Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet

By William ShakespeareBy William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare’s lifeWilliam Shakespeare’s life Born April 23, 1564Born April 23, 1564 Was the third of eight children, although the two Was the third of eight children, although the two

born before him had died. Married Anne born before him had died. Married Anne Hathaway (he was 18 – she was 24)Hathaway (he was 18 – she was 24)

Daughter Susanna was born in 1583Daughter Susanna was born in 1583 Birth of his twins- 1585 - Judith and Hamnet, who Birth of his twins- 1585 - Judith and Hamnet, who

died at age 11died at age 11 1585-1592 – no records of Shakespeare1585-1592 – no records of Shakespeare Joined Lord Chamberlain’s Men in 1590sJoined Lord Chamberlain’s Men in 1590s Purchased a large home in Stratford in 1597Purchased a large home in Stratford in 1597 Joined the King’s Men in 1603 (King James)Joined the King’s Men in 1603 (King James) Died April 23, 1616 (age 52)Died April 23, 1616 (age 52)

The GlobeThe Globe 1616thth Century: the foremost theaters in Century: the foremost theaters in

London: The Globe, The Rose, and The SwanLondon: The Globe, The Rose, and The Swan The Globe was the most famous and The Globe was the most famous and

successful theatersuccessful theater The Globe survived a fire, a lawsuit, Puritan The Globe survived a fire, a lawsuit, Puritan

outrage, and a move to the other side of outrage, and a move to the other side of towntown

Could seat up to 3,000 peopleCould seat up to 3,000 people 1613 – burned to the ground during a 1613 – burned to the ground during a Henry Henry

VIIIVIII performance performance Destroyed completely in 1644Destroyed completely in 1644 Rebuilt in 1996Rebuilt in 1996

Elizabethan EnglandElizabethan England

Queen Elizabeth was the daughter of Anne Boleyn Queen Elizabeth was the daughter of Anne Boleyn and King Henry VIIIand King Henry VIII

She became queen after her half-sister and half-She became queen after her half-sister and half-brother each briefly reigned and diedbrother each briefly reigned and died

Her sister Mary’s reign was brutal and violent (her Her sister Mary’s reign was brutal and violent (her persecution of Protestant propagators earned her persecution of Protestant propagators earned her the nickname “Bloody Mary”)the nickname “Bloody Mary”)

Elizabeth I was 25 years old when she became Elizabeth I was 25 years old when she became queenqueen

She never marriedShe never married King James I became king after Elizabeth’s death King James I became king after Elizabeth’s death

and joined Scotland and England under one crownand joined Scotland and England under one crown

CRIME AND PUNISHMENT CRIME AND PUNISHMENT DURING THE ELIZABETHAN DURING THE ELIZABETHAN

ERA ERA Elizabethan England was split into two classes - the Elizabethan England was split into two classes - the Upper Class (the nobility) and everyone else. Upper Class (the nobility) and everyone else. Punishment would vary according to class. Punishment would vary according to class.

The Upper class were well educated, wealthy and The Upper class were well educated, wealthy and associated with Royalty and high members of the associated with Royalty and high members of the clergy. The most common crimes of the Nobility clergy. The most common crimes of the Nobility included:included:

High TreasonHigh Treason BlasphemyBlasphemy SeditionSedition SpyingSpying RebellionRebellion MurderMurder WitchcraftWitchcraft AlchemyAlchemy

INSTRUMENTS OF TORTURE INSTRUMENTS OF TORTURE

Various means of tortures were use to extract Various means of tortures were use to extract confessions for crime. Women did not escape confessions for crime. Women did not escape torture and punishment during this violent torture and punishment during this violent era.era.

The highest nobles were automatically The highest nobles were automatically exempt from torture but other courtiers were exempt from torture but other courtiers were not. Instruments and means of torture, for not. Instruments and means of torture, for unproven crime, included the following:unproven crime, included the following:

The RackThe Rack The Scavenger's DaughterThe Scavenger's Daughter The CollarThe Collar The Iron MaidenThe Iron Maiden Branding IronsBranding Irons Assorted instruments designed to inflict Assorted instruments designed to inflict

intense painintense pain

The RackThe Rack The rack was a machine consisting of a The rack was a machine consisting of a

rectangular wooden frame. The wooden rectangular wooden frame. The wooden frame had a roller at each end. The victim's frame had a roller at each end. The victim's feet were manacled to one roller, and the feet were manacled to one roller, and the wrists were manacled to the other. A handle wrists were manacled to the other. A handle and ratchet were attached to the top roller and ratchet were attached to the top roller and were turned very gradually stepwise to and were turned very gradually stepwise to increase the tension on the chains. The increase the tension on the chains. The victim was tied across a board by his ankles victim was tied across a board by his ankles and wrists. The rollers at either end of the and wrists. The rollers at either end of the board were turned, pulling the body in board were turned, pulling the body in opposite directions. The victims body was opposite directions. The victims body was initially stretched. Limbs would be initially stretched. Limbs would be dislocated and prolonged use would end dislocated and prolonged use would end with limbs being torn from their sockets  with limbs being torn from their sockets  inducing excruciating pain.inducing excruciating pain.

Scavenger’s DaughterScavenger’s Daughter

This device consisted of one single This device consisted of one single iron bar that connected iron shackles iron bar that connected iron shackles closing round the victim's hands, closing round the victim's hands, feet, and neck. This rack positioned feet, and neck. This rack positioned the head to the knees of the victim in the head to the knees of the victim in a sitting position. It  compressed the a sitting position. It  compressed the body as to force the blood from the body as to force the blood from the nose and ears. nose and ears.

The CollarThe Collar

The victim was tied The victim was tied to the instrument to the instrument and his or her neck and his or her neck forced inside the forced inside the iron collar. With the iron collar. With the handle that can be handle that can be seen in the picture, seen in the picture, the executioner the executioner slowly crushed the slowly crushed the victim's neck victim's neck causing death from causing death from asphyxia.asphyxia.

Iron MaidenIron Maiden

The Worst Punishment…The Worst Punishment…

"The greatest and most grievous "The greatest and most grievous punishment used in England for such punishment used in England for such as offend against the State is drawing as offend against the State is drawing from the prison to the place of from the prison to the place of execution upon a hurdle or sled, where execution upon a hurdle or sled, where they are hanged till they be half dead, they are hanged till they be half dead, and then taken down, and quartered and then taken down, and quartered alive; after that, their members and alive; after that, their members and bowels are cut from their bodies, and bowels are cut from their bodies, and thrown into a fire, provided near hand thrown into a fire, provided near hand and within their own sight, even for the and within their own sight, even for the same purpose."same purpose."

And the commoners…And the commoners…

Crime and Punishment for commoners during the Crime and Punishment for commoners during the Elizabethan era included the following:Elizabethan era included the following:

HangingHanging BurningBurning The Pillory and the StocksThe Pillory and the Stocks WhippingWhipping BrandingBranding PressingPressing The WheelThe Wheel Boiling in oil, water, or lead (usually reserved for Boiling in oil, water, or lead (usually reserved for

poisoners)poisoners) Starvation in a public placeStarvation in a public place Cutting off various items of the anatomy - hands, Cutting off various items of the anatomy - hands,

ears etcears etc

Elizabethan England Elizabethan England ContinuedContinued

Fashions: dye hair red or blonde; Fashions: dye hair red or blonde; pluck hair for “high forehead”; rufflespluck hair for “high forehead”; ruffles

Only male actors were allowed on Only male actors were allowed on stagestage

Entertainment: drama, dance, music, Entertainment: drama, dance, music, song, sports (fishing, tennis, bowling)song, sports (fishing, tennis, bowling)

Bubonic PlagueBubonic Plague

William Shakespeare lived in the William Shakespeare lived in the Elizabethan era when the Elizabethan era when the bubonic plague, referred to as bubonic plague, referred to as the Black Death, was virulent. the Black Death, was virulent. There were high mortality rates There were high mortality rates amongst Elizabethan children, amongst Elizabethan children, and this was true of the brothers and this was true of the brothers and sisters of Shakespeare, some and sisters of Shakespeare, some of whom were struck down by the of whom were struck down by the Bubonic  plague (Black Death)Bubonic  plague (Black Death)

Continued…Continued… In the late sixteenth and seventeenth In the late sixteenth and seventeenth

centuries victims of the Bubonic plague centuries victims of the Bubonic plague (Black Death) would be sealed in their (Black Death) would be sealed in their houses. The houses would be locked and houses. The houses would be locked and bolted from the outside. bolted from the outside.

The victims were not allowed to leave and The victims were not allowed to leave and neither was anyone else allowed to enter. neither was anyone else allowed to enter. This action was tantamount to signing a This action was tantamount to signing a death warrant for the whole family and one death warrant for the whole family and one of the terrible consequences of the disease. of the terrible consequences of the disease.

Any victim of the Bubonic Plague or Black Any victim of the Bubonic Plague or Black Death would have to obtain a ' Certificate of Death would have to obtain a ' Certificate of Health ' to resume normal life - if they Health ' to resume normal life - if they recovered...recovered...

Continued…Continued… There were repeated outbreaks of the disease during There were repeated outbreaks of the disease during

the Elizabethan era and these outbreaks were often the Elizabethan era and these outbreaks were often transmitted by the fleas that lived on rodents and transmitted by the fleas that lived on rodents and animals, especially rats. animals, especially rats.

Elizabethan farmers and retailers of farm produce, Elizabethan farmers and retailers of farm produce, such as animal hides, were in constant danger of such as animal hides, were in constant danger of contracting the Bubonic plague (Black Death) and contracting the Bubonic plague (Black Death) and this was a deadly consequence of their job. this was a deadly consequence of their job.

The disease  could also be air bound and transmitted The disease  could also be air bound and transmitted from an infected person's breath.  from an infected person's breath. 

A devastating outbreak of the Elizabethan plague A devastating outbreak of the Elizabethan plague occurred in 1563 claiming 80,000 people in England. occurred in 1563 claiming 80,000 people in England. The cause of the Bubonic plague (Black Death) was The cause of the Bubonic plague (Black Death) was unknown during the Elizabethan era so people were unknown during the Elizabethan era so people were not in the position to take proper care or adequate not in the position to take proper care or adequate precautions. precautions.

Inadequate hygiene standards added to the problem Inadequate hygiene standards added to the problem and spread of the disease and spread of the disease 

In 1563, in London alone, over 20,000 people In 1563, in London alone, over 20,000 people died of the disease. This particular epidemic died of the disease. This particular epidemic claimed between a quarter and a third of the claimed between a quarter and a third of the totaltotal Elizabethan London population. Elizabethan London population. Statistics show that 1000 people died weekly Statistics show that 1000 people died weekly in mid August, 1600 per week in September, in mid August, 1600 per week in September, and 1800 per week in October. and 1800 per week in October. 

The Elizabethan City of London was filthy. Its The Elizabethan City of London was filthy. Its population was growing continuously with population was growing continuously with poor people moving from the country to poor people moving from the country to London in search of work. There was a total London in search of work. There was a total lack of a structured sewage system in lack of a structured sewage system in Elizabethan London. All of the waste was just Elizabethan London. All of the waste was just dumped into the River Thames. dumped into the River Thames.

The London streets were dark, narrow and The London streets were dark, narrow and dangerous and slow to travel through. dangerous and slow to travel through. Everyone used the river to move about and Everyone used the river to move about and each London Elizabethan would have come each London Elizabethan would have come into contact with the everyday presence of into contact with the everyday presence of the dirt and the rats. the dirt and the rats.

Continued…Continued… In the Elizabethan era various concoctions of herbs In the Elizabethan era various concoctions of herbs

were given and used for the medical treatment of were given and used for the medical treatment of different parts of the body and the varying different parts of the body and the varying symptoms of the disease.  symptoms of the disease. 

Elizabethan medical treatment for head pains was Elizabethan medical treatment for head pains was with sweet-smelling herbs such as rose, lavender, with sweet-smelling herbs such as rose, lavender, sage, and bay. sage, and bay.

Medical treatment for stomach pains and sickness Medical treatment for stomach pains and sickness was with wormwood, mint, and balm. was with wormwood, mint, and balm.

Vinegar was widely used as a cleansing agent as it Vinegar was widely used as a cleansing agent as it was believed that it would kill disease. was believed that it would kill disease.

Bloodletting, or cutting open the vein nearest the Bloodletting, or cutting open the vein nearest the infected part of the body, was commonly thought to infected part of the body, was commonly thought to be one of the best ways to treat the illness. The be one of the best ways to treat the illness. The blood that exuded was black, thick and vile smelling blood that exuded was black, thick and vile smelling with a greenish scum mixed in it. with a greenish scum mixed in it. 

The Bubonic  plague (Black Death) was the greatest The Bubonic  plague (Black Death) was the greatest fear of people living during the Elizabethan era from fear of people living during the Elizabethan era from the Queen herself to the lowliest of her subjects. the Queen herself to the lowliest of her subjects. 

Shakespearean TimelineShakespearean Timeline

1558: Queen Elizabeth begins her 45 year 1558: Queen Elizabeth begins her 45 year rulerule

1560: Mary Queen of Scot’s husband is 1560: Mary Queen of Scot’s husband is murdered and his ten year old brother murdered and his ten year old brother ascends the throneascends the throne

1564: Shakespeare is born1564: Shakespeare is born 1595: He writes 1595: He writes Romeo and JulietRomeo and Juliet 1599: the Globe is built1599: the Globe is built 1603: King James takes the throne1603: King James takes the throne 1614: Pocahontas marries John Rolfe1614: Pocahontas marries John Rolfe 1616: Shakespeare dies1616: Shakespeare dies

THE SIX WIVES OF HENRY VIII

                                                      

Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536)

Married Henry: 1509 Divorced: 1532/3

Catherine of Aragon Poster Gallery

                                                          

   Anne Boleyn

(c.1504-1536)

Married Henry: 1532/3 Beheaded: 1536

Anne Boleyn Poster Gallery

                                                  

      Jane Seymour

(c.1507-1537) Married Henry: 1536

Died: 1537

Jane Seymour Poster Gallery

                                                 

      Anne of Cleves

(1515-1557) Married Henry: 1540

Divorced: 1540

Anne of Cleves Poster Gallery

                                            

      Katherine Howard

(c.1522-1542) Married Henry: 1540

Beheaded: 1542

Katherine Howard Poster Gallery

                                          

      Katherine Parr

(c.1512-1548) Married Henry: 1543

Survived

Katherine Parr Poster Gallery

Six Wives of Henry VIIISix Wives of Henry VIII

1.1. Queen Catherine of Queen Catherine of Aragon was contracted Aragon was contracted to Henry’s brother, but to Henry’s brother, but he died. Gave Henry a he died. Gave Henry a daughter – Queen Mary daughter – Queen Mary I (Bloody Mary). Fell in I (Bloody Mary). Fell in love with Anne Boleyn- love with Anne Boleyn- asked for a divorce- asked for a divorce- Catholic church said Catholic church said NO. He broke from the NO. He broke from the church and England church and England became Protestant.became Protestant.

2. Married Anne Boleyn 2. Married Anne Boleyn who gave him who gave him another daughter: another daughter: Queen Elizabeth I. Queen Elizabeth I. Was beheaded Was beheaded because King Henry because King Henry wanted a male heir wanted a male heir and didn’t want to and didn’t want to “divorce” again.“divorce” again.

3. Queen Jane 3. Queen Jane Seymour gave Seymour gave Henry a male child: Henry a male child: Prince Edward –Prince Edward –later succeeded his later succeeded his father to the father to the English throne as English throne as King Edward VI. King Edward VI. The queen died The queen died days after the birth days after the birth from infection. from infection.

4. He married Anne 4. He married Anne of Cleves to take of Cleves to take care of the child, care of the child, but was completely but was completely unattracted to her. unattracted to her. It was said her It was said her body odor was body odor was atrocious. He atrocious. He quickly divorced quickly divorced her and remarried.her and remarried.

5. His fifth wife was 5. His fifth wife was Catherine Howard. Catherine Howard. She was She was considerably considerably younger and soon younger and soon began having began having affairs. She was affairs. She was beheaded.beheaded.

6. Last wife: Queen 6. Last wife: Queen Katherine Parr. Katherine Parr. King Henry’s King Henry’s children loved her children loved her and she survived…and she survived…

When King Henry VIII died, he was When King Henry VIII died, he was succeeded by his son, King Edward I, the succeeded by his son, King Edward I, the boy king. King Edward did not live very boy king. King Edward did not live very long and was succeeded by Queen Mary I. long and was succeeded by Queen Mary I. Queen Mary was Catholic and married Queen Mary was Catholic and married Phillip of Spain sending the English into an Phillip of Spain sending the English into an uproar. Princess Elizabeth was thought to uproar. Princess Elizabeth was thought to be in a plot to overthrow the queen and be in a plot to overthrow the queen and was sent to the Tower of London. After was sent to the Tower of London. After many letters declaring her innocence, many letters declaring her innocence, Elizabeth was freed. When Queen Mary Elizabeth was freed. When Queen Mary died, Elizabeth became the queen. She is died, Elizabeth became the queen. She is noted for the English Renaissance.noted for the English Renaissance.

Terms to KnowTerms to KnowDefine the following:Define the following:

alliterationalliteration oxymoronoxymoron allusionallusion metaphormetaphor hyperbolehyperbole ironyirony comic reliefcomic relief punpun foreshadowforeshadow asideaside Iambic pentameterIambic pentameter

personificationpersonification similesimile dramatic ironydramatic irony paradoxparadox foilfoil soliloquysoliloquy chorus chorus (pg. 901 #14 (pg. 901 #14

note)note) coupletcouplet blank verseblank verse tragedytragedy tragic herotragic hero

SonnetsSonnets

A Shakespearean sonnet consists of 14 A Shakespearean sonnet consists of 14 lines, each line contains ten syllables, lines, each line contains ten syllables, and each line is written in iambic and each line is written in iambic pentameter in which a pattern of a non-pentameter in which a pattern of a non-emphasized syllable followed by an emphasized syllable followed by an emphasized syllable is repeated five emphasized syllable is repeated five times. The rhyme scheme in a times. The rhyme scheme in a Shakespearean sonnet is ABAB CDCD Shakespearean sonnet is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, in which the last two lines are EFEF GG, in which the last two lines are a rhyming couplet. a rhyming couplet.

Sonnet 18Sonnet 18“Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?”“Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?”

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? (A)Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? (A)Thou art more lovely and more temperate: (B) Thou art more lovely and more temperate: (B)

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, (A)Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, (A)And summer's lease hath all too short a date: (B)And summer's lease hath all too short a date: (B)Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, (C)Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, (C)

And often is his gold complexion dimm'd; (D)And often is his gold complexion dimm'd; (D)And every fair from fair sometime declines, (C)And every fair from fair sometime declines, (C)

By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd;(D) By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd;(D)

But thy eternal summer shall not fade (E)But thy eternal summer shall not fade (E)Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; (F)Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; (F)

Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade,(E) Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade,(E) When in eternal lines to time thou growest: (F)When in eternal lines to time thou growest: (F)So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, (G)So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, (G)So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. (G) (G)

Shakespeare’s languageShakespeare’s language An: ifAn: if Marry: by the Virgin Mary, Marry: by the Virgin Mary,

meaning “indeed”meaning “indeed” Soft: wait a minuteSoft: wait a minute Withal: withWithal: with Heavy: sad, depressedHeavy: sad, depressed Thee: youThee: you Nought: nothingNought: nothing Attend: listen toAttend: listen to Counsel: adviceCounsel: advice Will: desireWill: desire Whereto: to whichWhereto: to which Pray: begPray: beg Plague: cursePlague: curse Wrought: providedWrought: provided Would: wishWould: wish Methinks: I thinkMethinks: I think Dispatch: killDispatch: kill Privy: informedPrivy: informed

Sirrah: used when addressing Sirrah: used when addressing people of inferior rank, like “Boy”people of inferior rank, like “Boy”

Thither: thereThither: there Foe: enemyFoe: enemy Hither: hereHither: here Discourses: speaksDiscourses: speaks Thou art: you areThou art: you are Nay: noNay: no Woo: chase afterWoo: chase after Doth: doesDoth: does Adieu: farewellAdieu: farewell Woe: miseryWoe: misery Thy: yourThy: your Mark: pay attention toMark: pay attention to Hie: goHie: go Tidings: newsTidings: news Decree: orderDecree: order Resolve: planResolve: plan