Ch 5 Section 1

RomeI. The Land and Peoples of ItalyRomes central location and geographic features made it a desirable location from which to expandThe location of Rome was ideal for settlement, and provided a central position in Italy from which to expandAn Indo-European people known as the Latins were living in the hills of Rome from about 1500 to 1000 B.C. They were herders and farmers Spoke Latin

Reflection:Look at the location of Rome. What makes it an ideal location for a new settlement?The Greeks and the Etruscans heavily influenced the development of RomeGreeks came to Italy in large numbers during the age of Greek colonizationThe Greeks occupied Sicily and influenced Romes cultural and artistic systemsIt was the Etruscans who influenced the Rome the mostBy 650 B.C., they controlled the city and most of Latium

Reflection:The Latins in Rome were influenced by two major groups: the Etruscans and the Greeks.

In your opinion, which group most influenced the development of Rome and why?II. The Roman RepublicThe Romans were practical and skillful in politics and military mattersA new era in Roman history occurred in 509 B.C. when the last Etruscan king was overthrown and a republic was establishedBy 264 B.C., Rome had conquered virtually all of ItalyThe Roman historian Livy provided stories that glorified the virtues of past Romans

II. The Roman RepublicRome was a successful empire because:Romans were good diplomatsThey were smart about extending citizenship rightsGave conquered states the autonomy to run their own affairsRomans were excellent at military operationsThey were brilliant strategists Built roads throughout the empire to move armies and suppliesRomans created practical legal and political institutions

Roman SenateRoman RoadII. The Roman RepublicPatricians and plebeians made up Roman societyMen in both groups were citizens and could voteHowever only patricians could be elected to public officePatricians and plebeians struggled over social and political equality

II. The Roman RepublicThe Roman Senate was made up of 300 patricians who were elected for lifeThe Roman Senate selected the consuls and praetors and passed lawsTwo consuls, chosen every year, ran the government and led the army into warA praetor was in charge of civil law

Reflection: How would you describe the social structure of Rome?II. The Roman RepublicBy 287 B.C., a law making all Roman males equal citizens was passedRomes first attempt at a legal system was the Twelve Tables adopted in 450 B.C. This code of laws proved to be inadequate for the needs of the Roman societyRomans then established standards of justice that applied to all Roman citizensThe principles of this legal system provide the basis of our current legal system

Reflection:Greece created a direct democracy and Rome formed a republic.Are they both forms of a democracy? How would you define a democracy?If so, what are similarities between the two?What are the differences?III. Roman ExpansionAfter their conquest of Italy, the Romans faced the state of CarthageIn 264 B.C., the First Punic War began between Rome and CarthageA Phoenician colony in North Africa that had grown wealthy from tradeRome was victorious and claimed the island of Sicily

III. Roman ExpansionIn 216 B.C., the Carthaginian general Hannibal crossed the Alps with his army of 46,000 men and 37 battle elephants to attack RomeThis was the beginning of the Second Punic WarIn 206 B.C., the Romans pushed the Carthaginian forces out of SpainAt the Battle of Zama in 202 B.C., Rome defeated Hannibal, and Spain became a Roman provinceIn 146 B.C., the Third Punic War was fought. The Romans destroyed Carthage and became the dominant power in the Mediterranean world.

Create a cartoon of the Punic WarsYou will create a foldable according to the teachers instructions.You will create a cartoon for the Punic wars. Each drawing will be in chronological order and must show what took place during the 3 Punic wars. Each slide must have a caption which gives some insight into what is happening in the slide. (using bubbles to show talking is also acceptable)Each slide must also be colored(Remember your teacher is visual and loves COLOR!!!From Republic to EmpireIV. The End of the Roman RepublicPolitical and social unrest led to civil wars, ending the RepublicBy the second century B.C., the Senate was in control of foreign and domestic policy of Rome, including financial affairsA small group of landed aristocrats began to gain more power and soon brought instability to the Roman RepublicSmall farmers were forced off their landsThey moved to the city where they created a large class of poorLarge landed estates, latifundia, were created by the richTiberius and Gaius Gracchus tried to institute land reform but were murdered by a group of rich senators

Video:Why do you think the patricians would take the land of the farmers?How do you think this contributed to the fall of Rome?IV. The End of the Roman RepublicA change in the recruitment of soldiers also created problemsSoldiers seeking land swore allegiance to the general, not the state Giving military generals great powerGenerals commanded legions of soldiersA legion consisted of 5,000 troops

IV. The End of the Roman RepublicIn 60 B.C., the First Triumvirate was formed to run the governmentTriumvirate is a government by three people with equal powerThe leaders of the triumvirate were Crassus, Pompey, and Julius CaesarJulius Caesar illegally crossed the Rubicon River with his army causing a civil war in which he defeated PompeyHe went into Rome because he felt Rome needed to be saved from the instability

IV. The End of the Roman RepublicIn 45 B.C., Julius Caesar was made dictator and controlled RomeDictator is an absolute rulerCaesars land reform policies were unpopular with the rich Members of the senate thought he wanted to be a kingHe was assassinated by a group of senators in 44 B.C.Rome plunged into civil war again

The Assassination of Julius Caesar

Why do you think that the Senate killed Caesar?How do you think this contributed to the fall of Rome?IV. The End of the Roman RepublicThe Second Triumvirate was composed of Octavian, Antony, and LepidusOctavian and Antony soon came into conflictAntony joined forces with Cleopatra of EgyptAfter defeat, they committed suicide Octavian soon became the sole ruler of the Roman Empire

Video: Why do you think Octavian was so successful in defeating Antony?

Why do you think the Roman Republic came to and end?V. The Beginning of the Roman EmpireIn 27 B.C., Octavian gave the Senate some power but became the first emperor of RomeThe Senate gave Octavian the title of Augustus, meaning the revered oneThe Senate also gave Augustus the title of imperatorImperator means commander in chief

V. The Beginning of the Roman EmpireAugustus new political system allowed the emperor to select his successorThe next four emperors came from his family They became more powerful and corruptNero was a ruthless rulerHe blamed the burning of Rome on the ChristiansHe killed his own mother and also committed suicideHis death in 69 A.D. caused a civil war to break out

V. The Beginning of the Roman EmpireFollowing the civil war, emperors were more tolerant The time period known as the Pax Romana beganPeriod of peace and prosperityThe building of roads and public works was undertaken to help the empireThe Roman Empire expanded to include Dacia, Mesopotamia, and the Sinai PeninsulaTrajan, one of the good emperors, strengthened his defenses along the Rhine and Danube Rivers in EuropeHadrian built a wall in England to defend against the Scots

Hadrians Wall

V. The Beginning of the Roman EmpireThe empire at its height was one of the greatest the world has ever knownLatin was the language of the western empire, whereas Greek was spoken in the eastRoman culture spread through the empire and mixed with the existing Greek culture resulting in a Greco-Roman civilization

Interactive Map of the Roman Empire and Celtic LandsRoman Empire MapUse map on page 158Color the area of the Roman Empire and Create a Key and match it to key Color the rest of the land area BrownColor the water of BlueLabel the city of Rome and ByzantiumLabel the area of Africa and Asia MinorLabel the waterways: Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea, North Sea, and Red Sea, and Atlantic OceanRomanEmpire

Roman Culture and SocietyVI. Roman Arts and Literature The Romans spread Greco-Roman arts and culture throughout the empireArt and ArchitectureThe Romans borrowed heavily from Greek styles of art and architectureGreek art and sculptures were highly prized by RomansUnlike Greeks, Roman art depicted realistic forms

VI. Roman Arts and Literature The Romans constructed roads, bridges, and aqueducts throughout the empireThey used curved forms: arches, vaults, and domesThey used a new and better concrete on a massive scaleBuilt 50,000 miles of roadsBuilt dozens of aqueducts that brought water to the city of over one million people

The Pantheon

Roman AqueductThe Coliseum

VI. Roman Arts and Literature LiteratureThe Age of Augustus is known as the golden age of Latin LiteratureVirgil wrote of the splendor of RomeHis masterpiece was the AeneidAeneas was the ideal Roman whose virtues are duty, piety and faithfulnessRomes gift was the art of ruling.

C. Literature Horace wrote Satires about the Roman peopleLaughs at the weakness of humansLivy wrote about the history of Rome, although his accuracy is often questionedThe Early History of Rome142 books that told stories about people and their character

VII. Life in Ancient RomeCity life in ancient Rome had problems similar to life todayFamily LifeRoman households were headed by the paterfamiliasthe dominant maleCould sell his children into slavery or have them put to deathAbsolute authority over wifeOver time this authority over the family declined

VII. Life in Ancient RomeBoys and girls were educated in Roman societyGreek slaves were often teachers for rich RomansUpper-class girls were often sent to primary schools for their educationAt the age of 12 to 14 boys entered secondary school while girls entered into marriage

VII. Life in Ancient RomeWomen had considerable freedom and independenceThey could not enter politicsThey could own and sell property, attend theatre and races, and socializeWomen were not segregated from malesMarriage meant for life but divorce was possible for both male and VII. Life in Ancient RomeSlavesSlavery was common in the ancient world, and the Romans depended heavily on slave labor for household duties and the building of public worksMost people owned slaves and many were looked upon as part of the family householdRoman conquest brought about a change in the use of slavesGreek slaves were used as tutors, musicians, doctors, and artistsD. SlaverySome slaves were used for hard labor on farms and construction projects like roads and buildingsThese slaves were treated harshlySpartacus was a gladiator who led a slave revolt in 73 B.C.Involved 70,000 slavesDefeated several Roman armiesWhen finally captured, Spartacus and 6,000 followers were nailed to crosses lining the streets entering RomeVII. Life in Ancient RomeLiving ConditionsRome was the cultural center of the Roman EmpireThe large public buildings and magnificent architecture of the city was unequaled anywhere else in the empireThe place to be if you wanted to become somebodyVery noisy and busyNo carts or wagons allowed in streets during the day because of congestion

VII. Life in Ancient RomeA gap existed between the rich and the poor. The wealthy lived in comfortable villas the poor lived in apartment complexes called insulaeFire was very much a threat in the insulaeRooms often very crowded because of so many people living in them due to the high cost of rentPeople often spent much of the time, even at night, outsideConditions were not so great for the poor

VII. Life in Ancient RomeStarting with Augustus, emperors provided the poor with grain for breadThe emperor provided the entertainment for the cityHorse and chariot races, theater performances, and gladiator fightsThis was done to keep many poor preoccupied and their minds off of their terrible living conditions

An Example of a Roman Mosaic

Creating a MosaicOn a sheet of paper, create your design. A simple geometric design is the easiest. Animals, birds, fish or objects such as bowls or pitchers are more difficult.Copy your design on a piece of cardstock.Take four sheets of colored paper and cut them into squares of about 1/8th of an inch.Spread glue all over youre the design on the cardstock.Placed colored papers in your design.

The Development of ChristianityVIII. Religion in the Roman EmpirePrior to Christianity, Roman religion involved the worship of a number of gods and goddesses and the belief that Rome had earned the favor of the godsAlthough tolerant of other religions, the official religion of the Romans involved the worship of numerous gods and goddessesThey were not tolerant if other religions threatened public order or moralsRituals guaranteed peace and prosperity

Religion in the Roman EmpireRome controlled the Jewish state of Judaea under the direction of an official called a procuratorThe head Roman official of a provinceThere was unrest in Judea among the Jews

Religion in the Roman EmpireFour different groups of Jews had varying opinions on how to deal with Roman ruleThe Sadducees favored cooperation with the RomeThe Pharisees believed observance of their religious laws would protect them from Roman influenceThe Essenes waited for God to save Israel from oppressionThe Zealots called for the violent overthrow of Roman ControlA Jewish revolt was ended in A.D.70, and the Jewish temple in Jerusalem was destroyed

IX. The Rise of ChristianityJesus was a Jewish teacher who traveled and taught in Judaea and GalileeDespite his adherence to the Law, Jesus primary emphasis was on the transformation of the inner personJesus taught ethical concepts such as humility, charity, and love towards one anotherJesus preaching led some to believe he would lead a revolution against Rome

The Rise of ChristianityAfter Jesus death, apostles such as Simon Peter and Paul spread the message of Jesus to Jews and GentilesPaul founded Christian communities all along the shores of the Aegean Sea and Asia MinorThe teachings of Jesus were passed on orally and, eventually, written down by his followers. These writings would become the core of the New TestamentThe Rise of ChristianityEven though the Romans tolerated other religions, Christianity was seen as dangerous to the stateChristians refused to worship the state godsThis was seen as an act of treason punishable by deathChristians saw this as worshipping false gods and endangering their own salvation.The Rise of ChristianityPersecutions of the Christians started under the reign of NeroRoman persecution of Christians strengthened ChristianityFear of persecution meant only the most committed would choose to follow the faithThe structure of Christianity became more organizedBishops emerged to control church communitiesClergy, church leaders, had distinct functions separate from the laity, or church members.

Video:What did Nero do after the fire?Why did he blame the Christians for the fire?The Rise of ChristianityWhy was Christianity able to attract so many followers?It was a personal religion and offered salvation to all. Doing so gave life meaning to manyThe state-based religion was impersonal and existed for the good of RomeIt was similar to existing religions offering immortalityChristianity fulfilled the human need to belongChristianity proved attractive to all classes, especially the poor and powerlessThe Rise of ChristianityThe last great persecution of the Christians was under Emperor DiocletianEven he recognized the strength of the Christian religionIn the fourth century A.D., the Roman emperor Constantine became the first Christian emperorHe issued the Edict of Milan which proclaimed official tolerance of ChristianityTheodosius the Great adopted Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire

Video:Who is this video about?Why do you think that Constantine reversed Diocletian's ban on Christianity?Why do you think Constantine declared he was a Christian?Decline and FallX. The DeclinePolitical upheavals, the plague, and the division of the empire led to its declineAfter the last of the five good emperors died in 180 A.D., a period of conflict, confusion, and civil wars followedRoman rulers relied on military strength to control the large empireFrom A.D. 235 to 284, the Roman throne was controlled by the person with the most military powerThe throne was occupied by 22 different rulers during this 50 year periodMost met a violent deathThe DeclineIn the third century A.D., invasions, civil wars, and plague nearly caused an economic collapse of the empirePlague created a shortage of labor and soldiersTrade and farm production declinedArmies were needed more and more but cost a great deal of moneySassanid Persians moved into Roman territory in the eastGerman tribes poured into Gaul, Spain and the Balkans

The DeclineTwo emperorsDiocletian and Constantine attempted to save the empire by changing the government structure, economic and social systems, and by implementing Christianity as the new state religionDiocletian ruled from 284 to 305 and split the empire into four regionsEnlarged the armyCreated more civil service jobsCreated price and job freezes

The DeclineConstantine ruled from 306 to 337 and created a new capital city in the eastThe capital city was called Constantinople and was built on the site of the former Greek city of Byzantium on the shores of the BosporusContinued policies of DiocletianSpending large amounts of money to save the empire hurt the Roman economy and inflation appeared

XI. The FallThe migration of Germanic tribes helped bring an end to the Roman EmpireTo survive hard times, the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman EmpireWestern capital remained RomeEastern capital was ConstantinopleThe Huns moved into Eastern Europe and pushed the Germanic Visigoths west across the Danube RiverThe Visigoths were initially Roman allies but revoltedThey sacked the Roman capital in A.D. 410The Vandals poured into Spain and North AfricaThey captured Rome in A.D. 455

The FallIn A.D. 476, the western emperor Romulus Augustulus was deposed by the Germanic armyThis marks the end of the Western Roman EmpireThe Eastern Roman Empire remainedIt became known as the Byzantine EmpireA.D. 476 is considered the end of the Roman EmpireThe FallThere are many theories to propose the fall of the Roman EmpireThe rise of Christianity weakened Roman military virtues

The FallItalian values decreased as the non-Italian population increasedLead poisoning through lead cups and pipes caused a decline in the populationPlague weakened the Roman populationSlavery led to a decline to technologyRome could not create a workable political system