), logis des Graulhet 236, 237Saint-Aubin (Côte-d’Or, France), church 60Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire (Loiret, France), abbey

church 47, 97, 101, 102, 103, 112, 122, 129, 136

Saint-Gabriel (Bouches-du-Rhône, France), church 131

Saint-Germer-de-Fly (Oise, France), Saint-Germer 180

Saint-Géneroux (Deux-Sèvres, France), church 113, 122, 256(9)6

Saint-Genis-des Fontaines (Pyrénées-Orientales, France), church 56

Saint-Genou (Indre, France), church 112, 130Saint-Gilles-du-Gard (Gard, France)

Saint-Gilles 123house 236

Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert (Hérault, France), abbey church 122

Saint-Jean-de-Cole (Dordogne, France), church 117

Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat (Haute-Vienne, France), collegiate church 121

Saint-Lothian (Jura, France), church 53Saint-Martin-de-Boscherville (Dordogne,

France) eleventh-century church 151 Saint-Georges 109

Saint-Martin-du-Canigou (Pyrénées-Orientales, France), abbey church 56, 101, 116, 130, 144

Saint-Martin-de-Londres (Hérault, France), church 123

Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa (Pyrénées-Orientales, France), abbey church 58, 59, 152, 256(9)6

Saint-Michel d’Entraigues (Charente, France), church 116

Saint-Nectaire (Puy-de-Dôme, France), church 122

Saint-Omer (Pas-de-Calais, France), Saint-Bertin 104

Saint-Paul-Trois-Chateaux (Drôme, France), cathedral 130, 131, 187

Saint-Philibert-de-Grandlieu (Loire-Atlantique, France), church 37, 38, 47, 50, 101, 107, 113

Saint-Pons-de-Thomières (Hérault, France), abbey church 214

Saint-Riquier see CentulaSaint-Savin-sur-Gartempe (Poitou, France),

monastic church 115, 208, 209Saint-Sever-sur-l’Adour (Landes, France),

Saint-Sever 118, 229Saint-Séverin-en-Condroz (Wallonia, Belgium),

church 77Saint-Trond (Flemish Region, Belgium), abbey

church 75, 104, 150Saintes (Charente-Maritime, France) 114

cathedral 116Saint-Eutrope 116Sainte-Marie-des-Dames 116

Saintonge, county 112, 114, 116, 117Salamanca (Castile and Leon, Spain),

cathedral 187Saldes (Catalonia, Spain), rotunda 56 Salerno (Campania, Italy), cathedral 95, 96Salet, Francis (1909–2000) 125Salian dynasty 66, 68, 71, 101Salona (Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia) 18, 43Salonika (Central Macedonia, Greece), St

Demetrios 5, 6, 18, 41, 44, 94, 95Saltford (Somerset, England), manor house 237San Benedetto Polironi (Lombardy, Italy),

Cluniac abbey 89San Claudio al Chienti (Marche, Italy), San

Claudio 93, 167San Fruttuoso di Capodimonte (Liguria, Italy),

monastic church 51, 56, 57, 93San Gimignano (Tuscany, Italy), tower

residences 80, 236San Juan de la Peña (Aragon, Spain), abbey

church 144San Juan de las Abadesas (Catalonia, Spain),

San Juan 122San Leo (Emilia-Romagna, Italy), cathedral

of San Leo 93Sancha, daughter of Ramiro I 144Sancha, heir to the Leonese throne 139Sancho el Mayor, king of Navarre

(992?–1035) 138Sancho Ramirez, king of Aragon (1042?–

1094) 144, 145

index • 291


Sandomierz (Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland), Dominican church 193

San Fruttuoso di Capodimonte (Liguria, Italy) 51*, 55, 56, 57, 59, 101

Sannazaro Sesia (Piedmont, Italy), San Nazaro 83, 84, 246

San Pedro de la Nave (Castile and Leon, Spain), church 60, 61

San Vittore delle Chiuse (Marche, Italy), church 93

Sangüesa (Navarre, Spain), Santa María la Real 142

Santa Cristina de Lena (Asturias, Spain), church 60

Santa Cruz de la Serós (Aragon, Spain)church of the Virgin 144, 262(19)22

San Caprasio 145Santa Giusta (Sardinia, Italy), cathedral 91Santa Maria de Melque (Castile–La Mancha,

Spain), church 61Santa Maria de Lebeña (Cantabria, Spain),

church 61Sant’Antimo (Tuscany, Italy), abbey church 91,

97Sant’Antioco (Sardinia, Italy) 91, 92, 227Santes Creus (Catalonia, Spain), monastery 181Sant Llorenç del Munt (Catalonia, Spain),

church 93Sant Martí de Sescorts (Aragon, Spain),

church 145Santiago de Compostela (Galicia, Spain) 136

archbishop’s palace 239 cathedral 60, 110, 135, 136, 137, 138, 150,

162, 165narthex 188sculpture of woman with skull 257(12)5

San Pelayo, monastery 136pilgrimage 67, 121

Santiago de Peñalba (Castile and León, Spain), church 61

San Vittore delle Chiuse (Marche, Italy), monastic church 93, 167

Saone (Syria), castle 134Saône, river 51Sardinia 91, 92Sárvármonostor (Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg

County, Hungary), church 168Sassanian architecture 55Sassoferrato (Marche, Italy), Santa Croce 93Saturninus, bishop of Toulouse, saint

(d. 259?) 118, 119Sauerländer, Willibald 1, 8, 71, 127, 244Savanières (Maine-et-Loire, France),

church 110Saxl, Fritz (1890–1948) 148Saxo-Norman architecture see EnglandSaxons 37Saxony, duchy 41, 68, 71–73, 76, 85, 172Scandinavia 13, 25, 67, 169–174, 247Schaffhausen (Switzerland), monastic

church 53Scheldt, river 68, 75Schöngrabern (Lower Austria, Austria),

church 196Schönhausen (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany),

church 214schools

architectural 100, 128educational 31, 35 see also monasteries

Schwartzrheindorf (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany), chapel 74

Scotland, kingdom 63, 67, 135, 147, 155, 161–162, 172, 185

Scotland, abbot of St Augustine’s, Canterbury (d. 1087) 148

scriptorium see monasteriesSearle, J. R. 243secular buildings 1, 2, 232, 233, 234–241

versus sacred 239see also bridges, castles, houses, and palaces

sedes apostolicae 136Segovia (Castile and Leon, Spain)

San Millán 141Vera Cruz 170

Sedlec (Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic), Cistercian abbey church 164

seigneurial system see feudal systemSelby (Yorkshire, England), abbey church 247Seligenstadt (Hesse, Germany)

palace 196, 238Saints Marcellinus and Peter 37

Selje (Sogn og Fjordane, Norway), St Alban 170

Selles-sur-Cher (Loir-et-Cher, France), church 112

semiotics see research methods Senlis (Oise, France)

Gallo-Roman enceinte 110Saint-Vincent 151

Sens (Yonne, France) 101Saint-Pierre-le-Vif 48, 53, 101tower residence 47, 48

Selo (Goricko, Slovenia), rotunda 79Sequeville-en-Bessin (Calvados, France),

church 214Serbia, kingdom 201, 202Serlo, abbot of Gloucester (d. 1104)Seu de Urgel (Catalonia, Spain), San

Miguel 122shafts

dark-coloured 42, 104decorated 1, 76half- 15, 24, 25, 42, 51, 52, 66, 68, 71, 80,

81, 112, 246keeled 178, 180nook 66

Sherborne (Dorset, England), palace of Bishop Roger of Sarum 232

Sicily 25, 27, 80, 95, 97–99, 133, 148, 200Siegen (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany), St

Nicholas 195–196Siena (Tuscany, Italy), cathedral 196Sigrid, missionary 172, 174Sigtuna (Stockholm County, Sweden)

diocese 172St Nicholas 173St Olaf 173St Peter 172, 173

Sigurd I, king of Norway (1090?–1130) 171silhouette 40, 211 Silos (Castile and León, Spain), Santo

Domingo 141Silvacane (Bouches-du-Rhône, France),

monastic church 187silver see Carolingian dynasty monetary systemSimeon, abbot of Ely (d. 1093) 150Simon, apostle, saint 135Siresa (Aragon, Spain), monastery of San

Pedro 144, 151Skånela (Stockholm County, Sweden),

church 173Skara (Västra Götland County, Sweden),

diocese 174Skripou (Greece), Panaghia; 20, 260(16)10

Slavs 41, 63, 64Slesvig (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany), St

Michael 169Smith, Richard 243Sobĕslav I of Bohemia (1125–40) 163, 236Soest (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany), St

Patroklus 73, 198Soignies (Wallonia, Belgium), church 75, 104Soissons (Aisne, France), Saint-Médard 38 Solignac (Haute-Vienne, France), church 121Solomon, king 33Somport Pass 142Sompting (Sussex, England), church 154Song of Roland 13Sopočani (Raška District, Serbia), Holy

Trinity 202Sopronhorpács (Győr-Moson-Sopron County,

Hungary), abbey church 196Sorède (Pyrénées-Orientales, France),

Saint-André, sculpture 254(5)35,

Souillac (Lot, France), Sainte-Marie 117sources see research methodsSouthwell (Nottinghamshire, England),

minster 152Souvigny (Allier, France), abbey church 130Speyer (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany) 66

cathedral, Speyer I 25, 26, 48, 68*, 69, 70, 75, 80, 81, 84, 85, 101, 103, 108, 116, 147, 149, 150, 153, 207

Speyer II 70, 71, 72, 73, 76, 77, 81, 82, 83, 84, 108, 127, 169, 176, 212

Afrakapelle 69St Emmeram 20, 71, 212

Spiez (Switzerland), church 52Spigno (Piedmont, Italy), church 50Split (Croatia), palace of Diocletian 34, 216spolia 32, 42, 90, 92, 224Spoleto, duchy 92Spoleto (Umbria, Italy)

cathedral 94Sant’Eufemia 94

Spytihněv II, king of Bohemia (d. 1061) 148, 164

square root of two see planning geometrysquare schematism see Romanesque

architecturesquinches see vaults domesSt Albans (Hertfordshire, England), St

Alban 148, 149, 209St Andrews (Fife, Scotland)

cathedral 186St Rules 27, 162

St Asaph’s, diocese 157St David’s (Pembrokeshire, Wales), cathedral

of St David 157, 185St Dogmael’s abbey (Pembrokeshire,

Wales) 158St Gall (Switzerland), plan of a monas-

tery 35–36*, 37, 38, 40, 47, 151, 205, 210, 228, 229, 230, 231

St Lars (Gotland, Sweden), church 202 St Macdara’s Island (County Galway, Ireland),

church 159, 160, 199Stachura, Norbert 35Stalley, Roger 160Stanford (Norfolk, England), church 263(22)24

Starý Plzenec (Plzeň Region, Czech Republic), church 63

Stavanger (Rogaland, Norway), cathedral of St Swithun 170, 171

stave churches see timberStavelot (Wallonia, Belgium), monastic

church 75, 104, 150, 151Stazio, Attilio 207Stefan Nemanja, [ruler of Serbia from 1166 to

1196] 201 Steinbach (Hesse, Germany), Einhard’s

church 22, 37, 64 Stenkirke (Gotland, Sweden), church 198Stephen Harding, abbot of Cîteaux, saint

(d. 1134) 129Stephen, king of England (1092/96–1154) 155Stephen, king of Hungary, saint (970?–

1038) 167, 168Stewart, Cecil 170Ston (Dubrovnik–Neretva County, Croatia), St

Michael 65stone see masonryStow (Suffolk, England), church 63, 152, 154Stradella (Lombardy, Italy), San Marcello 83,

84Strasbourg (Bas-Rhin, France), cathedral

of Notre-Dame 46, 68Stratford, Neil 124, 125Straubing (Bavaria, Germany), St Peter 79 Strzelno (Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Poland)

St Procopius 193St Trinity church 193

Studenica (Serbia) church of the Mother of God 201

Styrnäs (Ångermanland, Sweden), church 173, 214

style 1, 176, 177, 244–246styles 1, 8, 244

phases in 245transitional 183, 246

Suger, abbot of St Denis (1081?–1151) 179Summers, David 245Süpplingenburg (Lower Saxony, Germany) 72Svojšín (Plzeň Region, Czech Republic),

church 213Swabia, duchy 51–53, 77, 78, 85, 129Swarzenski, Hanns (1903–1985) 8, 28Sweden, kingdom 172–174Swithun, saint (d. 862) 154Sylvester II, pope (946–1003) 41, 58symbolism see iconographySyria, province 18, 38, 40, 90Székesfehérvar (Fejér County, Hungary), royal

church of St Mary 168, 193Szekszárd (Tolna, Hungary), church 167

Tahull (Catalonia, Spain), Santa Maria 122Taq Eiwan (Iran), building 55Taranto (Puglia, Italy), cathedral 96Tarascon (Bouches-du-Rhône, France),

Sainte-Marthe 187Tarquinia (Lazio, Italy), Santa Maria in

Castello 94–95Tatev (Syunik, Armenia), church 20 technology see Carolingian dynasty Teinfrith see master masonsteleology 245 see also research methodsTemplars 100, 131, 133, 134Testamentum Domini 221, 223testudo 153Tewkesbury (Gloucestershire, England), abbey

church 153, 158Thaon (Calvados, France), Saint-Pierre 160Theodora, empress, (497?–548) 33 Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths (454–526) 33Theodulf, bishop of Orléans (750/760?–821) 31Theophanou, empress (950/960?–991) 41, 42,

44Theophanou, abbess of Essen, Holy Trinity

(c. 1039) 74 Thiery, abbot of Saint-Remi (active c. 1049)103Thietmar of Merseburg (975–1018) 42Thionville (Lorraine, France) 34, 218Thomas of Bayeux, archbishop of York

(d. 1100) 151Thomas, apostle, saint 135thrones 33, 98Thuringia 77Tiberias (Israel), excavated church 132Tickencote (Rutland, England), church 184Tilleda (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), palace 212,

239Timber architecture 35, 61, 171

northern tradition 25stave churches 169–173wood-roofs and ceilings see churches, and

hallssee also castles

Tingstäde (Gotland, Sweden), church 195Tironensian order 158, 161Tismice (Central Bohemian Region, Czech

Republic) 165 tithes see Carolingian dynasty, economics Tivoli (Lazio, Italy), Hadrian’s Villa 14, 15, 20Toledo (Castile-La Mancha, Spain) 135, 141Tomar (Portugal), Templar castle 146tombs see funerary practicesToques (Galicia, Spain), church 140Toulouse, county 117, 118, 119Toulouse (Haute-Garonne, France)

cathedral, Saint-Étienne 120, 186La Daurade 120Saint-Sernin 119, 125, 126, 136, 137, 142,

209 Touraine, county 110–112



Tournai (Wallonia, Belgium) 76cathedral of Our Lady 104, 211Saint-Brice 64

Tournus (Saône-et-Loire, France) abbey church of Saint-Philibert 54–55*, 59,

75, 108, 113, 126, 153houses 236

Tours (Indre-et-Loire, France) 101, 114Saint-Martin 40, 97, 110, 111, 119, 136, 137,

182towers see castles, and churches towns and cities 1, 11, 27*, 44, 48, 49, 50, 57,

61, 66*, 67, 80, 84, 87, 111, 148, 182, 222, 234, 235, 237, 253(3)18

growth 27tracing floors see planningTrachtenberg, Marvin 8, 9, 183, 244tracing floor see planningtradition, traditional see research methodsTraeger, Jörg 223–224Träkumla (Gotland, Sweden), church 195Trani (Apulia, Italy), cathedral 96transepts see churchesTransylvania (Romania) 167Traquair hunting lodge see Innerleithen 237Travanca (Norte Region, Portugal), São

Salvador 145Treaty of Verdun, 843 10, 13Třebíč (Vysočina Region, Czech Republic), St

Procopius 196trebuchet 239Trelleborg (Skåne County, Denmark), hall 239Tremiti (Apulia, Italy), abbey of Santa

Maria 200Tremolat (Dordogne, France), church 117, 214triclinium 32Trier (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany) 66, 75,

76baths 17cathedral 75, 76, 83, 108Porta Nigra 76Roman hall, 16, 25, 32, 68St Maximin 42

Trim (County Meath, Ireland), castle 240Tripoli, county 133Tripoli (Lebanon), church 133triumphal arches see Roman

Empire, architectureTrizay (Charente-Maritime, France), abbey

church 116Trogir (Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia), St

Barbara 65 Troia (Apulia, Italy), cathedral 96Trondheim (Sør-Trøndelag, Norway),

cathedral 170, 195Trpimir I, duke of Croatia (815?–864) 64Tudela (Navarre, Spain), cathedral 176, 177Tum (Łódź, Poland), collegiate church 166Tunis (Tunisia) 87Turkey 91, 96Turlough O’Conor, king of Connacht

(1088–1156) 155Tuscania (Lazio, Italy)

cathedral 94Santa Maria Maggiore 94

Tuscany, march 83, 86, 8–92Tveje Merløse (Zealand, Denmark), church 169Tyre (Lebanon), cathedral 132, 215

Uchizy (Saône-et-Loire, France), Saint-Pierre 126

Údlice (Ústí nad Labem Region, Czech Republic), church of the Raising of the Holy Cross 201

Ulm (Baden-Württemberg, Germany), cathedral 127

Umm-es-Surab (Syria), monastery 228Unterhaun (Hesse, Germany), chapel 255(6)17

Uppsala (Uppsala County, Sweden) 172pagan temple 173

Urban II, pope (1042?–1099) 80, 83, 119, 121, 123, 124, 129, 131

Urban, bishop of Llandaff (1076?–1134) 158Urnes (Sogn og Fjordane, Norway), stave

church 171, 172Uta (Sardinia, Italy), Santa Maria 91Utrecht (Utrecht, Netherlands)

Mariakerk 76, 84St Peter’s 76, 151Utrecht Psalter 35

Uzerche (Corrèze, France), church 121

Vä (Skåne, Sweden), St Mary 169, 172Vác (Pest County, Hungary) 167

cathedral 168Vaison (Vaucluse, France), church 52, 130Valdediós (Asturias, Spain), San Salvador 60,

135, 146Valenzano (Puglia, Italy), Ognissanti 96Valle di Rostino (Haute-Corse, France), Santa

Maria 92Vasari, Giorgio (1511–1574) 5vaults 7, 114, 226, 249

barrel vaults 55, 119, 126domes 19, 22, 98

on pendentives 22, 51, 113, 116, 120, 121, 132

pendentive domes 113, 118on squinches 46, 47, 52, 65, 85, 93, 97, 126, 142

symbolism 215groin vaults 24, 66, 69, 81, 84, 128rib vaults 24, 69, 70, 108, 151, 178, 180, 181,

222sexpartite 85square profile ribs 69, 70, 76, 80, 82, 83, 97, 108, 111, 115, 130, 173

Velay, county 122Velehrad (Zlín Region, Czech Republic),

Cistercian abbey church 193Velezzo (Lombardy, Italy), baptistery 51, 56, 63Venantius Fortunatus, bishop of Poitiers

(530?–600/609) 40Vendôme, county 112Vendôme (Loir-et-Cher, France), La

Trinité 183, 229Venge (Denmark), monastic church 169, 170Venice (Veneto, Italy); 51, 58, 66, 87, 92, 235

St Mark’s 87, 116, 148, 217, 218Venosa (Basilicata, Italy), cathedral 97,

262(19)22

Vercelli (Piedmont, Italy), Sant’Andrea 190Verdun (Meuse, France), cathedral 45, 75Vergil, bishop of Salzburg (700?–784) see FergilVergnolle, Éliane 6, 8, 100, 123, 211Verhulst, Adriaan 11Vernes (Sør-Trøndelag County, Norway),

church 172Verona (Veneto, Italy) 72, 86

San Lorenzo 87San Zeno 87, 88

Verona, march 86verticality 24, 25, 46, 150, 156, 181Verulamium 148vesica piscis see planning geometryVeszprém (Veszprém, Hungary)

cathedral 167Doppelkapelle 212rotunda 167

Veszprémvölgy, church 168Vézelay (Yonne, France) abbey

of Sainte-Madeleine 128Via Egidiana 123Via Francigena 91Vianden (Luxembourg), palace 238Vibaldone (Lombardy, Italy), abbey church 190Viborg (Jutland, Denmark), cathedral 169Vic (Catalonia, Spain), cathedral 122, 145Vicenza (Veneto, Italy), SS Felice e

Fortunato 38 Vienna (Austria), cathedral of St Stephen 191Vienne (Isère, France),

Saint-Maurice 78Saint-Pierre 106

Vignory (Haute-Marne), Saint Étienne 103, 104, 121

Vikings 11, 40, 54, 61, 63, 104, 198, 199Villani, Giovanni (1276?–1348) 90Villard de Honnecourt (active c. 1235), 204, 205Villejoubert (Charente, France), hall 239Vinec (Central Bohemian Region, Czech

Republic), St Nicholas 193, 194, 213Virring (Jutland, Denmark), timber church 169Visby (Gotland, Sweden) 174

great tower 174St Nicholas 198

Visegrád (Pest County, Hungary), church 167Visigoths 36, 60, 118, 122, 135Vistula, river 64, 165Vita Bennonis Osnabrugensis 255(7)6

Vita Lanfranci 261(17)24

Vita Mathildis 88Vita metrica Sancti Anselmi 91Vitruvius (80/70BC?–15BC?) 16, 153, 205, 206,

219, 240Vladimir (Vladimir Oblast, Russia)

church of the Assumption 202St Demetrius 202

Vladislav II, king of Bohemia (d. 1172) 164, 165von Winterfeld, Dethard 127Vreta (Östergötland, Sweden), church 173Vratislav II, king of Bohemia (d. 1092)Vyšehrad see Prague

Walafrid Strabo (808?–849) 215Wales 63, 67, 147, 155, 157–159, 185Walkelin, bishop of Winchester (d. 1098) 149,

150wall passages see churches, and castlesWalter of the Mill, archbishop of Palermo

(d. 1191) 99Waltham (Essex, England), abbey church 62,

246Wareham (Dorset, England), church 154Wartburg, Eisenach (Thuringia, Germany),

castle 232Waverley (Surrey, England) abbey 155Wells (Somerset, England), cathedral 179, 186Wenceslas I, duke of Bohemia (907?–935) 63,

164Werckmeister, Otto Karl 128Werden (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)

St Lucius 74 St Liudger 196St Salvator 39, 44, 46, 61, 220

Werla (Lower Saxony, Germany), chapel 212, 239

Wernher, bishop of Strasbourg (978/980–1028) 46

Wernher, architect to Vladislav II see master masons

westblocks see churcheswestworks see churchesWickham, Chris 252(2)3

Whitehill, Walter M. (1905–1978) 142, 144 Widdington (Essex, England), Anglo-Saxon

building 263(21)6

Wieselburg (Lower Austria, Austria), St Ulrich 46, 47, 212

Wigbert, abbot of Hersfeld, saint (d. 746) 220Wiligelmus, sculptor 86William Durandus, bishop of Mende

(1230?–1296) 215William I, duke of Aquitaine (875–918) 47William I, king of the Two Sicilies (d. 1166) 98William II, king of the Two Sicilies (1166–

1189) 98, 99William II, king of England (1056–1100) 151William of Corbeil, archbishop of Canterbury

(1070?–1136) 156William, abbot of Hirsau (1030?–1091) 77William de Londres 158William Fitz Osbern, earl of Hereford

(1020?–1071) 157William of Malmesbury (1095/1096–

1143?) 147, 255(7)1

William, abbot of Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire (1067–1080) 102

William of Sens see master masonsWilliam of Tyre 133William of Volpiano (962?–1031) 53, 55, 66William the Conqueror, king of England

(1028?–1087) 107, 148, 150, 155, 156, 247Willigis, archbishop of Mainz (940?–1011) 71Wimmis (Canton of Bern, Switzerland), church

of St Martin 52Wimpfen-im-Tal (Baden-Württemberg,

Germany), palace chapel 218Winchester (Hampshire, England) 61

cathedralAnglo-Saxon 61Norman 149, 151, 153, 156, 209, 246

street grid 235residence of Bishop Henry of Blois 240

Wino, abbot 44Wiślica (Busko County, Poland), church 64,

213, 238Wittering (Cambridgeshire, England), All

Saints 154, 263(22)24

Wölfflin, Heinrich (1864–1945) 244, 247wooden buildings see timber architecture Woodstock (Oxfordshire, England), Everswell

royal manor house 232, 238Worcester (Worcestershire, England),

cathedral 152, 153, 158Worms (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany),

cathedral 71, 191Wright, Frank Lloyd (1867–1959) 248Wrocław (Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)

cathedral 194 Mary Magdalene 193

Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester (d. 1095) 152Würzburg (Bavaria, Germany)

double-storeyed chapel 46Our Lady of the Fortress 246St Burkhard 79

Xanten (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)church 70residence of Archbishop Brun 241

York (Yorkshire, England)cathedral 150, 151, 185, 186

exterior painting 208, 209tracing floor 206

St Mary 229

Záboří nad Labem (Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic), palace chapel 164, 212

Zadar (Zadar County, Croatia)cathedral 64St Chrysogonus 194St Donatus 64, 212, 213, 218St Lawrence 65, 168St Mary 168

Zawichost (Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland), rotunda 255(6)23

Zdík, see Jindřich Zeitz (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), cathedral 213Zeno, emperor (d. 491) 74Znojmo (South Moravian Region, Czech

Republic), castle chapel, apsed rotunda 163

AA BB CC DD EE FF GG HH

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55

S W I T Z E R L A N DS W I T Z E R L A N D

N E T H E R L A N D SN E T H E R L A N D S

C Z E C H R E P U B L I CC Z E C H R E P U B L I C

B E L G I U MB E L G I U M

L U X E M B O U R GL U X E M B O U R G


G E R M A N YG E R M A N Y


F R A N C EF R A N C E

I T A L YI T A L Y

S L O V E N I AS L O V E N I A

A U S T R I AA U S T R I A

H U N G A R YH U N G A R Y

M A C E D O N I AM A C E D O N I A

S L O VA K I AS L O VA K I A

P O L A N DP O L A N D

C R O A T I AC R O A T I A

S E R B I AS E R B I A

I R E L A N DI R E L A N D

U N I T E D

K I N G D O M

U N I T E D

K I N G D O M

AngoulêmeAngoulême

LimogesLimoges

Le DoratLe Dorat

SolignacSolignacUzercheUzerche

St-Léonard-de-NoblatSt-Léonard-de-Noblat

BrantômeBrantômePérigordPérigord

MontagrierMontagrier

St-AvitSt-Avit

CahorsCahorsMarcilhacMarcilhac

AgenAgenMoissacMoissac

CarcassonneCarcassonne AnianeAnianeMaguelonneMaguelonneQuaranteQuarante

St-Guilhem- le-Désert


NarbonneNarbonne

BarberáBarberá

BesalúBesalú

RipollRipoll

VicVic

San Juande las AbadesasSan Juande las Abadesas

GironaGirona

St-Gilles-du-GardSt-Gilles-du-Gard

EstagelEstagel

CuxaCuxaSeo de UrgelSeo de Urgel

NîmesNîmes

AvignonAvignonCavaillonCavaillon

AletAlet

CarennacCarennacSouilhacSouilhac BeaulieuBeaulieuLa Sauve-MajeureLa Sauve-Majeure

St-Jean-de-CôleSt-Jean-de-Côle

OloronOloron

CommingesComminges St-GaudensSt-Gaudens

ToulouseToulouseAuchAuch

St-Sever-sur-l’AdourSt-Sever-sur-l’Adour

Gensac-la-PallueGensac-la-Pallue MelleMelle

ParthenayParthenay

BrioudeBrioudeLe PuyLe Puy

ConquesConquesVilleneuve d’AveyronVilleneuve d’Aveyron

VallenceVallence

St-Paul-Trois-ChâteauSt-Paul-Trois-Château

Clermont-FerrandClermont-Ferrand

La Charité-sur-Loire


Nevers Nevers

St-Benoît-sur-LoireSt-Benoît-sur-Loire

SellesSelles

AirvaultAirvault

St AignanSt Aignan

Anzy-le-DucAnzy-le-DucParayParay

AutunAutunPerrecy-

les-ForgesPerrecy-

les-ForgesChapaizeChapaize

BeauneBeaune CîteaxCîteax

BesançonBesançon

LyonLyonVienneVienne

SaulieuSaulieu

ClunyCluny

TournusTournusUchizyUchizy

CharlieuCharlieu

FontenayFontenayAvallonAvallon

VézelayVézelay

IssoireIssoireSt-NectaireSt-NectaireOrcivalOrcival

FontevraudFontevraud

St-Joiun-de-MarneSt-Joiun-de-Marne

ThouarsThouars

CharrouxCharroux

ChauvignyChauvigny

CivrayCivray

LoudunLoudun

MontmorillonMontmorillon

PoitiersPoitiersSt-Savin-sur-GartempeSt-Savin-sur-Gartempe

DigneDigneSisteronSisteron

ArlesArles

MontmajourMontmajour

SilvacaneSilvacane

VaisonVaison

SenanqueSenanque

AulnayAulnaySaintesSaintes

AixAix

St-GénérouxSt-Généroux

SensSensÉtampesÉtampes

BloisBloisBeaugencyBeaugency

OrléansOrléans Germigny des PrésGermigny des Prés

ParisParisSt DenisSt Denis

SenlisSenlis

ReimsReims

ChartresChartres

BernayBernayIvry-la-Bataille Ivry-la-Bataille

VerneuilVerneuil

St OmerSt Omer

GhentGhentBrugesBruges

TherouanneTherouanneLillersLillers

DouaiDouai NivellesNivellesSoigniesSoigniesCentulaCentula

BeauvaisBeauvaisJumiègesJumièges

RouenRouen

St-Martin-de-Boscherville


FalaiseFalaise

CaenCaenAudrieuAudrieuGrimbosqGrimbosq

BayeuxBayeux

LessayLessay

Mont-St-MichelMont-St-MichelLandévennecLandévennec

LanleffLanleff

Perros-GuirecPerros-GuirecLanmeurLanmeur

QuimperQuimper

QuimperléQuimperlé

St-Gildas-de-RhuysSt-Gildas-de-Rhuys

Saint-Philbert-de-GrandlieuSaint-Philbert-de-Grandlieu

CérisyCérisy

Montier en DerMontier en Der

VignoryVignory

AngersAngersCunaultCunault

LavardinLavardin

LeMans

LeMans

Azay-le-RideauAzay-le-Rideau

Beaulieu-les-LochesBeaulieu-les-Loches

Chatillon-sur-IndreChatillon-sur-Indre

ChinonChinon

CormeryCormery

CravantCravant

LangeaisLangeais

MéobecqMéobecq

LochesLoches MeusnesMeusnesToursTours

MontbazonMontbazon

St-GenouSt-Genou

AuxerreAuxerre

PlaimpiedPlaimpied

Neuvy-St-SepulchreNeuvy-St-Sepulchre

Prague Prague

BrixenBrixen

RegensburgRegensburg

EchternachEchternach TrierTrier

MetzMetzVerdunVerdun

GorzeGorze

NancyNancy

AthAth

ReimsReims

AugsburgAugsburg

EinsiedelnEinsiedeln

KonstanzKonstanz

ReichenauReichenauSchaffhausenSchaffhausen

HirsauHirsau

AlpirsbachAlpirsbach

StrasbourgStrasbourg

FrankfurtFrankfurtJohannisbergJohannisberg SeligenstadtSeligenstadt

IngelheimIngelheimMainzMainz

Limburg-an-der-HaardtLimburg-an-der-Haardt

SteinbachSteinbach

SpeyerSpeyer Wimpfen Wimpfen

KleincomburgKleincomburg

WormsWorms

FuldaFulda

HersfeldHersfeldRohrRohr

HamburgHamburg

PaulinzellaPaulinzella

BremenBremen

MindenMinden HildesheimHildesheim

MünsterMünsterVredenVreden

PaderbornPaderbornSoestSoest

GoslarGoslar

KönigslutterKönigslutterBrunswickBrunswick

MagdeburgMagdeburgHalberstadtHalberstadt

QuedlinburgQuedlinburg

MemlebenMemleben MerseburgMerseburg

GernrodeGernrode

MeschedeMeschede

CorveyCorveyGandersheimGandersheim

AachenAachen

MaastrichtMaastrichtKerkradeKerkrade

WerdenWerden

Saint-TrondSaint-Trond

Cambrai Cambrai StavelotStavelot

NijmegenNijmegen

LiègeLiège

CologneCologne

EssenEssen

DeutzDeutz

CellesCelles

Baume-les-MessieursaBaume-les-Messieursa

MuriMuri

Saint-Maurice d’AgauneSaint-Maurice d’Agaune

DeventerDeventer

EmmerichEmmerich

UtrechtUtrecht

StraubingStraubing

IlmmünsterIlmmünsterNeustadtNeustadt

HeidenheimHeidenheim

AltenstadtAltenstadt

PerschenPerschen

WürzburgWürzburgMünchsteinachMünchsteinach

OberfeldbrechtOberfeldbrechtHeilsbronn Heilsbronn

AinauAinau

BiburgBiburgPförringPförring

GredingGredingPlankstettenPlankstetten

Bad GöggingBad Gögging

HamerslebenHamersleben

HastièreHastière IlbenstadtIlbenstadtMaria LaachMaria LaachNamurNamur

OcquierOcquier

Orp-le-grandOrp-le-grand

PetronellPetronell

SchwarzrheindorfSchwarzrheindorf

SeloSelo

AostaAosta

IvreaIvreaSannazaro

SesiaSannazaro

Sesia NovaraNovara

DulzagoDulzagoComoComo

AgliateAgliateMilanMilan CalvenzanoCalvenzano

Rivolta d'AddaRivolta d'Adda

ParmaParmaCanossa Canossa ModenaModena

BolognaBologna

PorečPorečVeniceVenice

PomposaPomposaFerraraFerrara

PortonovoPortonovo

RavennaRavenna

PisaPisa

LuccaLucca

EmpoliEmpoli

FlorenceFlorence

San GimignanoSan Gimignano

Sant’AntimoSant’Antimo

Assisi Assisi

Spoleto Spoleto

Narni Narni

Ascoli PicenoAscoli Piceno

AnconaAncona

San Claudio al ChientiSan Claudio al Chienti

RomeRome

TremitiTremiti

NebbioNebbioMuratoMurato LuccianaLucciana

Valle di RostinoValle di Rostino

San BenedettoPolirone


MantuaMantua

VeronaVerona

GenoaGenoa

PiacenzaPiacenzaStradellaStradellaLomelloLomelloPaviaPavia

SassoferratoSassoferratoMojeMoje

San Vittoredelle ChiuseSan Vittoredelle Chiuse

HuescaHuesca Roda deIsábenaRoda deIsábena

OvarraOvarra

IguácelIguácel

SantMartíSescortsSantMartíSescorts

ManresaManresa

CanigouCanigouSaint-EstèveSaint-Estève

San Juan de la PeñaSan Juan de la PeñaSiresaSiresaLeyreLeyre

Santa Cruzde la SerosSanta Cruzde la Seros

LoarreLoarre

BurgosBurgos

SegoviaSegoviaÁvilaÁvila

SilosSilosFrómistaFrómista

LeónLeón

SahagúnSahagún

PalenciaPalenciaJacaJaca

SangüesaSangüesaSomport PassSomport Pass

Barton-upon-HumberBarton-upon-Humber

GolthoGolthoLincolnLincoln

StowStow

SouthwellSouthwell

WitteringWittering

MelbourneMelbourneReptonRepton

WorcesterWorcester

CanterburyCanterbury

WalthamWaltham

ChristchurchChristchurchWimborne

MinsterWimborne

MinsterPortchesterPortchester

SomptingSompting

RomseyRomseyWinchesterWinchester

ExeterExeterSherborneSherborne Milborne

PortMilbornePort

NetheravonNetheravonOld SarumOld Sarum

ColchesterColchester

Castle RisingCastle RisingKing's LynnKing's Lynn

NorwichNorwichElyEly

BlythBlyth

DurhamDurham

BuryBury

BaltinglassBaltinglass

BoyleBoyle

Gallarus OratoryGallarus Oratory

KilfenoraKilfenora

CashelCashel

ClonfertClonfert

KillaloeKillaloe

ClonmacnoiseClonmacnoiseMellifontMellifont

RahanRahan

KincoraKincora

RoscreaRoscrea

DevenishDevenish

KirkstallKirkstallYorkYork

FountainsFountains

RichmondRichmond

ChesterChester

EarlsBartonEarls

BartonGreat PaxtonGreat Paxton

HadstockHadstock HedinghamHedinghamSt AlbansSt Albans

LondonLondonWestminsterWestminster

WaverleyWaverleyRochesterRochester

GloucesterGloucesterChepstowChepstow

Bradford-on-AvonBradford-on-AvonEwennyEwenny

LlangennyddLlangennydd

LlandaffLlandaff

HerefordHerefordTewkesburyTewkesbury

Stanton LacyStanton Lacy

BangorBangor

St Dogmael’sSt Dogmael’sSt David’sSt David’s

PenmonPenmonLlandrillo-yn-RhosLlandrillo-yn-RhosAberffrawAberffraw

BoulogneBoulogne

DublinDublin

BernayBernay

DoksanyDoksanyRípRíp

JakubJakubZáborí nad LabemZáborí nad Labem

CzerwinskCzerwinsk

GnieznoGnieznoŁeknoŁeknoPoznańPoznań

MogilnoMogilno

LubínLubín

TumTum

InowłodzInowłodz

OpatówOpatów

KrakowKrakow

PrandocinPrandocin

TismiceTismicePlasyPlasy OlomoucOlomouc

Moravské BudejoviceMoravské BudejoviceZnojmoZnojmo

SedlecSedlec

BoldvaBoldva

PannonhalmaPannonhalma

GaramszentbenedekGaramszentbenedekEger Eger

VácVác

VisegrádVisegrád

KalocsaKalocsa

RabRab

ZadarZadar

PetronellPetronellDömösDömös

GyőrGyőr

SzékesfehérvárSzékesfehérvárVeszprémVeszprém

SárvármonostorSárvármonostor

SzekszárdSzekszárd

PécsPécs

ScheiblingkirchenScheiblingkirchen

JellingJelling

OdenseOdenseRibeRibeRoskildeRoskilde

NylarsNylars

ǾsterlarsǾsterlars

BorrieBorrieLundLund

DalbyDalby

HammarlundaHammarlunda

SlesvigSlesvig

TvejeMerløse

TvejeMerløse

San Pedro de La NaveSan Pedro de La Nave

FlavignyFlavigny

SteinbachSteinbach

QuerfurtQuerfurt

Feddersen-WierdeFeddersen-Wierde

GiebłoGiebło

FerentinumFerentinumTivoliTivoli

SalonaSalonaSplitSplit

OhridOhrid

SalzburgSalzburg

AquileiaAquileia

StudenicaStudenica

BourgesBourges

BordeauxBordeaux

MuizenMuizen

ThionvilleThionville

WieselburgWieselburg

LechfeldLechfeld

LouvainLouvain

Groningen Groningen

CompiègneCompiègne

Ottmarsheim Ottmarsheim

BambergBamberg

VelezzoVelezzo

SpignoSpigno

AmerAmer

L’Ecluse-HauteL’Ecluse-HauteSant Pere de RodaSant Pere de Roda

PerpignanPerpignanBurgalBurgal

Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa


CardonaCardona

Saint-Martin du CanigouSaint-Martin du Canigou

MontserratMontserrat

San FruttuosoSan Fruttuoso

NoliNoli

GallianoGalliano

BagnacavalloBagnacavallo

FarfaFarfa

BiellaBiella

AmsoldingenAmsoldingenSpiezSpiezWimmisWimmis

PayernePayerne

RomainmôtierRomainmôtier

AimeAime

Sagra diSan Michele

Sagra diSan Michele

MarseilleMarseilleFréjusFréjus

ChapaizeChapaize

DijonDijon

Chatillon-sur-SeineChatillon-sur-Seine

BöckweilerBöckweiler

NarancoNaranco San Miguel de LinioSan Miguel de Linio

Santa Cristina de LenaSanta Cristina de Lena

EscaladaEscaladaPeñalbaPeñalba

Quintanillade las ViñasQuintanillade las Viñas

ValdediósValdediós

Santa Maria de LebeñaSanta Maria de Lebeña

OviedoOviedo

TournaiTournai

DoverDover

Barnack Barnack BrixworthBrixworth

NorthamptonNorthampton

DeerhurstDeerhurst

HerdeckeHerdecke

LorschLorsch

BudečBudeč

GieczGiecz

GnieznoGniezno

KałdusKałdus

Ostrów LednickiOstrów Lednicki

Nitrianska BlatniceNitrianska BlatniceMikulčiceMikulčice

Starý PlzenecStarý Plzenec

NinNin

TrogirTrogir

OmišOmišStonSton

IndenInden

Saint-AubinSaint-Aubin

HöfeHöfe

OstabatOstabat

RoncesvallesRoncesvallesPuente

La ReinaPuente

La Reina

HulínHulínVelehradVelehrad

ViennaVienna

BélapátfalvaBélapátfalva

Kościelec ProszowickiKościelec Proszowicki

SandomierzSandomierz

WąchockWąchockWrocławWrocław

StrzelnoStrzelno

JákJák

SopronSopronKleinmariazellKleinmariazell

FelsőörsFelsőörs

SopronhorpácsSopronhorpács

CsempeszkopácsCsempeszkopács

ZsámbékZsámbék

PilisszentkeresztPilisszentkereszt

KjyeKjyeAmiensAmiens

Evreux Evreux

MortemerMortemer

Petit QuevillyPetit QuevillySaint-Germer-de-FlySaint-Germer-de-Fly

LaonLaonNoyonNoyon

MorienvalMorienval

VendômeVendômeClairvauxClairvaux

LangresLangres

ArrasArrasVinecVinec

MĕřínMĕřínTřebíčTřebíč

SchöngrabernSchöngrabern

EsztergomEsztergom

FécampFécamp

PontignyPontigny

MorlaàsMorlaàs

GlastonburyGlastonbury

MargamMargam

New/Old ShorehamNew/Old Shoreham

BallintoberBallintober

MalmesburyMalmesbury IffleyIffley

Castle AcreCastle AcrePeterboroughPeterborough

TickencoteTickencote

NewsteadNewstead

RocheRoche

DublinDublin

LausanneLausanne

Le ThoronetLe Thoronet

ArezzoArezzo

PistoiaPistoiaPortovenerePortovenere

Massa MaritimaMassa Maritima

CremonaCremonaVibaldoneVibaldone

VercelliVercelli

Cavagnolo PoCavagnolo Po

Civita CastellanaCivita Castellana

Le ThorLe ThorMalaucèneMalaucène

TarasconTarascon

RoermondRoermond

HeisterbachHeisterbach

SiegenSiegen

Limburg-an-der-LahnLimburg-an-der-Lahn

MarburgMarburg

Neuss Neuss

RingstedRingstedKalundborg Kalundborg

JerichowJerichow

EberbachEberbach

MurbachMurbach

Tudela Tudela

Lleida Lleida

Toro Toro

ArthousArthous

ZamoraZamora

SalamancaSalamanca

Ciudad Rodrigo Ciudad Rodrigo Casamari Casamari

St Macdara'sIslandSt Macdara'sIsland

0 100 200 km

100 m

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

endpaperA.024.pdf 26/02/2014 15:05:02

Modern locations of places mentioned in the text: map A, inner areas.

This map is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art)

available from Yale University Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7


11

22

33

44

55



C Z E C H R E P U B L I CC Z E C H R E P U B L I C

B E L G I U MB E L G I U M

L U X E M B O U R GL U X E M B O U R G


G E R M A N YG E R M A N Y


F R A N C EF R A N C E

I T A L YI T A L Y

S L O V E N I AS L O V E N I A

A U S T R I AA U S T R I A

H U N G A R YH U N G A R Y

M A C E D O N I AM A C E D O N I A

S L O VA K I AS L O VA K I A

P O L A N DP O L A N D

C R O A T I AC R O A T I A

S E R B I AS E R B I A

I R E L A N DI R E L A N D

U N I T E D

K I N G D O M

U N I T E D

K I N G D O M

AngoulêmeAngoulême

LimogesLimoges

Le DoratLe Dorat

SolignacSolignacUzercheUzerche

St-Léonard-de-NoblatSt-Léonard-de-Noblat

BrantômeBrantômePérigordPérigord

MontagrierMontagrier

St-AvitSt-Avit

CahorsCahorsMarcilhacMarcilhac

AgenAgenMoissacMoissac

CarcassonneCarcassonne AnianeAnianeMaguelonneMaguelonneQuaranteQuarante



NarbonneNarbonne

BarberáBarberá

BesalúBesalú

RipollRipoll

VicVic

San Juande las AbadesasSan Juande las Abadesas

GironaGirona

St-Gilles-du-GardSt-Gilles-du-Gard

EstagelEstagel

CuxaCuxaSeo de UrgelSeo de Urgel

NîmesNîmes

AvignonAvignonCavaillonCavaillon

AletAlet

CarennacCarennacSouilhacSouilhac BeaulieuBeaulieuLa Sauve-MajeureLa Sauve-Majeure

St-Jean-de-CôleSt-Jean-de-Côle

OloronOloron

CommingesComminges St-GaudensSt-Gaudens

ToulouseToulouseAuchAuch

St-Sever-sur-l’AdourSt-Sever-sur-l’Adour

Gensac-la-PallueGensac-la-Pallue MelleMelle

ParthenayParthenay

BrioudeBrioudeLe PuyLe Puy

ConquesConquesVilleneuve d’AveyronVilleneuve d’Aveyron

VallenceVallence

St-Paul-Trois-ChâteauSt-Paul-Trois-Château

Clermont-FerrandClermont-Ferrand



Nevers Nevers

St-Benoît-sur-LoireSt-Benoît-sur-Loire

SellesSelles

AirvaultAirvault

St AignanSt Aignan

Anzy-le-DucAnzy-le-DucParayParay

AutunAutunPerrecy-

les-ForgesPerrecy-

les-ForgesChapaizeChapaize

BeauneBeaune CîteaxCîteax

BesançonBesançon

LyonLyonVienneVienne

SaulieuSaulieu

ClunyCluny

TournusTournusUchizyUchizy

CharlieuCharlieu

FontenayFontenayAvallonAvallon

VézelayVézelay

IssoireIssoireSt-NectaireSt-NectaireOrcivalOrcival

FontevraudFontevraud

St-Joiun-de-MarneSt-Joiun-de-Marne

ThouarsThouars

CharrouxCharroux

ChauvignyChauvigny

CivrayCivray

LoudunLoudun

MontmorillonMontmorillon

PoitiersPoitiersSt-Savin-sur-GartempeSt-Savin-sur-Gartempe

DigneDigneSisteronSisteron

ArlesArles

MontmajourMontmajour

SilvacaneSilvacane

VaisonVaison

SenanqueSenanque

AulnayAulnaySaintesSaintes

AixAix

St-GénérouxSt-Généroux

SensSensÉtampesÉtampes

BloisBloisBeaugencyBeaugency

OrléansOrléans Germigny des PrésGermigny des Prés

ParisParisSt DenisSt Denis

SenlisSenlis

ReimsReims

ChartresChartres

BernayBernayIvry-la-Bataille Ivry-la-Bataille

VerneuilVerneuil

St OmerSt Omer

GhentGhentBrugesBruges

TherouanneTherouanneLillersLillers

DouaiDouai NivellesNivellesSoigniesSoigniesCentulaCentula

BeauvaisBeauvaisJumiègesJumièges

RouenRouen



FalaiseFalaise

CaenCaenAudrieuAudrieuGrimbosqGrimbosq

BayeuxBayeux

LessayLessay

Mont-St-MichelMont-St-MichelLandévennecLandévennec

LanleffLanleff

Perros-GuirecPerros-GuirecLanmeurLanmeur

QuimperQuimper

QuimperléQuimperlé

St-Gildas-de-RhuysSt-Gildas-de-Rhuys

Saint-Philbert-de-GrandlieuSaint-Philbert-de-Grandlieu

CérisyCérisy

Montier en DerMontier en Der

VignoryVignory

AngersAngersCunaultCunault

LavardinLavardin

LeMans

LeMans

Azay-le-RideauAzay-le-Rideau

Beaulieu-les-LochesBeaulieu-les-Loches

Chatillon-sur-IndreChatillon-sur-Indre

ChinonChinon

CormeryCormery

CravantCravant

LangeaisLangeais

MéobecqMéobecq

LochesLoches MeusnesMeusnesToursTours

MontbazonMontbazon

St-GenouSt-Genou

AuxerreAuxerre

PlaimpiedPlaimpied

Neuvy-St-SepulchreNeuvy-St-Sepulchre

Prague Prague

BrixenBrixen

RegensburgRegensburg

EchternachEchternach TrierTrier

MetzMetzVerdunVerdun

GorzeGorze

NancyNancy

AthAth

ReimsReims

AugsburgAugsburg

EinsiedelnEinsiedeln

KonstanzKonstanz

ReichenauReichenauSchaffhausenSchaffhausen

HirsauHirsau

AlpirsbachAlpirsbach

StrasbourgStrasbourg

FrankfurtFrankfurtJohannisbergJohannisberg SeligenstadtSeligenstadt

IngelheimIngelheimMainzMainz

Limburg-an-der-HaardtLimburg-an-der-Haardt

SteinbachSteinbach

SpeyerSpeyer Wimpfen Wimpfen

KleincomburgKleincomburg

WormsWorms

FuldaFulda

HersfeldHersfeldRohrRohr

HamburgHamburg

PaulinzellaPaulinzella

BremenBremen

MindenMinden HildesheimHildesheim

MünsterMünsterVredenVreden

PaderbornPaderbornSoestSoest

GoslarGoslar

KönigslutterKönigslutterBrunswickBrunswick

MagdeburgMagdeburgHalberstadtHalberstadt

QuedlinburgQuedlinburg

MemlebenMemleben MerseburgMerseburg

GernrodeGernrode

MeschedeMeschede

CorveyCorveyGandersheimGandersheim

AachenAachen

MaastrichtMaastrichtKerkradeKerkrade

WerdenWerden

Saint-TrondSaint-Trond

Cambrai Cambrai StavelotStavelot

NijmegenNijmegen

LiègeLiège

CologneCologne

EssenEssen

DeutzDeutz

CellesCelles

Baume-les-MessieursaBaume-les-Messieursa

MuriMuri

Saint-Maurice d’AgauneSaint-Maurice d’Agaune

DeventerDeventer

EmmerichEmmerich

UtrechtUtrecht

StraubingStraubing

IlmmünsterIlmmünsterNeustadtNeustadt

HeidenheimHeidenheim

AltenstadtAltenstadt

PerschenPerschen

WürzburgWürzburgMünchsteinachMünchsteinach

OberfeldbrechtOberfeldbrechtHeilsbronn Heilsbronn

AinauAinau

BiburgBiburgPförringPförring

GredingGredingPlankstettenPlankstetten

Bad GöggingBad Gögging

HamerslebenHamersleben

HastièreHastière IlbenstadtIlbenstadtMaria LaachMaria LaachNamurNamur

OcquierOcquier

Orp-le-grandOrp-le-grand

PetronellPetronell

SchwarzrheindorfSchwarzrheindorf

SeloSelo

AostaAosta

IvreaIvreaSannazaro

SesiaSannazaro

Sesia NovaraNovara

DulzagoDulzagoComoComo

AgliateAgliateMilanMilan CalvenzanoCalvenzano

Rivolta d'AddaRivolta d'Adda

ParmaParmaCanossa Canossa ModenaModena

BolognaBologna

PorečPorečVeniceVenice

PomposaPomposaFerraraFerrara

PortonovoPortonovo

RavennaRavenna

PisaPisa

LuccaLucca

EmpoliEmpoli

FlorenceFlorence

San GimignanoSan Gimignano

Sant’AntimoSant’Antimo

Assisi Assisi

Spoleto Spoleto

Narni Narni

Ascoli PicenoAscoli Piceno

AnconaAncona

San Claudio al ChientiSan Claudio al Chienti

RomeRome

TremitiTremiti

NebbioNebbioMuratoMurato LuccianaLucciana

Valle di RostinoValle di Rostino



MantuaMantua

VeronaVerona

GenoaGenoa

PiacenzaPiacenzaStradellaStradellaLomelloLomelloPaviaPavia

SassoferratoSassoferratoMojeMoje

San Vittoredelle ChiuseSan Vittoredelle Chiuse

HuescaHuesca Roda deIsábenaRoda deIsábena

OvarraOvarra

IguácelIguácel

SantMartíSescortsSantMartíSescorts

ManresaManresa

CanigouCanigouSaint-EstèveSaint-Estève

San Juan de la PeñaSan Juan de la PeñaSiresaSiresaLeyreLeyre

Santa Cruzde la SerosSanta Cruzde la Seros

LoarreLoarre

BurgosBurgos

SegoviaSegoviaÁvilaÁvila

SilosSilosFrómistaFrómista

LeónLeón

SahagúnSahagún

PalenciaPalenciaJacaJaca

SangüesaSangüesaSomport PassSomport Pass

Barton-upon-HumberBarton-upon-Humber

GolthoGolthoLincolnLincoln

StowStow

SouthwellSouthwell

WitteringWittering

MelbourneMelbourneReptonRepton

WorcesterWorcester

CanterburyCanterbury

WalthamWaltham

ChristchurchChristchurchWimborne

MinsterWimborne

MinsterPortchesterPortchester

SomptingSompting

RomseyRomseyWinchesterWinchester

ExeterExeterSherborneSherborne Milborne

PortMilbornePort

NetheravonNetheravonOld SarumOld Sarum

ColchesterColchester

Castle RisingCastle RisingKing's LynnKing's Lynn

NorwichNorwichElyEly

BlythBlyth

DurhamDurham

BuryBury

BaltinglassBaltinglass

BoyleBoyle

Gallarus OratoryGallarus Oratory

KilfenoraKilfenora

CashelCashel

ClonfertClonfert

KillaloeKillaloe

ClonmacnoiseClonmacnoiseMellifontMellifont

RahanRahan

KincoraKincora

RoscreaRoscrea

DevenishDevenish

KirkstallKirkstallYorkYork

FountainsFountains

RichmondRichmond

ChesterChester

EarlsBartonEarls

BartonGreat PaxtonGreat Paxton

HadstockHadstock HedinghamHedinghamSt AlbansSt Albans

LondonLondonWestminsterWestminster

WaverleyWaverleyRochesterRochester

GloucesterGloucesterChepstowChepstow

Bradford-on-AvonBradford-on-AvonEwennyEwenny

LlangennyddLlangennydd

LlandaffLlandaff

HerefordHerefordTewkesburyTewkesbury

Stanton LacyStanton Lacy

BangorBangor

St Dogmael’sSt Dogmael’sSt David’sSt David’s

PenmonPenmonLlandrillo-yn-RhosLlandrillo-yn-RhosAberffrawAberffraw

BoulogneBoulogne

DublinDublin

BernayBernay

DoksanyDoksanyRípRíp

JakubJakubZáborí nad LabemZáborí nad Labem

CzerwinskCzerwinsk

GnieznoGnieznoŁeknoŁeknoPoznańPoznań

MogilnoMogilno

LubínLubín

TumTum

InowłodzInowłodz

OpatówOpatów

KrakowKrakow

PrandocinPrandocin

TismiceTismicePlasyPlasy OlomoucOlomouc

Moravské BudejoviceMoravské BudejoviceZnojmoZnojmo

SedlecSedlec

BoldvaBoldva

PannonhalmaPannonhalma

GaramszentbenedekGaramszentbenedekEger Eger

VácVác

VisegrádVisegrád

KalocsaKalocsa

RabRab

ZadarZadar

PetronellPetronellDömösDömös

GyőrGyőr

SzékesfehérvárSzékesfehérvárVeszprémVeszprém

SárvármonostorSárvármonostor

SzekszárdSzekszárd

PécsPécs

ScheiblingkirchenScheiblingkirchen

JellingJelling

OdenseOdenseRibeRibeRoskildeRoskilde

NylarsNylars

ǾsterlarsǾsterlars

BorrieBorrieLundLund

DalbyDalby

HammarlundaHammarlunda

SlesvigSlesvig

TvejeMerløseTveje

Merløse

San Pedro de La NaveSan Pedro de La Nave

FlavignyFlavigny

SteinbachSteinbach

QuerfurtQuerfurt

Feddersen-WierdeFeddersen-Wierde

GiebłoGiebło

FerentinumFerentinumTivoliTivoli

SalonaSalonaSplitSplit

OhridOhrid

SalzburgSalzburg

AquileiaAquileia

StudenicaStudenica

BourgesBourges

BordeauxBordeaux

MuizenMuizen

ThionvilleThionville

WieselburgWieselburg

LechfeldLechfeld

LouvainLouvain

Groningen Groningen

CompiègneCompiègne

Ottmarsheim Ottmarsheim

BambergBamberg

VelezzoVelezzo

SpignoSpigno

AmerAmer

L’Ecluse-HauteL’Ecluse-HauteSant Pere de RodaSant Pere de Roda

PerpignanPerpignanBurgalBurgal



CardonaCardona

Saint-Martin du CanigouSaint-Martin du Canigou

MontserratMontserrat

San FruttuosoSan Fruttuoso

NoliNoli

GallianoGalliano

BagnacavalloBagnacavallo

FarfaFarfa

BiellaBiella

AmsoldingenAmsoldingenSpiezSpiezWimmisWimmis

PayernePayerne

RomainmôtierRomainmôtier

AimeAime

Sagra diSan Michele

Sagra diSan Michele

MarseilleMarseilleFréjusFréjus

ChapaizeChapaize

DijonDijon

Chatillon-sur-SeineChatillon-sur-Seine

BöckweilerBöckweiler

NarancoNaranco San Miguel de LinioSan Miguel de Linio

Santa Cristina de LenaSanta Cristina de Lena

EscaladaEscaladaPeñalbaPeñalba

Quintanillade las ViñasQuintanillade las Viñas

ValdediósValdediós

Santa Maria de LebeñaSanta Maria de Lebeña

OviedoOviedo

TournaiTournai

DoverDover

Barnack Barnack BrixworthBrixworth

NorthamptonNorthampton

DeerhurstDeerhurst

HerdeckeHerdecke

LorschLorsch

BudečBudeč

GieczGiecz

GnieznoGniezno

KałdusKałdus

Ostrów LednickiOstrów Lednicki

Nitrianska BlatniceNitrianska BlatniceMikulčiceMikulčice

Starý PlzenecStarý Plzenec

NinNin

TrogirTrogir

OmišOmišStonSton

IndenInden

Saint-AubinSaint-Aubin

HöfeHöfe

OstabatOstabat

RoncesvallesRoncesvallesPuente

La ReinaPuente

La Reina

HulínHulínVelehradVelehrad

ViennaVienna

BélapátfalvaBélapátfalva

Kościelec ProszowickiKościelec Proszowicki

SandomierzSandomierz

WąchockWąchockWrocławWrocław

StrzelnoStrzelno

JákJák

SopronSopronKleinmariazellKleinmariazell

FelsőörsFelsőörs

SopronhorpácsSopronhorpács

CsempeszkopácsCsempeszkopács

ZsámbékZsámbék

PilisszentkeresztPilisszentkereszt

KjyeKjyeAmiensAmiens

Evreux Evreux

MortemerMortemer

Petit QuevillyPetit QuevillySaint-Germer-de-FlySaint-Germer-de-Fly

LaonLaonNoyonNoyon

MorienvalMorienval

VendômeVendômeClairvauxClairvaux

LangresLangres

ArrasArrasVinecVinec

MĕřínMĕřínTřebíčTřebíč

SchöngrabernSchöngrabern

EsztergomEsztergom

FécampFécamp

PontignyPontigny

MorlaàsMorlaàs

GlastonburyGlastonbury

MargamMargam

New/Old ShorehamNew/Old Shoreham

BallintoberBallintober

MalmesburyMalmesbury IffleyIffley

Castle AcreCastle AcrePeterboroughPeterborough

TickencoteTickencote

NewsteadNewstead

RocheRoche

DublinDublin

LausanneLausanne

Le ThoronetLe Thoronet

ArezzoArezzo

PistoiaPistoiaPortovenerePortovenere

Massa MaritimaMassa Maritima

CremonaCremonaVibaldoneVibaldone

VercelliVercelli

Cavagnolo PoCavagnolo Po

Civita CastellanaCivita Castellana

Le ThorLe ThorMalaucèneMalaucène

TarasconTarascon

RoermondRoermond

HeisterbachHeisterbach

SiegenSiegen

Limburg-an-der-LahnLimburg-an-der-Lahn

MarburgMarburg

Neuss Neuss

RingstedRingstedKalundborg Kalundborg

JerichowJerichow

EberbachEberbach

MurbachMurbach

Tudela Tudela

Lleida Lleida

Toro Toro

ArthousArthous

ZamoraZamora

SalamancaSalamanca

Ciudad Rodrigo Ciudad Rodrigo Casamari Casamari

St Macdara'sIslandSt Macdara'sIsland

0 100 200 km

100 m

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

endpaperA.024.pdf 26/02/2014 15:05:02



Aachen 2d

Aberffraw 1b

Agen 4c

Agliate 4e

Aime 4d

Ainau 3f

Airvault 4c

Aix 5d

Alpirsbach 3e

Altenstadt 3e

Amer 5c

Amiens 3c

Amsoldingen 4e

Ancona 5f

Angers 3c

Angoulême 4c

Aniane 5c

Anzy-le-Duc 4d

Aosta 4d

Aquileia 4f

Arezzo 5f

Arras 2c

Arthous 5b

Ascoli Piceno 5f

Assisi 5f

Ath 2d

Auch 5c

Audrieu 3c

Augsburg 3e

Aulnay 4c

Autun 4d

Auxerre 3d

Avallon 3d

Avignon 5d

Ávila 5a

Azay-le-Rideau 3c

Bad Gögging 3f

Bagnacavallo 5f

Ballintober 1a

Baltinglass 1a

Bamberg 3e

Bangor 1b

Barberà 5c

Barnack 1c

Barton-upon-Humber 1c

Bayeux 3c

Beaugency 3c

Beaulieu 4c

Beaulieu-les-Loches 4c

Beaune 4d

Beauvais 3c

Bélapátfalva 3h

Bernay 3c

Besalú 5c

Besançon 4d

Biburg 3f

Biella 4e

Blois 3c

Blyth 1c

Böckweiler 3e

Boldva 3h

Bologna 4f

Bordeaux 4b

Borrie 1e

Boulogne 2c

Bourges 4c

Boyle 1a

Bradford-on-Avon 2b

Brantôme 4c

Bremen 1e

Brioude 4c

Brixen 4f

Brixworth 2c

Bruges 2d

Brunswick 2e

Budeč 2f

Burgal 5c

Burgos 5a

Bury 2c

Caen 3c

Calvenzano 4e

Cambrai 2d

Canigou 5c

Canossa 4e

Canterbury 2c

Carcassone 5c

Cardona 5c

Carennac 4c

Casamari 5f

Cashel 1a

Castle Acre 2c

Castle Rising 1c

Cavagnolo 4e

Cavaillon 5d

Celles 3d

Centula 2c

Chapaize 4d

Charlieu 4d

Charroux 4c

Chartres 3c

Chatillon-sur-Indre 4c Chatillon-sur-Seine 3d

Chauvigny 4c

Chester 1b

Chinon 3c

Christchurch 2b

Chur 4e

Cîteaux 4d

Ciudad Rodrigo 5a

Civita Castellana 5f

Civray 4c

Clermont-Ferrand 4c

Clonfert 1a

Clonmacnoise 1a

Cluny 4d

Colchester 2c

Cologne 2e

Comminges 5c

Como 4e

Compiègne 3c

Conques 4c

Cormery 3c

Corvey 2e

Cravant 3c

Cremona 4e

Csempeszkopács 4g

Cunault 3c

Cuxa 5c

Czerwinsk 2h

Dalby 1e

Deerhurst 2b

Deutz 2e

Devenish 1a

Deventer 2d

Digne 5d

Dijon 4d

Disentis 4e

Doksany 2f

Dömös 3g

Douai 2d

Dover 2c

Dublin 1b

Dubrovnik 5h

Dulzago 4e

Durham 1c

Earls Barton 2c

Eberbach 3e

Echternach 3d

Eger 3h

Einsiedeln 4e

Ely 2c

Emmerich 2d

Empoli 5f

Escalada 5a

Essen 2d

Estagel 5c

Esztergom 3g

Étampes 3c

Evreux 3c

Ewenny 2b

Exeter 2b

Falaise 3c

Farfa 5f

Fécamp 3c

Feddersen-Wierde 1e

Felsőörs 4g

Ferentinum 5f

Ferrara 4f

Flavigny 3d

Florence 5f

Fontenay 3d

Fontevraud 3c

Fountains 1c

Frankfurt 3e

Fréjus 5d

Frómista 5a

Fulda 2e

Gallarus Oratory 1a

Galliano 4e

Gandersheim 2e

Garamszentbenedek 3g

Gensac-la-Pallue 4c

Genoa 5e

Germigny-des-Prés 3c

Gernrode 2e

Ghent 2d

Giebło 2h

Giecz 2g

Girona 5c

Glastonbury 2b

Gloucester 2b

Gniezno 2g

Goltho 1c

Gorze 3d

Goslar 2e

Grandlieu 3b

Great Paxton 2c

Greding 3f

Grimbosq 3c

Groningen 1d

Győr 3g

Gyulafehérvár 4h

Hadstock 2c

Halberstadt 2e

Hamburg 1e

Hamersleben 2e

Hastière 3d

Hedingham 2c

Heidenheim 3e

Heilsbronn 3e

Heisterbach 2e

Herdecke 2e

Hereford 2b

Hersfeld 2e

Hildesheim 2e

Hirsau 3e

Höfe 2e

Huesca 5b

Hulín 3g

Iffley 2c

Iguácel 5b

Ilbenstadt 2e

Ilmmünster 3f

Inden 2d

Ingelheim 3e

Inowłódz 2h

Issoire 4c

Ivrea 4e

Ivry-la-Bataille 3c

Jaca 5b

Ják 3g

Jakub 3g

Jelling 1e

Jerichow 2f

Johannisberg 3e

Jumièges 3c

Kałdus 1f

Kalocsa 4h

Kalundborg 1e

Kerkrade 2d

Kilfenora 1a

Killaloe 1a

Kincora 1a

King’s Lynn 1c

Kirkstall 1c

Kjye 2f

Kleincomburg 3e

Kleinmariazell 3g

Königslutter 2e

Konstanz 3e

Kościelec Proszowicki 2h

Krakow 2h

L’Ecluse-Haute 5c

La Charité-sur-Loire 4c

La Sauve-Majeure 4b

Landévennec 3b

Langeais 3c

Langres 3d

Lanleff 3b

Lanmeur 3b

Laon 3d

Lausanne 4d

Lavardin 3c

Le Dorat 4c

Le Mans 3c

Le Puy 4d

Le Thor 5d

Le Thoronet 5d

Lechfeld 3e

Łekno 2g

León 5a

Les Baux 5d

Lessay 3b

Leyre 5b

Liège 2d

Lillers 2d

Limburg-an-der-Haardt 3e

Limburg-an-der-Lahn 2e

Limoges 4c

Lincoln 1c

Llandaff 2b

Llandrillo-yn-Rhos 1b

Llangennydd 2b

Lleida 5c

Loarre 5b

Loches 3c

Lomello 4e

London 2c

Lorsch 3e

Loudun 3c

Louvain 2d

Lubin 2g

Lucca 5e

Lucciana 5e

Lund 1e

Lyon 4d

Maastricht 2d

Magdeburg 2f

Maguelonne 5d

Mainz 3e

Malaucène 5d

Malmesbury 2b

Manresa 5c

Mantua 4e

Marburg 2e

Marcilhac 4c

Margam 2b

Maria Laach 2e

Marseille 5d

Massa Maritima 5e

Melbourne 1c

Melle 4c

Mellifont 1b

Memleben 2f

Méobecq 4c

Měřín 3g

Merseburg 2f

Meschede 2e

Metz 3d

Meusnes 3c

Mikulčice 3g

Milan 4e

Milborne Port 2b

Minden 2e

Modena 4e

Mogilno 2g

Moissac 5c

Moje 5f

Montagrier 4c

Montbazon 3c

Montier-en-Der 3d

Montmajour 5d

Montmorillon 4c

Montserrat 5c

Mont-St-Michel 3b

Moravské Budějovice 3g

Index to map A

This map index is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) available from Yale University Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7

Morienval 3c

Morlaàs 5c

Mortemer 3c

Muizen 2d

Münchsteinbach 3e

Münster 2e

Murato 5e

Muri 4e

Murbach 3d

Namur 2d

Nancy 3d

Naranco 4a

Narbonne 5c

Narni 5f

Nebbio 5e

Netheravon 2b

Neuss 2d

Neustadt 3f

Neuvy-St-Sepulchre 4c

Nevers 4c

New Shoreham 2c

Newstead 1c

Nijmegen 2d

Nîmes 5d

Nin 5g

Nitrianska Blatnice 3g

Nivelles 2d

Noli 5e

Northampton 2c

Norwich 2c

Novara 4e

Noyon 3d

Nylars 1e

Oberfeldbrecht 3e

Ocquier 2d

Odense 1e

Ohrid 5h

Old Sarum 2b

Old Shoreham 2c

Olomouc 3g

Oloron 5b

Omiš 5g

Opatów 2h

Orcival 4c

Orléans 3c

Orp-le-Grand 2d

Ostabat 5b

Østerlars 1e

Ostrów Lednicki 2g

Ottmarsheim 3e

Ovarra 5c

Oviedo 4a

Paderborn 2e

Palencia 5a

Pannonhalma 3g

Paray 4d

Paris 3c

Parma 4e

Parthenay 4c

Paulinzella 2f

Pavia 4e

Payerne 4d

Pécs 4g

Peñalba 5a

Penmon 1b

Périgord 4c

Perpignan 5c

Perrecy-les-Forges 4d

Perros-Guirec 3b

Perschen 3f

Peterborough 2c

Petit Quevilly 3c

Petronell 3g

Pförring 3f

Piacenza 4e

Pilisszentkereszt 3g

Pisa 5e

Pistoia 5e

Plaimpied 4c

Planksetten 3f

Poitiers 4c

Pomposa 4f

Pontigny 3d

Poreč 4fPortchester 2c

Portonovo 5f

Portovenere 5e

Poznań 2g

Prague 3f

Prandocin 2h

Puente La Reina 5b

Quarante 5c

Quedlinburg 2e

Querfurt 2f

Quimper 3b

Quimperlé 3b

Quintanilla de las Viñas 5a

Rab 4g

Rahan 1a

Ravenna 5f

Reichenau 3e

Reims 3d

Repton 1c

Ribe 1e

Richmond 1c

Ringsted 1e

Říp 2f

Ripoll 5c

Rivolta d’Adda 4e

Roche 1c

Rochester 2c

Roda de Isábena 5c

Roermond 2d

Rohr 2e

Romainmôtier 4d

Rome 5f

Romsey 2c

Roncesvalles 5b

Roscrea 1a

Roskilde 1e

Rouen 3c

Sagra di San Michele 4d

Sahagún 5a

Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire 3c

Saintes 4b

Saint-Aignan 3c

Saint-Aubin 4d

Saint-Avit 4c

Saint-Denis 3c

Saint-Estève 5c

Saint-Gaudens 5c

Saint-Généroux 3c

Saint-Genou 4c

Saint-Germer-de-Fly 3c

Saint-Gildas-de-Rhuys 3b

Saint-Gilles-du-Gard 5d

Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert 5c

Saint-Jean-de-Côle 4c

Saint-Jouin-de-Marnes 4c

Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat 4c

Saint-Martin-de-Boscherville 3c

Saint-Martin-du-Canigou 5c

Saint-Maurice-d’Agaune 4d

Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa 5c

Saint-Nectaire 4c

Saint-Omer 2c

Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux 5d

Saint-Philbert-de-Grandlieu 3b

Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe 4c

Saint-Sever-sur-l’Adour 5b

Saint-Trond 2d

Salamanca 5a

Salona 5g

Salzburg 3f

San Benedetto Polirone 4e

San Claudio al Chienti 5f

San Fruttuoso 5e

San Gimignano 5f

San Juan de la Peña 5b

San Juan de las Abadesas 5c

San Miguel de Linio 4a

San Pedro de la Nave 5a

San Vittore delle Chiuse 5f

Sandomierz 2h

Sangüesa 5b

Sannazaro 4e

Sant Martí Sescorts 5c

Sant Pere de Roda 5c

Sant’Antimo 5f

Santa Christina de Lena 5a

Santa Cruz de la Seros 5b

Santa María de Lebeña 5a

Sárvármonostor 3h

Sassoferrato 5f

Saulieu 4d

Schaffhausen 3e

Scheiblingkirchen 3g

Schöngrabern 3g

Schwarzrheindorf 2e

Sedlec 3g

Seligenstadt 3e

Selles 3c

Selo 4g

Senanque 5d

Senlis 3c

Sens 3d

Seo de Urgel 5c

Sesia 4e

Sesia 4e

Sherborne 2b

Siegen 2e

Silos 5b

Silvacane 5d

Siresa 5b

Sisteron 5d

Slesvig 1e

Soest 2e

Soignies 2d

Solignac 4d

Somport Pass 5b

Sompting 2c

Sopron 3g

Sopronhorpács 3g

Souillac 4c

Southwell 1c

Speyer 3e

Spiez 4e

Spigno 4e

Split 5g

Spoleto 5f

St Albans 2c

St David’s 2b

St Dogmael’s 2b

St Macdara’s Island 1a

Stanton Lacy 2b

Starý Plzenec 3f

Stavelot 2d

Steinbach 3e Ston 5g

Stow 1c

Stradella 4e

Strasbourg 3e

Straubing 3f

Strzelno 2g

Studenica 5h

Székesfehérvár 3g

Szekszárd 4g

Tarascon 5d

Tewkesbury 2b

Therouanne 2c

Thionville 3d

Thouars 3c

Tickencote 1c

Tismice 3f

Tivoli 5f

Toro 5a

Toulouse 5c

Tournai 2d

Tournus 4d

Tours 3c

Třebíč 3g

Tremiti 5g

Trier 3d

Trogir 5g

Tudela 5b

Tum 2g

Tveje Merløse 1e

Uchizy 4d

Utrecht 2d

Uzerche 4c

Vác 3h

Vaison 5d

Valdediós 4a

Valle di Rostino 5e

Vallence 4d

Velehrad 3g

Velezzo 4e

Vendôme 3c

Venice 4f

Vercelli 4e

Verdun 3d

Verneuil 3c

Verona 4e

Veszprém 3g

Vézelay 3d

Vibaldone 4e

Vic 5c

Vienna 3g

Vienne 4d

Villeneuve d’Aveyron 4c

Vinec 2f

Visegrád 3g

Vreden 2d

Wachock 2h

Waltham 2c

Waverley 2c

Westminster 2c

Wieselburg 3g

Wimborne Minster 2b

Wimmis 4e

Wimpfen 3e

Winchester 2c

Wittering 2c

Worcester 2b

Worms 3e

Wrocław 2g

Würzburg 3e

York 1c

Záborí nad Labem 3f

Zadar 5g

Zamora 5a

Znojmo 3g

Zsámbék 3g

index to map a • 2

This map index is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) available from Yale University Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7


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S P A I NS P A I N

N O R W A YN O R W A Y

S W E D E NS W E D E N

D E N M A R KD E N M A R K

L I B Y AL I B Y A

G R E E C EG R E E C E

P O R T U G A LP O R T U G A L

I T A L YI T A L Y

U N I T E DK I N G D O M


MontecassinoMontecassinoTroiaTroia

CanosaCanosaBarletta Barletta

TraniTrani

RuvoRuvo

MolfettaMolfetta

BitettoBitettoBariBari

BitontoBitonto

VenosaVenosaAcerenzaAcerenza

TarantoTaranto

Gerace Gerace

BrindisiBrindisiAversaAversa

Cefalù Cefalù

Olbia Olbia Porto Torres Porto Torres BisarcioBisarcioArdaraArdara

BoruttaBoruttaBosaBosaSanta GiustaSanta Giusta

UtaUta DolianovaDolianovaCórdoba Córdoba

GuimarãesGuimarãesTravancaTravancaRio MauRio Mau

OportoOporto

ToledoToledo

ToquesToques

BragaBragaErmeloErmelo

CoimbraCoimbra

TomarTomar

MondoñedoMondoñedo

AbernethyAbernethy LeucharsLeucharsSt AndrewsSt Andrews

MelroseMelrose

BrechinBrechin

DunfermlineDunfermline

JedburghJedburghKelsoKelso

AskebyAskeby

HavdhemHavdhemVisbyVisbyHaderedHadered

HalltorpHalltorp

HusabyHusabyKällstadKällstad

LinköpingLinköping

NorssundaNorssundaSigtunaSigtuna SkånelaSkånela

SkaraSkara

StyrnäsStyrnäs

UppsalaUppsalaBergenBergen LunnerLunner

OsloOslo

SeljeSelje

StavangerStavanger

Trondheim(Nidaros)

Trondheim(Nidaros)

UrnesUrnes

BirsayBirsay EgilsayEgilsayKirkwallKirkwallOrphirOrphir

HørningHørningVirringVirring VäVä

HammarlundaHammarlundaVengeVenge

ViborgViborg

DønnesDønnes

ConstantinopleConstantinople

ChernigovChernigov

BogolyubovoBogolyubovo

VladimirVladimir

GyulafehérvárGyulafehérvár

EphesusEphesusNea MoniNea Moni HierapolisHierapolis

Lepcis MagnaLepcis Magna

CardonaCardona

PozzuoliPozzuoli

NikopolisNikopolis

CorinthCorinthDaphniDaphni

Hosios LukasHosios Lukas

SalonikaSalonika

FyrkatFyrkat

BarcelonaBarcelona

Santa Maria de MelqueSanta Maria de Melque Saccargia Saccargia

FossanovaFossanovaNaplesNaples

VarnhemVarnhem

SantiagoSantiago

TarragonaTarragona

Valencia Valencia

AlcobaçaAlcobaça

RatesRates

Lisbon Lisbon Évora Évora

MonrealeMonrealePalermoPalermo

M a d e i r aM a d e i r a

NovgorodNovgorod

S Y R I AS Y R I A

L E B A N O NL E B A N O N

I S R A E LI S R A E L

P a l e s t i n i a nT e r r i t o r i e sP a l e s t i n i a nT e r r i t o r i e s J O R D A NJ O R D A N

T U R K E YT U R K E Y

R U S S I AR U S S I A

U K R A I N EU K R A I N E

R O M A N I AR O M A N I A

ColiathColiath

AntiochAntioch

SaoneSaone

EdessaEdessa

TripoliTripoli

Abu GhoshAbu Ghoshal-Qubaibaal-QubaibaKhirbat ‘IqbalaKhirbat ‘Iqbala

RamlaRamlaRed TowerRed Tower

Nabi SamwilNabi SamwilAcreAcre

TiberiasTiberiasTyreTyre

Giblet (Byblos)Giblet (Byblos)BeirutBeirut

KrakKrak

BelvoirBelvoirJacob’s WellJacob’s Well

HattinHattin

Bethany Bethany

Li Vauxde MoiseLi Vaux

de Moise

JerusalemJerusalemBaituniyaBaituniya

AlexandriaAlexandriaAbu MinaAbu Mina

CairoCairoHermopolisHermopolis

0 100 200 km

100 m

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

endpaperB.019.pdf 26/02/2014 15:07:30

Modern locations of places mentioned in the text: map B, outer areas.




11

22

33

44

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S P A I NS P A I N

N O R W A YN O R W A Y

S W E D E NS W E D E N

D E N M A R KD E N M A R K

L I B Y AL I B Y A

G R E E C EG R E E C E

P O R T U G A LP O R T U G A L

I T A L YI T A L Y



MontecassinoMontecassinoTroiaTroia

CanosaCanosaBarletta Barletta

TraniTrani

RuvoRuvo

MolfettaMolfetta

BitettoBitettoBariBari

BitontoBitonto

VenosaVenosaAcerenzaAcerenza

TarantoTaranto

Gerace Gerace

BrindisiBrindisiAversaAversa

Cefalù Cefalù

Olbia Olbia Porto Torres Porto Torres BisarcioBisarcioArdaraArdara

BoruttaBoruttaBosaBosaSanta GiustaSanta Giusta

UtaUta DolianovaDolianovaCórdoba Córdoba

GuimarãesGuimarãesTravancaTravancaRio MauRio Mau

OportoOporto

ToledoToledo

ToquesToques

BragaBragaErmeloErmelo

CoimbraCoimbra

TomarTomar

MondoñedoMondoñedo

AbernethyAbernethy LeucharsLeucharsSt AndrewsSt Andrews

MelroseMelrose

BrechinBrechin

DunfermlineDunfermline

JedburghJedburghKelsoKelso

AskebyAskeby

HavdhemHavdhemVisbyVisbyHaderedHadered

HalltorpHalltorp

HusabyHusabyKällstadKällstad

LinköpingLinköping

NorssundaNorssundaSigtunaSigtuna SkånelaSkånela

SkaraSkara

StyrnäsStyrnäs

UppsalaUppsalaBergenBergen LunnerLunner

OsloOslo

SeljeSelje

StavangerStavanger

Trondheim(Nidaros)

Trondheim(Nidaros)

UrnesUrnes

BirsayBirsay EgilsayEgilsayKirkwallKirkwallOrphirOrphir

HørningHørningVirringVirring VäVä

HammarlundaHammarlundaVengeVenge

ViborgViborg

DønnesDønnes

ConstantinopleConstantinople

ChernigovChernigov

BogolyubovoBogolyubovo

VladimirVladimir

GyulafehérvárGyulafehérvár

EphesusEphesusNea MoniNea Moni HierapolisHierapolis

Lepcis MagnaLepcis Magna

CardonaCardona

PozzuoliPozzuoli

NikopolisNikopolis

CorinthCorinthDaphniDaphni

Hosios LukasHosios Lukas

SalonikaSalonika

FyrkatFyrkat

BarcelonaBarcelona

Santa Maria de MelqueSanta Maria de Melque Saccargia Saccargia

FossanovaFossanovaNaplesNaples

VarnhemVarnhem

SantiagoSantiago

TarragonaTarragona

Valencia Valencia

AlcobaçaAlcobaça

RatesRates

Lisbon Lisbon Évora Évora

MonrealeMonrealePalermoPalermo

M a d e i r aM a d e i r a

NovgorodNovgorod

S Y R I AS Y R I A

L E B A N O NL E B A N O N

I S R A E LI S R A E L

P a l e s t i n i a nT e r r i t o r i e sP a l e s t i n i a nT e r r i t o r i e s J O R D A NJ O R D A N

T U R K E YT U R K E Y

R U S S I AR U S S I A

U K R A I N EU K R A I N E

R O M A N I AR O M A N I A

ColiathColiath

AntiochAntioch

SaoneSaone

EdessaEdessa

TripoliTripoli

Abu GhoshAbu Ghoshal-Qubaibaal-QubaibaKhirbat ‘IqbalaKhirbat ‘Iqbala

RamlaRamlaRed TowerRed Tower

Nabi SamwilNabi SamwilAcreAcre

TiberiasTiberiasTyreTyre

Giblet (Byblos)Giblet (Byblos)BeirutBeirut

KrakKrak

BelvoirBelvoirJacob’s WellJacob’s Well

HattinHattin

Bethany Bethany

Li Vauxde MoiseLi Vaux

de Moise

JerusalemJerusalemBaituniyaBaituniya

AlexandriaAlexandriaAbu MinaAbu Mina

CairoCairoHermopolisHermopolis

0 100 200 km

100 m

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

endpaperB.019.pdf 26/02/2014 15:07:30



Abernethy 2c

Abu Ghosh 5h

Acerenza 4e

Alcobaça 4b

al-Qubaiba 5h

Antioch 4h

Ardara 4d

Askeby 2e

Aversa 4e

Baituniya 5h

Barcelona 4c

Bari 4e

Barletta 4e

Beirut 5h

Belvoir 5h

Bergen 2d

Bethany 5h

Birsay 2c

Bisarcio 4d

Bitetto 4e

Bitonto 4e

Borutta 4d

Bosa 4d

Braga 4b

Brechin 2c

Brindisi 4e

Canosa 4e

Cardona 4c

Cefalù 5e

Coimbra 4b

Coliath 5h

Constantinople 4f

Córdoba 5c

Corinth 5f

Crac de Chevalier 5h

Daphni 5f

Dolianova 5d

Dønnes 1e

Dunfermline 2c

Edessa 4h

Egilsay 2c

Ephesus 5f

Ermelo 4b

Évora 4b

Fossanova 4e

Fyrkat 2d

Gerace 5e

Giblet (Byblos) 5h

Guimarães 4b

Hadered 2e

Halltorp 2e

Hammarlunda 2e

Hattin 5h

Havdhem 2e

Hebron 5h

Hierapolis 5g

Hørning 2d

Hosios Lukas 5f

Husaby 2e

Jacob’s Well 5h

Jedburgh 2c

Jerusalem 5h

Källstad 2e

Kelso 2c

Khirbat ‘Iqbala 5h

Kirkwall 2c

Index to map B

Lepcis Magna 5e

Leuchars 2c

Li Vaux de Moise 5h

Linköping 2e

Lisbon 4b

Lunner 2d

Melrose 2c

Molfetta 4e

Mondoñedo 4b

Monreale 5e

Montecassino 4e

Nabi Samwil 5h

Naples 4e

Nikopolis 5f

Norssunda 2e

Novgorod 2f

Olbia 4d

Oporto 4b

Orphir 2c

Oslo 2d

Palermo 5e

Porto Torres 4d

Pozzuoli 4e

Ramla 5h

Rates 4b

Red Tower 5h

Rio Mau 4b

Ruvo 4e

Saccargia 4d

Salonika 4f

Santa Giusta 5d

Santa Maria de Melque 4c

Santiago 4b

Saone 5h

Selje 1d

Sigtuna 2e

Skånela 2e

Skara 2e

St Andrews 2c

Stavanger 2d

Styrnäs 1e

Taranto 4e

Tarragona 4c

Tiberias 5h

Toledo 4c

Tomar 4b

Toques 4b

Trani 4e

Travanca 4b

Tripoli 5h

Troia 4e

Trondheim (Nidaros) 1d

Tyre 5h

Uppsala 2e

Urnes 1d

Uta 5d

Vä 2e

Valencia 4c

Varnhem 2e

Venge 2d

Venosa 4e

Viborg 2d

Virring 2d

Visby 2e

This map index is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art)
