RomanizatiRomanizationon

How Did the City of Rome How Did the City of Rome Become a Vast Empire?Become a Vast Empire? The Roman army was powerful and well-The Roman army was powerful and well-

organized.organized.

Its military conquered the entire Its military conquered the entire Mediterranean region. Mediterranean region.

The army used effective military tactics The army used effective military tactics (Generals knew how to win on the (Generals knew how to win on the battlefield).battlefield).

Map of the Roman Map of the Roman EmpireEmpire

Rome as a Kingdom: Rome as a Kingdom: It began over 2,750 years ago as a small It began over 2,750 years ago as a small

village, located on the Italian peninsula in village, located on the Italian peninsula in Europe.Europe.

They had fertile soil & fresh water for They had fertile soil & fresh water for crops etc.crops etc.

Romans were polytheistic.Romans were polytheistic.

They were loyal to their family & obeyed They were loyal to their family & obeyed authority.authority.

At the beginning, Rome was Ruled by a At the beginning, Rome was Ruled by a king.king.

The first king was the mythical Romulus.The first king was the mythical Romulus.

All the kings thereafter claimed they were All the kings thereafter claimed they were directly related to Romulus, and that directly related to Romulus, and that gave them gave them the right to rule.the right to rule.

The Legend of Romulus & RemusThe Legend of Romulus & Remus Rhea was married to Mars, the Roman god of war. Rhea was married to Mars, the Roman god of war. Rhea had twin sons. She loved her boys, but there Rhea had twin sons. She loved her boys, but there were plots afoot by other gods and goddesses to were plots afoot by other gods and goddesses to harm her father, herself, her husband, and her harm her father, herself, her husband, and her children. To protect the boys, she set them adrift children. To protect the boys, she set them adrift on the river, hoping someone would find them. on the river, hoping someone would find them. Who would not love such beautiful boys?Who would not love such beautiful boys?Sure enough, first they were found by a she-wolf Sure enough, first they were found by a she-wolf who fed them. Then a shepherd and his wife who fed them. Then a shepherd and his wife adopted the boys. adopted the boys. As the twins grew older, they decided they did not As the twins grew older, they decided they did not want to take care of sheep. They wanted to be want to take care of sheep. They wanted to be kings. They decided to build a city on the shores of kings. They decided to build a city on the shores of the Tiber. They both wanted to be the only king. the Tiber. They both wanted to be the only king. They quarreled. In a fit of rage, Romulus picked up They quarreled. In a fit of rage, Romulus picked up a rock, killed his brother, and made himself king. a rock, killed his brother, and made himself king. That’s how Rome started.That’s how Rome started.

The Circus MaximusThe Circus Maximus  

It was a race track.It was a race track. It seated 250,000 people.It seated 250,000 people. IIt burnt down several times.t burnt down several times. It was eventually rebuilt using marble & It was eventually rebuilt using marble &

concrete. concrete.

Roman Theatre & PantomimeRoman Theatre & Pantomime

Romans loved live theatre. Romans loved live theatre.

Plays were only performed during religious Plays were only performed during religious ceremonies & festivals (over 200 holidays a ceremonies & festivals (over 200 holidays a year). year).

Wealthy nobles would pay the bill, in honor Wealthy nobles would pay the bill, in honor of the gods, and give the play to the people of the gods, and give the play to the people as a gift.as a gift.

The actors were men.The actors were men.

They wore simple costumes.They wore simple costumes.

The same actor would play several roles. The same actor would play several roles.

They held up happy or sad face masks to They held up happy or sad face masks to help the audience understand what was help the audience understand what was going on in the play. going on in the play. 

Roman actors used a technique called Roman actors used a technique called pantomime.pantomime.

Pantomime is a Pantomime is a play without words.play without words.

Horatius at the BridgeHoratius at the Bridge The last king, Tarquin the Proud, did not The last king, Tarquin the Proud, did not

treat people fairly. treat people fairly.

King Tarquin was cruel, mean, horrible King Tarquin was cruel, mean, horrible and he was hated by his people. and he was hated by his people.

The legend known as The legend known as Horatius at the Horatius at the Bridge explains how the Romans got rid Bridge explains how the Romans got rid of their last king.of their last king.

This story helped to build the reputation This story helped to build the reputation of Rome's army by showing that a Roman of Rome's army by showing that a Roman soldier will stand alone to defend Rome soldier will stand alone to defend Rome against an army.against an army.

This legend helped to build Rome's This legend helped to build Rome's reputation as a protected city, watched reputation as a protected city, watched over by the gods. over by the gods.

As the story goes ... As the story goes ... Once upon a time, a long time ago, the Once upon a time, a long time ago, the

ancient Romans said, “Enough. We’ve ancient Romans said, “Enough. We’ve had it with you, King Tarquin the Proud, had it with you, King Tarquin the Proud, the Mean, the Nasty and the Unfair. Go the Mean, the Nasty and the Unfair. Go away. Leave our city.” They threw him away. Leave our city.” They threw him out. out.

Well, Tarquin the Proud didn’t like that Well, Tarquin the Proud didn’t like that much. He went to much. He went to the Etruscansthe Etruscans and and said, “I need some help. Rome threw me said, “I need some help. Rome threw me out. They must pay.” The Etruscans said, out. They must pay.” The Etruscans said, “Sure, we’ll give you some help. We’ll “Sure, we’ll give you some help. We’ll give you an army.” Back Tarquin came.give you an army.” Back Tarquin came.

Rome was taken by surprise. The people Rome was taken by surprise. The people who lived in the surrounding countryside who lived in the surrounding countryside fled towards Rome as fast as they could. fled towards Rome as fast as they could. They poured across the narrow wooden They poured across the narrow wooden bridge over the Tiber that connected bridge over the Tiber that connected Rome with its farm fields on the other Rome with its farm fields on the other side, seeking refuge in the walled city of side, seeking refuge in the walled city of Rome. The Etruscan army was on their Rome. The Etruscan army was on their heels.heels.

Inside the city, the Romans were in such Inside the city, the Romans were in such a panic, they forgot to destroy the bridge, a panic, they forgot to destroy the bridge, or perhaps it never occurred to them to or perhaps it never occurred to them to do so. Led by Tarquin the Proud, who do so. Led by Tarquin the Proud, who knew his way around Rome pretty well, knew his way around Rome pretty well, the Etruscan army headed for narrowest the Etruscan army headed for narrowest piece of the Tiber, where of course the piece of the Tiber, where of course the Romans had built their bridge. Imagine Romans had built their bridge. Imagine their delight when they discovered that their delight when they discovered that the Romans had left the bridge for them the Romans had left the bridge for them to cross. They would not have to swim to cross. They would not have to swim the Tiber to reach Rome.the Tiber to reach Rome.

It was disaster. If the Etruscans crossed It was disaster. If the Etruscans crossed the bridge, they would take Rome. the bridge, they would take Rome. Horatius, a young Roman soldier, called Horatius, a young Roman soldier, called to his friends, “Come on! We’ll hold the to his friends, “Come on! We’ll hold the bridge while the others chop it down.” His bridge while the others chop it down.” His friends froze. They were terrified at the friends froze. They were terrified at the thought of facing an entire army. “Then thought of facing an entire army. “Then at least chop the bridge down while I hold at least chop the bridge down while I hold them off alone,” Horatius pleaded. them off alone,” Horatius pleaded.

He stood on the bridge and faced the He stood on the bridge and faced the Etruscan army alone. “Who among you is Etruscan army alone. “Who among you is brave enough to face a Roman soldier,” brave enough to face a Roman soldier,” he shouted. The Etruscans threw spears he shouted. The Etruscans threw spears at him. But they were some distance at him. But they were some distance away, and the bridge itself gave Horatius away, and the bridge itself gave Horatius protection. Horatius stood firm, fighting protection. Horatius stood firm, fighting like a hero. When the Etruscans tried to like a hero. When the Etruscans tried to cross the narrow bridge, Horatius cut cross the narrow bridge, Horatius cut them down. Two of his friends rushed out them down. Two of his friends rushed out to help him. Behind them, other young to help him. Behind them, other young soldiers were frantically sawing at the soldiers were frantically sawing at the heavy cords that held the bridge. heavy cords that held the bridge. 

Horatius felt the bridge give way. “Go Horatius felt the bridge give way. “Go back,” he shouted at his friends. His back,” he shouted at his friends. His friends raced for the protection of the friends raced for the protection of the walled city. It was hopeless, they thought. walled city. It was hopeless, they thought. One man cannot stop an army. Only the One man cannot stop an army. Only the gods could save them now. As the bridge gods could save them now. As the bridge began to fall, Horatius turned and dived began to fall, Horatius turned and dived into the Tiber. The gods were with him. into the Tiber. The gods were with him. He swam back to Rome safely, and He swam back to Rome safely, and received a hero’s welcome.received a hero’s welcome.

The Etruscan army fell back. How could The Etruscan army fell back. How could one man face an army and live? It was an one man face an army and live? It was an omen. They did not wish to anger the omen. They did not wish to anger the gods. It was true what they said about gods. It was true what they said about Rome. It was a divine city. Tarquin the Rome. It was a divine city. Tarquin the Proud screamed and shouted and carried Proud screamed and shouted and carried on something awful. But nothing he said on something awful. But nothing he said convinced the Etruscan army to swim the convinced the Etruscan army to swim the Tiber and fight Rome. The Etruscan army Tiber and fight Rome. The Etruscan army went home. And they never came back went home. And they never came back again.again.

As the story goes, when the last king of As the story goes, when the last king of Rome was overthrown in 510 BCE, over Rome was overthrown in 510 BCE, over 2500 years ago, the Roman people 2500 years ago, the Roman people vowed NEVER TO BE RULED BY A KING vowed NEVER TO BE RULED BY A KING AGAIN. Nor were they. Rome went on to AGAIN. Nor were they. Rome went on to establish, for the first time in history, a establish, for the first time in history, a government by the people and for the government by the people and for the people of Rome. They called it people of Rome. They called it the the Roman Republic.Roman Republic.

The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic

The REPUBLIC (a country without a The REPUBLIC (a country without a King or Emperor) was set up to make King or Emperor) was set up to make sure that there weren't any more sure that there weren't any more Tyrants in charge of Rome.Tyrants in charge of Rome.

In the Republic there were 3 main parts In the Republic there were 3 main parts of the government: the Senate, the 2 of the government: the Senate, the 2 consuls and the Assembly.consuls and the Assembly.

The 2 ConsulsThe 2 Consuls They were the head of government They were the head of government

(highest position). (highest position). The consuls most important power was The consuls most important power was

that they controlled the army.that they controlled the army.   

Background Info:Background Info: They were members of the Senate.They were members of the Senate. They were elected to serve for a one They were elected to serve for a one

year.year.

The SenateThe Senate They were the law makers. They were the law makers. They controlled spending.They controlled spending.

Background Info:Background Info: Senators came from rich, wealthy families Senators came from rich, wealthy families

called called patricians.patricians. Members of the Senate were not elected.Members of the Senate were not elected. They were chosen by the Consuls.They were chosen by the Consuls. Once chosen, they served for life. Once chosen, they served for life. 300 senators in total. 300 senators in total.

The AssemblyThe Assembly

The Assembly held meetings in The Assembly held meetings in the the ForumForum to vote for or suggested laws. to vote for or suggested laws.

Background Info:Background Info: The Assembly had limited power…The Assembly had limited power… They could vote for or suggest laws, but They could vote for or suggest laws, but

the Senate could block their decisions. the Senate could block their decisions. (I.e. the Assembly could vote to declare (I.e. the Assembly could vote to declare

war, but again, the Senate could block war, but again, the Senate could block their decision). their decision). 

The Assembly was comprised of the The Assembly was comprised of the people of Rome, called the plebeians.people of Rome, called the plebeians.

The Assembly did have one The Assembly did have one impressive power!impressive power!

The Assembly voted each year on which The Assembly voted each year on which two members of the Senate would serve two members of the Senate would serve as Consuls.as Consuls.

If you wanted to rise to the level of Consul, If you wanted to rise to the level of Consul, the highest position, you needed to gain the highest position, you needed to gain the support of the the support of the plebeianplebeian class! (most of class! (most of the people in Rome fell under this class).the people in Rome fell under this class).

Roman Institutions Under the Roman Institutions Under the EmpireEmpire

1. 1. The EmperorThe Emperor He was the head of the Roman army and He was the head of the Roman army and

government.government. He controlled all institutions.He controlled all institutions. He was chosen by the army (succession He was chosen by the army (succession

passed to the most powerful person). passed to the most powerful person). He appointed the He appointed the senators, the senators, the

governors and senior officials.governors and senior officials. He proposed laws to the magistrates.He proposed laws to the magistrates.

22. . Governors and Senior OfficialsGovernors and Senior Officials

Governors led the provinces.Governors led the provinces.

Most governors were former local chiefs of these Most governors were former local chiefs of these provinces who had become provinces who had become Romanized.Romanized.

They applied the laws. They applied the laws.

They managed the administration of these provinces.They managed the administration of these provinces.

3. 3. SenatorsSenators They were appointed for life by the They were appointed for life by the

emperor.emperor. They managed foreign policy.They managed foreign policy. They were former magistrates.They were former magistrates. They supervised the current magistrates.They supervised the current magistrates.

4. 4. MagistratesMagistrates Quaestors (finance)Quaestors (finance) Aediles (maintenance)Aediles (maintenance) Praetors (justice)Praetors (justice) Consuls (military)Consuls (military)

Magistrates were elected by the people.Magistrates were elected by the people.

5. 5. Roman Citizens Roman Citizens They voted on laws.They voted on laws. They elected the magistrates.They elected the magistrates.

The great Orators of RomeThe great Orators of Rome In ancient Rome, certainly money talked, In ancient Rome, certainly money talked,

but so did those who had the power of but so did those who had the power of speech. The Romans loved a great orator. speech. The Romans loved a great orator. When the Assembly met, down at the When the Assembly met, down at the Forum, many speeches were going on at Forum, many speeches were going on at the same time. One speaker might say, the same time. One speaker might say, "Rome's roads need repair!" Another "Rome's roads need repair!" Another speaker might say, "We need to stop crime speaker might say, "We need to stop crime in the streets." If you wanted your speech in the streets." If you wanted your speech to have an impact, it did not matter how to have an impact, it did not matter how rich or poor you were. What mattered was rich or poor you were. What mattered was how persuasive you were as a speaker.  how persuasive you were as a speaker.       

Roman CitizenshipRoman Citizenship Men onlyMen only They completed military training and pay They completed military training and pay

taxes.taxes. As the Empire expanded, the right to Roman As the Empire expanded, the right to Roman

citizenship was extended to inhabitants of citizenship was extended to inhabitants of conquered territoriesconquered territories

Criteria for Candidates:Criteria for Candidates:1.1. Be an ally and settle in RomeBe an ally and settle in Rome

2.2. Report someone who had misbehaved or render a service to Report someone who had misbehaved or render a service to the citythe city

3.3. Serve in the armyServe in the army

4.4. Be considered Romanized (One who adopted the Roman Be considered Romanized (One who adopted the Roman language (latin), culture/way of life)language (latin), culture/way of life)

Roman Social GroupsRoman Social Groups1. Roman Citizens were either patricians and Plebeians.1. Roman Citizens were either patricians and Plebeians.

**Patricians:Patricians: Wealthy members of Rome’s oldest families Wealthy members of Rome’s oldest families

**Plebeians: Plebeians: Merchants and peasants Merchants and peasants

2. Peregrins (Free foreigners)2. Peregrins (Free foreigners)

3. Freed slaves (slaves freed by their masters or who 3. Freed slaves (slaves freed by their masters or who had bought their freedom)had bought their freedom)

4. Slaves4. Slaves

Roman Law (Rise of the Roman Law (Rise of the Republic) Republic) Only the patricians were allowed to lead Only the patricians were allowed to lead

the city.the city.

Laws were unfair because they were not Laws were unfair because they were not applied the same way for all citizens. applied the same way for all citizens.

To fix this situation, the plebeians were To fix this situation, the plebeians were

given new powers and a written code of given new powers and a written code of laws was finally established: Law of the laws was finally established: Law of the Twelve Tables.Twelve Tables.

The Evolution of Roman LawThe Evolution of Roman Law1. 1. Law of the Twelve TablesLaw of the Twelve Tables Engraved between 451BCE and 449 BCE on Engraved between 451BCE and 449 BCE on

twelve (12) bronze tablets.twelve (12) bronze tablets.

It decreed the following:It decreed the following: All citizens were equal before the law.All citizens were equal before the law. Privileges and arbitrary decisions were abolished.Privileges and arbitrary decisions were abolished. The laws were divided between civil law* and The laws were divided between civil law* and

criminal law*.criminal law*.

**Civil law:Civil law: Set of laws that govern the relationships Set of laws that govern the relationships

between individuals.between individuals.

**Criminal lawCriminal law:: Set of laws that apply to crimes.Set of laws that apply to crimes.

The code of laws was The code of laws was secular (non-secular (non-religious).religious).

2. Perpetual Edict2. Perpetual Edict Emperor Hadrian created it.Emperor Hadrian created it.

It ensured equal justice for all.It ensured equal justice for all.

It imposed a uniform order and rule of law It imposed a uniform order and rule of law throughout all the Roman provinces.throughout all the Roman provinces.

It defended slaves against their masters.It defended slaves against their masters.

3. Justinian Code3. Justinian Code It was created around 527 AD by Emperor Justinian.It was created around 527 AD by Emperor Justinian. This code This code reformedreformed (changed) Roman law. (changed) Roman law. This code set the This code set the foundationfoundation for for modern civil law.modern civil law.

Established Principals:Established Principals: It stated that one can only be judged for one’s actions It stated that one can only be judged for one’s actions

and not for one’s thoughts.and not for one’s thoughts. The accuser was responsible for proving the guilt of The accuser was responsible for proving the guilt of

the accused.the accused.

The ForumThe Forum The Forum was the main marketplace, a The Forum was the main marketplace, a

business center and a place for public business center and a place for public speaking.speaking.

Orators (public speakers) knew how to Orators (public speakers) knew how to argue persuasively (convincingly)!  argue persuasively (convincingly)!  

It was also used for festivals/religious It was also used for festivals/religious ceremonies.ceremonies.

The Roman LegionThe Roman Legion

Used chain mail (a cloth made of circular Used chain mail (a cloth made of circular links).links).

Used scale armor (small metal plates Used scale armor (small metal plates sewn together on a linen/leather sewn together on a linen/leather backing). backing).

Some armor was made of leather, with Some armor was made of leather, with metal on the inside. metal on the inside.

Army was organized into legions.Army was organized into legions.

Each legion has 6 000 soldiers called Each legion has 6 000 soldiers called legionaries and was led by a tribune.legionaries and was led by a tribune.

Legions were split into centuries (groups of Legions were split into centuries (groups of 100s that were led by a centurion).100s that were led by a centurion).

Insubordination was severely punished: a Insubordination was severely punished: a legionary could deprived of his wages, be legionary could deprived of his wages, be demoted (lose military rank) or even demoted (lose military rank) or even beheaded. beheaded.

They served for 25 years before retiring They served for 25 years before retiring (career).(career).

They were given land and a pension.They were given land and a pension.

They were intimidating (most people They were intimidating (most people gave up without a fight when legionaries gave up without a fight when legionaries marched into a region).marched into a region).

Roman Roads and TradeRoman Roads and Trade There is an old expression, "All roads lead to Rome." There is an old expression, "All roads lead to Rome."

( It was the heart of the empire).( It was the heart of the empire).

A road was always built from a conquered city back A road was always built from a conquered city back to Rome.to Rome.

Were built in straight lines/had gutters. Were built in straight lines/had gutters.

Built road signs called milestones along the side of Built road signs called milestones along the side of roads (they told how far it was back to Rome). roads (they told how far it was back to Rome). 

The provinces took advantage of RomeThe provinces took advantage of Rome`̀s s road system to export their products road system to export their products (trade).(trade).

Exported mostly to Rome, where the Exported mostly to Rome, where the wealthiest inhabitants lived.wealthiest inhabitants lived.

Traders also set up shop near army camps.Traders also set up shop near army camps.

Provinces supplied Rome with natural Provinces supplied Rome with natural resources (wood, copper, plants, etc.), resources (wood, copper, plants, etc.), finished products (carpets, vases etc.) and finished products (carpets, vases etc.) and slaves.slaves.

The ProvincesThe Provinces A province was a geographic area outside A province was a geographic area outside

of Italy, ruled by Rome. of Italy, ruled by Rome.

Were countries or regions that Rome had Were countries or regions that Rome had conquered (Had valuable resources).conquered (Had valuable resources).

Provided manpower, taxes and natural Provided manpower, taxes and natural resources to Rome. resources to Rome.

Tax money was used to maintain the Tax money was used to maintain the army and public buildings, and to pay army and public buildings, and to pay civil servants (government workers).civil servants (government workers).

It also allowed the emperor to offer bread It also allowed the emperor to offer bread and circuses at the Coliseum and Circus and circuses at the Coliseum and Circus Maximus.Maximus.

This gained the sympathy of the poor and This gained the sympathy of the poor and avoided any attempt of rebellion.avoided any attempt of rebellion.

The Punic Wars & Hannibal of The Punic Wars & Hannibal of CarthageCarthage

A long time ago, when Rome was a A long time ago, when Rome was a Republic, a big fight broke out between Republic, a big fight broke out between Rome and Carthage. Carthage was a big Rome and Carthage. Carthage was a big city in North Africa, about 300 miles from city in North Africa, about 300 miles from Rome. Carthage and Rome had never Rome. Carthage and Rome had never liked each other. But they had pretty liked each other. But they had pretty much left each other alone in the past. much left each other alone in the past. Both cities were busy building empires of Both cities were busy building empires of their own.their own.

Carthaginian Empire vs. Roman Carthaginian Empire vs. Roman EmpireEmpire

http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~klio/maps/rr/Carthage_empire.jpg

First Punic WarFirst Punic War

One day, Rome took a good look at how One day, Rome took a good look at how big Carthage was getting. The problem, big Carthage was getting. The problem, as Rome saw it, was that Carthage as Rome saw it, was that Carthage controlled three islands off the coast of controlled three islands off the coast of Italy. That was too close for comfort. Italy. That was too close for comfort. Rome decided that Carthage needed to Rome decided that Carthage needed to join the Republic. Carthage disagreed. join the Republic. Carthage disagreed. Carthage and Rome fought for 20 years. Carthage and Rome fought for 20 years. This was the first Punic War. Nobody won. This was the first Punic War. Nobody won. After 20 years of fighting, all they had After 20 years of fighting, all they had accomplished was to kill a lot of people accomplished was to kill a lot of people and to cause a lot of hatred. and to cause a lot of hatred. 

To end the fighting, Carthage offered To end the fighting, Carthage offered Rome a deal. They said: “If you’ll go Rome a deal. They said: “If you’ll go away and leave us alone, we’ll give you away and leave us alone, we’ll give you the island of Sicily.” Rome took the the island of Sicily.” Rome took the deal. They also took Sardinia and deal. They also took Sardinia and Corsica, the other two islands off the Corsica, the other two islands off the coast of Italy. coast of Italy.

Carthage was furious. But they were Carthage was furious. But they were tired of fighting Rome. Carthage tired of fighting Rome. Carthage decided to fight Spain instead, and decided to fight Spain instead, and make up the land they had lost there. make up the land they had lost there.   

They ordered a talented general to leave They ordered a talented general to leave Carthage and conquer Spain. The general had Carthage and conquer Spain. The general had lost of good friends in the war with Rome. He lost of good friends in the war with Rome. He believed Carthage should fight Rome until believed Carthage should fight Rome until they won, and stop Rome now, before Rome they won, and stop Rome now, before Rome got any bigger. But he could not convince the got any bigger. But he could not convince the other leaders in Carthage that he was right. other leaders in Carthage that he was right. The general took his army and his nine-year-The general took his army and his nine-year-old son, Hannibal, and left for Spain. Before he old son, Hannibal, and left for Spain. Before he left home, he made his son swear that as soon left home, he made his son swear that as soon as he was old enough, Hannibal would fight as he was old enough, Hannibal would fight the Romans and make them pay for all the the Romans and make them pay for all the lives they had cost. Hannibal promised. That lives they had cost. Hannibal promised. That was the beginning of the legend of Hannibal, was the beginning of the legend of Hannibal, military genius.military genius.

HannibalHannibal Over the next several years, while fighting Over the next several years, while fighting

in Spain, Hannibal learned to be a strong in Spain, Hannibal learned to be a strong leader. His Dad had taught him well. His leader. His Dad had taught him well. His men had taught him well. Plus, he was men had taught him well. Plus, he was naturally tricky. Hannibal won most of his naturally tricky. Hannibal won most of his battles by coming up with clever ideas. One battles by coming up with clever ideas. One time, while fighting at sea, Hannibal had his time, while fighting at sea, Hannibal had his men dump barrels full of live snakes onto men dump barrels full of live snakes onto the deck of an enemy ship. The enemy had the deck of an enemy ship. The enemy had not expected Hannibal to do that. They not expected Hannibal to do that. They weren’t prepared to fight snakes. Hannibal weren’t prepared to fight snakes. Hannibal won that battle easily.won that battle easily.

A few years after his Dad died, the A few years after his Dad died, the soldiers in Spain chose him to be their soldiers in Spain chose him to be their new general. He was only 26 years old at new general. He was only 26 years old at the time. Hannibal did not hesitate. He the time. Hannibal did not hesitate. He took the job, married a Spanish princess, took the job, married a Spanish princess, and started wars with several cities in and started wars with several cities in Spain. His plan was to conquer all of Spain. His plan was to conquer all of Spain. Spain.

Second Punic WarSecond Punic War

One of the cities he attacked happened to One of the cities he attacked happened to be good friends with Rome. Rome be good friends with Rome. Rome decided to lend a hand. But Rome did not decided to lend a hand. But Rome did not send help to Spain. They declared war on send help to Spain. They declared war on Carthage, Hannibal’s hometown and the Carthage, Hannibal’s hometown and the center of the Carthage Empire.center of the Carthage Empire.

That was fine with Hannibal. He had That was fine with Hannibal. He had never forgotten the promise he had never forgotten the promise he had made to his father. He had orders from made to his father. He had orders from Carthage to fight Rome. He needed to Carthage to fight Rome. He needed to take Rome by surprise. He decided to take Rome by surprise. He decided to attack Rome from the north. Rome attack Rome from the north. Rome would never expect that.  Hannibal’s would never expect that.  Hannibal’s plan was to march 90,000 foot soldiers, plan was to march 90,000 foot soldiers, 12,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants from 12,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants from Spain, through Gaul, over the Alps, into Spain, through Gaul, over the Alps, into Italy, and then take Rome by force.Italy, and then take Rome by force.  

His plan did not work as expected. First, the His plan did not work as expected. First, the route was more rugged that he had expected. route was more rugged that he had expected. He lost nearly all his elephants and half his He lost nearly all his elephants and half his men on the trip. Second, he expected people men on the trip. Second, he expected people in Northern Italy to help him. They did help in Northern Italy to help him. They did help him by leaving him alone. But they would not him by leaving him alone. But they would not join his army. Third, Carthage did not have a join his army. Third, Carthage did not have a strong navy to use to send supplies. strong navy to use to send supplies. 

Hannibal came up with a new plan. Instead of Hannibal came up with a new plan. Instead of marching on Rome, he drove Rome crazy by marching on Rome, he drove Rome crazy by attacking smaller outposts and stealing food attacking smaller outposts and stealing food and weapons, food intended for Rome. and weapons, food intended for Rome. Hannibal and his men stayed on the Italian Hannibal and his men stayed on the Italian peninsula for 15 years, causing trouble where peninsula for 15 years, causing trouble where he could. he could.

In 203 BCE, Rome had had it with In 203 BCE, Rome had had it with Hannibal. They couldn’t catch him, so they Hannibal. They couldn’t catch him, so they attacked Carthage instead. Carthage, in a attacked Carthage instead. Carthage, in a panic, called Hannibal home. Before panic, called Hannibal home. Before Hannibal could arrive, Carthage had Hannibal could arrive, Carthage had agreed to peace terms with Rome. Terms:agreed to peace terms with Rome. Terms:

Carthage would leave Spain, Gaul, and Carthage would leave Spain, Gaul, and ItalyItaly

Carthage would reduce their navy to 20 Carthage would reduce their navy to 20 warshipswarships

Carthage had to pay 5000 talents (the Carthage had to pay 5000 talents (the money of the time) in war damagesmoney of the time) in war damages

Once Hannibal arrived home, the leaders Once Hannibal arrived home, the leaders in Carthage changed their minds. They in Carthage changed their minds. They decided not to honor their peace terms. decided not to honor their peace terms. Rome was furious. They sent an army to Rome was furious. They sent an army to Carthage. Hannibal’s army lost, but Carthage. Hannibal’s army lost, but Hannibal managed to get away. If Hannibal managed to get away. If possible, Rome was even more furious. possible, Rome was even more furious. Carthage had not kept their promise. Carthage had not kept their promise. Rome still did not have their hands on Rome still did not have their hands on Hannibal. One year late, in 202 BCE the Hannibal. One year late, in 202 BCE the peace terms were more severe. peace terms were more severe.

Terms:Terms: Carthage would leave Spain, Gaul, and Carthage would leave Spain, Gaul, and

ItalyItaly

Carthage would reduce their navy to 10 Carthage would reduce their navy to 10 warshipswarships

Carthage had to pay 10000 talents (the Carthage had to pay 10000 talents (the money of the time) in war damages, in 50 money of the time) in war damages, in 50 equal annual payments, over the next 50 equal annual payments, over the next 50 yearsyears

Carthage called it quits. They left Spain. Carthage called it quits. They left Spain. They left Gaul. They left Italy. They They left Gaul. They left Italy. They reduced their navy. They paid the talents reduced their navy. They paid the talents they owed each year, promptly. The 2nd they owed each year, promptly. The 2nd Punic War, started so many years earlier Punic War, started so many years earlier when Hannibal was just a young man, when Hannibal was just a young man, was finally over. That did not stop was finally over. That did not stop Hannibal, though. Hannibal spent the rest Hannibal, though. Hannibal spent the rest of his life fighting the growing power of of his life fighting the growing power of ancient Rome. The Romans never ancient Rome. The Romans never stopped looking for him. In spite of all stopped looking for him. In spite of all their best efforts, the Romans did not their best efforts, the Romans did not catch up with Hannibal until he was 64 catch up with Hannibal until he was 64 years old! Even then, they didn’t get him. years old! Even then, they didn’t get him. He chose to die by swallowing the poison He chose to die by swallowing the poison he kept in his ring. he kept in his ring.

Hannibal still ranks as one of the most Hannibal still ranks as one of the most magnificent military minds in history and magnificent military minds in history and one of the world’s greatest generalsone of the world’s greatest generals

Julius Caesar (100 BC to 44 BC)Julius Caesar (100 BC to 44 BC) He gained religious, political and military He gained religious, political and military

power in Romepower in Rome He led victorious military campaigns in He led victorious military campaigns in

Spain and Gaul and seized power in Rome.Spain and Gaul and seized power in Rome. He was given emergency powers by the He was given emergency powers by the

consuls during war time.consuls during war time. Continued his war campaigned so that they Continued his war campaigned so that they

could continue to rule over Romecould continue to rule over Rome He declared himself dictator of Rome and He declared himself dictator of Rome and

refused to return power back to the consul.refused to return power back to the consul. He was assassinated by his own people He was assassinated by his own people

shortly after.shortly after. Adopted son, Augustus (a.k.a. Octavian), Adopted son, Augustus (a.k.a. Octavian),

took over and became the first Roman took over and became the first Roman emperor. emperor.

Rome as an EmpireRome as an Empire When the Roman Republic failed, Rome When the Roman Republic failed, Rome

became an empire ruled by emperors.became an empire ruled by emperors.

Many things changed.Many things changed.

Although the Senate met and argued, the Although the Senate met and argued, the real power was now in the hands of an real power was now in the hands of an all-powerful emperor.all-powerful emperor.

Romans had accepted the leadership of a Romans had accepted the leadership of a an emperor (a dictator).an emperor (a dictator).

Under Augustus, the first Roman Under Augustus, the first Roman emperor, the people got used to being emperor, the people got used to being ruled by one leader. ruled by one leader.

In the 500 years Rome was an Empire, In the 500 years Rome was an Empire, there were over 140 different emperors!there were over 140 different emperors!

Augustus: 1st Roman Emperor Augustus: 1st Roman Emperor (Julius Ceasar’s adopted son)(Julius Ceasar’s adopted son) He ruled for over 45 years.He ruled for over 45 years. During his reign, Rome was at peace.During his reign, Rome was at peace. This period is the beginning of the Pax This period is the beginning of the Pax

Romana, or Roman Peace.Romana, or Roman Peace. The phrase "Roman Peace" is a bit The phrase "Roman Peace" is a bit

misleading because Rome continued to misleading because Rome continued to expand its empire using military force. expand its empire using military force.

The empire was united for approximately The empire was united for approximately 200 years. 200 years.

Other changes includedOther changes included::

1. Public Health Programs were created:1. Public Health Programs were created: One program offered free bread to workers on One program offered free bread to workers on

their way to work.their way to work.

2. Reduction in Crime:2. Reduction in Crime: Streets were policed by legionariesStreets were policed by legionaries When criminals heard the legionaries When criminals heard the legionaries

approaching, they typically scattered.approaching, they typically scattered.

3. Improvements for Women:3. Improvements for Women: It became legal for women to own land, run It became legal for women to own land, run

businesses, free slaves, make wills, inherit businesses, free slaves, make wills, inherit wealth, and get a paid job.wealth, and get a paid job.

What Are Gladiators?What Are Gladiators? All maleAll male

Slaves Slaves

Professional fightersProfessional fighters

Condemned criminals, prisoners of war, Condemned criminals, prisoners of war, and some were even Christians and some were even Christians

Free men fought for popularity and Free men fought for popularity and moneymoney

Rise of ChristianityRise of Christianity It started to spread in Rome in the 1st century.It started to spread in Rome in the 1st century.

Christians believed in one god.Christians believed in one god.

Christians refused to worship the Roman gods.Christians refused to worship the Roman gods.

Since this was against the law, Christians were Since this was against the law, Christians were hunted as criminals.hunted as criminals.

Christianity had a great appeal to Rome's Christianity had a great appeal to Rome's poor.  poor.  

It promised life after death in heaven. It promised life after death in heaven.

In the Roman religion, only gods went to In the Roman religion, only gods went to heaven.heaven.

In 313 AD, Emperor Constantine ruled In 313 AD, Emperor Constantine ruled that Christianity was legal and that that Christianity was legal and that Christians would no longer be persecuted Christians would no longer be persecuted for their beliefs.for their beliefs.

The Roman Empire is Split into The Roman Empire is Split into

Two PiecesTwo Pieces Because of the well-builtBecause of the well-built Roman roads, Roman roads,

the Roman army, the leadership of the Roman army, the leadership of Rome's emperors and generals, the Rome's emperors and generals, the Roman Empire expanded.Roman Empire expanded.

Rome´s successful expansion caused Rome´s successful expansion caused problems:problems:

The provinces did not always do what The provinces did not always do what they were told.they were told.

Rome seemed very far away to the Rome seemed very far away to the people in the provinces.people in the provinces.

Emperor Valens & the Emperor Valens & the BarbariansBarbarians Barbarian Barbarian was the name given to any was the name given to any

people who lived outside the borders of people who lived outside the borders of the Roman Empire or to someone who did the Roman Empire or to someone who did not speak Latin. not speak Latin.

Valens tried to be a good emperor, but he Valens tried to be a good emperor, but he inherited a great many problems:inherited a great many problems:

Rome was broke:Rome was broke: The famous Roman roads started to fall into The famous Roman roads started to fall into

disrepair (No money for repairs).disrepair (No money for repairs).

Without good roads, fresh supplies of men and Without good roads, fresh supplies of men and goods did not always reach the far ends of the goods did not always reach the far ends of the empire.empire.

Goods were not getting back to Rome either.Goods were not getting back to Rome either.

Barbarian Raids:Barbarian Raids: Barbarian raids on the Roman provinces were Barbarian raids on the Roman provinces were

becoming more successful.becoming more successful.

There were five main barbarian tribes in There were five main barbarian tribes in Europe. Each wanted to conquer the Europe. Each wanted to conquer the famous Roman Empire.famous Roman Empire.

These tribes were the Huns, Franks, These tribes were the Huns, Franks, Vandals, Saxons, and Visigoths. Vandals, Saxons, and Visigoths.

They were all attacking various pieces of They were all attacking various pieces of the Western Roman Empire at the same the Western Roman Empire at the same time.time.

Forts and strongholds along the road Forts and strongholds along the road were destroyed.were destroyed.

Roman achievementsRoman achievements

TechnologyTechnology The invention of concrete, The invention of concrete, roman roadsroman roads, ,

roman arches, roman arches, aqueducts.aqueducts.

MedicineMedicine Public health programs including welfare Public health programs including welfare

programs for the poor.programs for the poor.

LanguageLanguage The Romans used Latin to communuicate.The Romans used Latin to communuicate.

ReligionReligion Roman mythology and the Roman mythology and the Catholic Catholic

faithfaith, which kept learning alive after the , which kept learning alive after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. fall of the Western Roman Empire. 

Roman Law…Roman Law… ……including the law that states a person is including the law that states a person is

innocent until proven guilty. innocent until proven guilty. 

ArtArt Statues, jewelry, rings, mosaics, Statues, jewelry, rings, mosaics,

more more   

CustomsCustoms The use of rings to denote friendship, The use of rings to denote friendship,

engagements, and engagements, and weddingsweddings, and the , and the use greenery to decorate during winter use greenery to decorate during winter holidays, and other holidays, and other holiday customs. holiday customs. 

GamesGames Many board and ball games including Many board and ball games including

knuckleball (jacks) and hoops. knuckleball (jacks) and hoops.