Roots of DemocracyRoots of Democracy

10.110.1

Students relate the moral and ethical principles Students relate the moral and ethical principles in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, in in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, in Judaism, and in Christianity to the development Judaism, and in Christianity to the development of Western political thought. of Western political thought.

Analyze the similarities and differences in Analyze the similarities and differences in Judeo-Christian and Greco-Roman views of law, Judeo-Christian and Greco-Roman views of law, reason and faith, and duties of the individual. reason and faith, and duties of the individual.

Trace the development of the Western political Trace the development of the Western political ideas of the rule of law and illegitimacy of ideas of the rule of law and illegitimacy of tyranny, using selections from Plato's Republic tyranny, using selections from Plato's Republic and Aristotle's Politics. and Aristotle's Politics.

Consider the influence of the U.S. Constitution Consider the influence of the U.S. Constitution on political systems in the contemporary world. on political systems in the contemporary world.

Ancient Athens, GreeceAncient Athens, Greece

Direct DemocracyDirect Democracy

Duties of CitizensDuties of Citizens

LegislatureLegislature

JuryJury

Rule of Law & ReasonRule of Law & Reason

Direct DemocracyDirect Democracy

Democracy = Rule by the Democracy = Rule by the peoplepeople

Direct Democracy = Vote Direct Democracy = Vote for/against laws not for/against laws not through representatives through representatives

Citizens make political Citizens make political decisionsdecisions

Duties of Citizens (individuals)Duties of Citizens (individuals)

Citizens = Male, 18+, Citizens = Male, 18+, citizen parentscitizen parents

Participate in juries, Participate in juries, legislature, and law legislature, and law proposalsproposals

Use ReasonUse Reason

LegislatureLegislature

Solon – Council of 400Solon – Council of 400

Cleisthenes – Council of 500 Cleisthenes – Council of 500

Pericles – Assembly: Any citizen Pericles – Assembly: Any citizen could attendcould attend

JuryJury

Most important duty of a citizenMost important duty of a citizen

201-2500 citizen men201-2500 citizen men

Randomly selectedRandomly selected

Decided guilty or innocent and Decided guilty or innocent and punishmentpunishment

Banish a leader to prevent too much Banish a leader to prevent too much powerpower

Rule of Law and ReasonRule of Law and Reason

Universe created in an orderly wayUniverse created in an orderly way

Universe functions through Universe functions through unchanging lawsunchanging laws

Man can understand the universe Man can understand the universe and its laws through reason and logicand its laws through reason and logic

Foundation for DEMOCRACYFoundation for DEMOCRACY

Video on Greeks

PhilosophyPhilosophy

Love of WisdomObservation and Reasoning

Ethics and Morality

Socrates

Socratic Method

Plato

Aristotle

Science & Logic

SocratesSocrates

““What is the greater good?”What is the greater good?”

““The unexamined life is not worth The unexamined life is not worth living”living”– Important to examine laws, social Important to examine laws, social

customs, and religious values.customs, and religious values.– Socratic MethodSocratic Method

Loyal to Athens & democracyLoyal to Athens & democracy

Tried and convicted for corrupting Tried and convicted for corrupting city youth & not respecting the godscity youth & not respecting the gods

Death by hemlock (poison) Death by hemlock (poison)

Funny PhilosophersFunny Philosophers

– Steve Martin as Socrates

PlatoPlato

Student of SocratesStudent of Socrates

The AcademyThe Academy

Rational ThoughtRational Thought

Equality at birthEquality at birth

3 classes: workers, soldiers and 3 classes: workers, soldiers and philosopher rulersphilosopher rulers

High regulation serves citizens’ best High regulation serves citizens’ best interestsinterests

AristotleAristotle

Student of PlatoStudent of Plato

Rule of lawRule of law

Government of manyGovernment of many

Despised tyranny – stood above Despised tyranny – stood above the lawthe law

““Golden Mean”Golden Mean”

Lyceum taught all subjectsLyceum taught all subjects

Ancient Roman RepublicAncient Roman Republic

Preserved and added to the Greek Preserved and added to the Greek

ideas of Democratic governmentideas of Democratic government

Republic Republic

Checks on PowerChecks on Power

Written Codes of LawsWritten Codes of Laws

Ancient Ancient Roman Roman

RepublicRepublic

RepublicRepublic

Representative GovernmentRepresentative Government = = citizens elect leaders to make citizens elect leaders to make governmental decisionsgovernmental decisions

Indirect DemocracyIndirect Democracy

Checks on PowerChecks on Power

SenateSenate – Patricians – Patricians

2 Assemblies – Other classes 2 Assemblies – Other classes

VetoVeto

Dictator – appointed in crisis to have Dictator – appointed in crisis to have absolute power.absolute power.

Written Code of LawsWritten Code of Laws““A government of A government of

Laws, not men”Laws, not men”12 tables (tablets)12 tables (tablets)– Commoners demand laws be written downCommoners demand laws be written down– Everyone will have equal access to lawsEveryone will have equal access to laws

Innocent until proven guiltyInnocent until proven guiltyBurden of proof on the accuserBurden of proof on the accuserUnreasonable laws could be set Unreasonable laws could be set asideaside

JudaismJudaism

One GodOne God

Obedient to GodObedient to God

God will protect and God will protect and provide a homelandprovide a homeland

ScripturesScriptures

Torah = “Instructions”Torah = “Instructions”

Laws through stories and Laws through stories and historyhistory

Strict moral standardStrict moral standard

ContributionsContributions

Laws enforced by courtsLaws enforced by courts

Rulers not above the lawRulers not above the law

Support rule of lawSupport rule of law

Individual responsible for Individual responsible for moral conductmoral conduct

Faith and obedience to Faith and obedience to GodGod

ChristianityChristianity

One GodOne God

Justice, morality & service to othersJustice, morality & service to others

Equality & DignityEquality & Dignity

ContributionsContributions

Foundation of Western cultureFoundation of Western culture– LawsLaws– Social StructureSocial Structure– Individual worthIndividual worth– Social servicesSocial services– Free will = respect for choiceFree will = respect for choice

Roots of DemocracyRoots of DemocracyGreekGreek RomanRoman JudaismJudaism ChristianityChristianity

Direct Direct

DemocracyDemocracyDuty of Duty of

Citizens to Citizens to participate in participate in governmentgovernment

LegislatureLegislature

JuryJury

Rule of Rule of

Law and Law and

ReasonReason

RepublicRepublic

VetoVeto

Checks on Checks on

PowerPower

Written Written

Code of Code of

LawsLaws

Basic Basic

Moral LawMoral LawIndividual Individual

responsibilityresponsibility

Individual Individual

WorthWorth

Morally Morally

Just Just

CommunityCommunity

EqualityEquality

Human Human

DignityDignity

Service to Service to

othersothers

Moral and Moral and

Ethical Ethical

BehaviorBehavior

JusticeJustice