Rome Quiz 11. Which peninsula did the Ancient Romans settle on?

2. True/False: The Ancient Romans settled along the banks of the Tiber River.

3. Why is it important to settle on a peninsula? 2 reasons.

4. Which two men are given credit for founding Rome, in 753 BC?

5. Which three groups were the first to settle Rome?

6. What were some of the new ideas/achievements introduced to Rome by the Etruscans?

7. True/False: Early Roman government was considered to be a republic, because citizens elected representative who were governed by laws of the state.

8. What were Rome’s two social classes called?

9. What are the three main parts of Roman government established by the Roman Republic’s Constitution?

10. Does the Roman government have checks & balance within its framework? Why?

Rome / Roman Empire

Geographical Advantages of Italian Peninsula

wps.ablongman.com/.../ art/figures/KISH463.jpg • Center of the

Mediterranean• Low mountains do not

hinder trade• Access by land and

sea

Geographical Advantages of Rome

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• Located on the Tiber River

• Not on coast (protected from invasions)

• Easy crossing at Tiber (trade)

Founding of Rome

• 753 BC – Romulus & Remus found Rome

• Latins built Rome

• Rome grows because of its location along the Tiber River

• First groups to settle Rome:– Latins

– Etruscans

– Greeks

Etruscan Influences on Rome

• Took over Rome around 616 BC• Etruscan Influences on Rome:

– Built first city walls and sewer– Arch– Alphabet – Numbering system– System of government– Gladiator Games and Chariot races– Introduced new styles of sculpting and painting

Conflict of Orders

• Arise over class struggle between two groups:

– Patricians – upper land-owning class– Plebeians – commoners

– How did Plebeians gain more influence/power in the government?

• Rome is threatened by invaders• Plebeians refused to fight until changes were made• Plebeian Assembly is formed• Plebeians can now elect tribunes to veto harmful laws

– 450 BC – All laws were written down (Twelve Tables were displayed in Roman Forum)

The Emergence of the Republic

• Republic – a type of government in which the citizens elect representatives to run the government

• Early in the history of Rome it was headed by a group of aristocrats called patricians

Republic is Born

• Patricians and Plebeians create a constitution (political structure/framework)

• As a result of Constitution:– 3 Parts of government are formed

• Senate – 300 members, controlled finances, foreign relations, review proposed laws, advised Magistrates; could appoint a dictator in the event of an emergency (dictator ruled for 6 months)

• Assemblies & Tribunes – Elected Magistrates, approved laws, tried court cases, declared war

• Magistrates – Ran daily affairs of the city, Led the Army, Issued edicts, Acted as judges and priests

Compare: American Republic vs. Roman Republic

• Rome:– Two Branches of Government

• Executive – Elected magistrates– Consuls (2)– Praetors (2-8)– Aediles (2)– Quaestors (2-40)– Tribunes (2-10)– Censors (2)– Dictator (1)

• Legislative Branch (Senate)– Curiate Assembly– Centuriate Assembly– Tribal Assembly

• America:– Three branches of

Government

• Executive– President/Vice President

• Legislative– Congress

• Judicial– Supreme Court– Federal Circuit Courts

Roles of Citizenswww.bible-history.com/ jesus/jesus00000042.gif

• Every adult land-owning male had to serve in the army

• Taught discipline

Republic Expands

• Powerful Army allows Rome to expand its power, territory, and influence

• Conquest of Italy– 265 BC – Rome defeats Etruscans & Greek city-

states in Southern Italy– Attention shifts to Island of Sicily– Rome’s allies in Sicily start conflict with Carthage

(located in North Africa)– Punic Wars Start

Punic Wars• Rome v. Carthage• First Punic War

– Rome had an advantage because the battles were mostly at sea and their Navy was superior (Carthage had a better army)

– Rome defeated Carthage

• Second Punic War– Carthage gains power by conquering Spain– Carthaginians were led by Hannibal, who was responsible for handing Rome

it’s worst defeat of the Punic Wars (50,000 killed/wounded)– Romans leave for Carthage and besiege Carthage forcing Hannibal to return

to Carthage– Scipio led the Romans to victory over Hannibal– Roma Dominates Known world

• Third Punic War– Rome attacks Carthage (the city itself), lays siege to the city– Rome storms the town in house-to-house combat– Any Carthaginian not killed became a slave of the Romans– All of the area was now uninhabitable as a result of the Roman attack

Effects of Punic Wars

• Rome is leading power in western Mediterranean

• Carthage loses it’s navy and land in Spain

• Rome suffered many casualties

• A third war is fought, Carthage is destroyed and citizens are enslaved

Role of Conquered Peopleswww.starcostumes.com/ prodimages/AL26-309.jpg

• Full citizenship given to nearby cities

• Partial citizenship given to distant cities– Most rights except

right to vote

• Spread of Roman culture

Conquest of Greece

• Rome allies with Greece against Macedonia, Egypt, and Persia

• After helping the Greeks, Rome annexes Greece

• Romans adopt parts of Greek culture, including the religion of Ancient Greeks

Roman Gods-Goddesses/Greek Gods-Goddesses

Roman God Greek Equivalent Responsibilities

Jupiter Zeus Chief God/King of Gods

Venus Aphrodite Goddess of fertility, love, and beauty

Mars Ares God of War

Minerva Athena Goddess of Wisdom & Womanly Goodness

Ceres Demeter Goddess of Harvest

Cupid/Amor Eros God of Love

Victoria Nike Goddess of Victory

Pluto Hades God of the Underworld

Mercury Hermes Messenger God / God of Athletics

Decline of the Roman Republic

• Causes:– Spread of slavery in the agricultural system– Migration of small farmers into cities– unemployment– Civil Wars

• Gaius Marius begins to pay army• Army now more loyal to generals than Rome• Marius vs. Sulla• Over power gained by Julius Caesar

– Devaluation of Roman currency

Gracchi Brotherswww.patriotresource.com/gladiator/graphics/history/gracchi.jpg

• Attempt reforms to preserve republic – not successful

• The Roman Republic ends

First Triumvirate

• Rule of Three– Pompey– Crassius– Julius Caesar

– Caesar will be the ultimate victor and leader of Rome, he defeats and kills Pompey and Crassius in battle

Julius Caesar seizes power

• Caesar becomes Emperor of Rome

• Seen by rivals as ambitious

• Kill by conspirators in Senate on Ides of March – (March 15, 44 B.C.)

Civil War breaks out

Conspirators

• Brutus• Cassius

Supporters of dead Caesar

• Marc Antony• Octavian

Civil War eventually ends with death of conspirators via assassination or suicude

Second TriumvirateRules from 43-38 B.C.

• Marc Antony– Right hand of Julius Caesar before his death– Makes pact/Has affair with Egyptian empress

Cleopatra

• Octavian– Grand nephew and adopted son of Julius

Caesar

• Lepidus– Third member of Triumvirate– Major supporter of Julius Caesar– Eventually forced into exile by Octavian

Civil War Returns

• Marc Antony/Cleopatra vs. Octavian

• Major Battle– Actium (sea battle off the coast of Greece)– Octavian wins and will later capture Egyptian

capital of Alexandria– Marc Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide

Pax Romana

• Roman Peace• Begins with rule of Augustus

Caesar• Defeats forces of Marc Antony

and Cleopatra• Solidifies power around 27 B.C.• Becomes “Emperor of Rome”

Rulers of Pax Romana

• Julian Rulers (14-68 A.D.)

• Army Rulers (68-69 A.D.)

• Flavian Rulers (69-96 A.D.)

• Five Good Emperors (96-180 A.D.)

Nerothepaolas.com/Emperors/Emperors/Scans/Nero.jpg

• Rules from 54-68 A.D.• Good administrator but

vicious– Responsible for many

murders including his own mother

– Rebuild Rome after great fire – possibly set by Nero to persecute Christians

– Had Peter (crucifixion) and Paul (beheaded) executed

Five Good Emperors

• Nerva (96-98) • Trajan (98-117) – Rome expands to

greatest extent• Hadrian (117-138) – Solidified conquests

and set up postal service – Hadrian’s wall• Antoninius Pius (138-161) • Marcus Aurelius (161-180) Barbaric

invasions begin – Pax Romana dies with him

Impact of Pax Romana

Economic Impact Social Impact Political Impact

New uniform system of money

Increased Trade

Army guarantees safe travel

New road system (50,000 miles)

Social Classes more stable

Increased emphasis on family

Civil Service system created

12 Tables (system of laws) written

Life In Imperial Rome• Rich

– Had a city home and a country home (villa)– Spent lots of time involved in Politics– Frequently held meetings with public officials/political groups with which

the shares common interests– Family & marriage were important– Worked a lot on public-speaking skills

• Poor– Lived in crowded 3- and 4-story apartment buildings– Used torches for light and charcoal for cooking– Fire always a danger– Began to rebel because of living conditions; received free food and

access to public entertainment

Roman SocietyReligion

Romans were polytheistic. Romans took on many of the Greek gods/goddesses as their own. They worshipped their own household gods, called penates. They believed that priests, called augurs, interpreted the signs of the gods.

Education

Romans placed great value on education of their sons. The Romans taught their children at home, although Upper-class families hired tutors or sent sons to exclusive schools. Roman children were taught Latin, Greek, law, math, and public speaking.

Entertainment

Romans of all classes enjoyed circuses, where chariot races took place. Many races took place in the Circus Maximus, which could hold 250,000 spectators. Early Romans also liked theater, especially comedy and satire. Romans also enjoyed bloody spectacles where animals would fight other animals or professional fighters. Most of all, Romans enjoyed gladiator matches. Most often one or both fighters would die, which meant that Rome’s slave population decrease during these matches. Gladiator matches were held in the Colosseum.

Family

Roman families were patriarchal, headed by the male. Romans emphasized simplicity, religious devotion, and obedience. Roman women did not have many privilege without intervention of the male. Lower class women could work outside the home.

Roman Cultural Legacy

Galen – Physician who wrote summary of all medical knowledge

Ptolemy – wrote one single theory on astronomy

Pliny the Elder – observed and wrote about eruption of Mount Vesuvius

Roman aqueducts contained arches which made building stronger, supports shaped to avoid damage from running water, and scaffolding was built into sides of aqueducts.

Christianity

• Based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth• Many of the basic Beliefs of Christianity are

rooted in Judaism• 63 BC – Romans took over Judea. Jews would

not give up their religion to change to polytheism• Romans allows Jews to continue to practice their

religion if they continued to pay tribute and maintain civic order

Basic Beliefs of Christianity• Belief in the Trinity - God the father, God the son (Jesus Christ), and

the Holy Spirit• Belief in the birth, life, death, resurrection, and ascension of Christ• Jesus, the Messiah, was anointed by God and is the savior of

Humankind• Because of Christ’s death and resurrection humans are saved from

sin• Eternal Salvation is the gift from god and can be obtained by

anyone who accepts Christ as savior• One day Christ will return (the rapture) and take the believers to

heaven • Christian read the Bible, their holy text, to understand how to have a

closer walk with Christ in Life

Christian Beliefs & Practices

• One must tithe (10% of their income)• Charity (Help the poor and needy)• Baptism (the ritual act, with the use of water, by which one is

admitted as a full member of the Church, and in particular of that in which the baptism is administered)

• The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper, is a Christian sacrament by which, in a common interpretation, those who celebrate it commemorate the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine

• Great Commission (Go unto all the earth and tell others about Christ)

• Golden Rule (do unto others as you would have done unto you)• Prayer (talking with God/Christ)• Use all your talents for the betterment of the kingdom of Christ• Obey the Ten Commandments

Reaction to Roman Rule

• Judaism had many different branches of their religion

• One branch was the Zealots

• Zealots actually formed pockets of armed resistance

• Romans sack Jerusalem, destroy the city and kill many Jews

Messianic Prophecies

• Not all Jews fought Rome

• Many waited for the coming of the Messiah who would restore the ancient kingdom and bring peace

Jesus of Nazareth• Taught that people needed to seek forgiveness for sin in

preparation for God’s Judgment Day• 4 Gospels – Matthew, Mark, Luke, & John describe the life

of Jesus • Life

– Born in Bethlehem– Studied Carpentry and writings of Jewish prophets as

a boy– Began to preach a message of redemption and

warning– Travels through Judea gathering disciples (followers)– Performed miracles, including healing– Defended poor and oppressed– Taught repentance, forgiveness, and said that one

must love God above all else; Love others as you love yourself

– Practice humility, mercy, and charity– Jesus is eventually arrested by the Romans,

sentenced to death by crucifixion.

Spread of Christianity

• Christianity is spread by the 12 Apostles and other missionaries

• Christianity spilt from Judaism as a result of the work of Paul

• Paul, originally known as Saul, was born in Tarsus.• As a child, Paul was actively opposed to the

teachings that Jesus was Messiah• Paul believed that Jesus was sent to convert non-

Jews, Gentiles• Paul emphasized new doctrine that distinguished

Christianity from Judaism

Persecution of Christians

• Christianity spread across the Roman world

• As a result, some local leaders began persecuting Christians

• Large-scale persecution was rare• As Christianity grew, some rulers see

Christianity as a threat and began persecuting those who practiced it

Roman Empire Begins Decline

Spiral starts after the death of Marcus Aurellius

Three Stages of Decline

1. “Crisis of the Third Century” – many economic, military, and political problems

2. Time of revival – empire cut into two halves (Eastern half is strengthened but West continues spiral)

3. Western half falls to Barbaric invaders

Crisis Weakens Empire

• Contributing Factors:– Economic Decay– Political Decay– Military Decay– Social Decay

Economic Decay

• Poor Harvests

• Disrupted trade (Barbarians)

• No more plunder from wars

• Gold and Silver drain

• Inflation

• Crushing tax burden

Political Decay

• Political office seen as burden, not reward

• Military interference in politics

• Civil War and unrest

• Division of Empire

• Moving capital to Byzantium

Military Decay

• Threat from Persians and barbarians

• Low funds for defense

• Problems recruiting Roman citizens – recruiting of Barbarians

• Decline of patriotism an loyalty among soldiers

Social Decay

• Lack of interest in public affairs

• Low confidence in empire

• Disloyalty, lack of patriotism, corruption

• Contrast between rich and poor

Immediate Causes of Fall

• Conquests by barbarians:– Germanic tribes: Goths (Ostrogoths / Visagoths)– Franks– Vandals– Saxons– Burgundians– Lombards– Huns

• Fall of Rome: Rome is sacked by barbarians

Diocletianwww.stephen.j.murray.btinternet.co.uk/diocletian.jpg

• Rules 284-305• Split empire in two

parts – takes control of Eastern empire and names some else to rule the western half

• Tries to stop decline – somewhat successful

Constantinewww.mingyuen.edu.hk/history/5rome/03king/constantine.jpg

• First Christian emperor on Empire

• Reunites both halves of empire

• Moves capital from Rome to Constantinople (Byzantium)