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Rosetta comet-chaser phones homeBy Jonathan AmosScience correspondent, BBC News, Darmstadt20 January 2014

Rosetta, Europe's comet-chasing spacecraft, has woken from its slumber.

A signal confirming its alert status was received by controllers in Darmstadt,Germany, at 18:17 GMT.

Rosetta has spent the past 31 months in hibernation to conserve power as itarced beyond the orbit of Jupiter on a path that should take it to Comet67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in August.

Engineers will now finesse the probe's trajectory and prepare its instrumentsfor the daring encounter.

One of the highlights of the mission will be the attempt to put a small roboticlander, Philae, on the surface of the 4.5km-wide comet. This will occur inNovember.

There were nail-biting moments in the Darmstadt control room as scientistswaited for the signal to come through. Three quarters of the way through thehour-long window of opportunity, they got what they were waiting for.

Gerhard Schwehm, mission manager for Rosetta, said: "After 31 months inhibernation, what is 45 minutes to wait?"

Andrea Accomazzo, the spacecraft operations manager, said: "I think it was thelongest hour of my life, but also one of the most rewarding."

Monday's message, when it arrived, was a simple one - just a spike on thescreens here at the European Space Agency's operations centre.

It was picked up in California by a 70m dish belonging to the US space agency,and then routed to Germany.

The signal contained no spacecraft telemetry, but its mere receipt from 800million km away confirmed to controllers that Rosetta's automated systems wereoperating as expected.

In the coming hours and days, the Darmstadt team will talk to Rosetta toestablish the full status of its systems.

It will be a slow process. The huge distances between the probe and Earth meantelecommands have a one-way travel time of 45 minutes.

Rosetta was put into hibernation in June 2011 because its trajectory through theSolar System was about to take it so far from the Sun that its solar panelswould harvest minimal energy. The decision was therefore taken to put the

spacecraft in a deep sleep.

Now that it is arcing back towards the Sun, more power is becoming available tooperate the probe.

"From now until mid-March, we have planned virtually no activities on thespacecraft. We can afford to run only some basic check-outs," explained AndreaAccomazzo.

"But from mid-March to the end of April, we will be switching on the instruments

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one by one. We'll check them out and in a few cases even update their software."

From May, Rosetta will begin firing its thrusters to begin zeroing in on Comet67P. Today, the separation is nine million km away. By mid-September, it willhave been reduced to just 10km.

Launched back in 2004, Rosetta has taken a rather circuitous route out to itstarget.

This has involved making a number of flybys of the inner planets, using theirgravity to pick up sufficient speed for the eventual encounter.

It has already delivered some fascinating science, particularly from the closepasses it made to two asteroids - the rocks Steins, in 2008, and Lutetia, in2010.

The plan is for Rosetta to escort the comet as it moves closer towards the Sun,monitoring the changes that take place on the body. The Philae lander willreport changes that occur at the surface.

Comets - giant "dirty snowballs", as some have called them - are believed tocontain materials that have remained largely unchanged since the formation ofthe Solar System 4.6bn years ago.

Rosetta's data should act therefore as a kind of time machine, to enableresearchers to study how our local space environment has changed over time.

"We will sample the physical and chemical composition of the comet," said MattTaylor, Esa's Rosetta project scientist.

"This will give us knowledge on how and where the comet was formed, and aboutits subsequent journey through the evolution of the Solar System.

"We can connect that as well to the formation of the planets themselves. And, inaddition, the elemental make-up of the comet can be considered 'star stuff' - itwill provide us knowledge of the formation processes with the Sun itself."

Rosetta is being billed as the big space event of 2014, and it is clear from thegeneral and social media reaction to Monday's wake-up that interest in themission is considerable.

"Science in general catches the public's imagination," said Thomas Reiter, Esa'sdirector of human spaceflight and operations.

"In general, we try to find answers to fundamental questions, such as where dowe come from, what will be our destiny and will we have to stick to this planet?

"The knowledge we get from missions like Rosetta - which is now moving into avery interesting stage - gets us closer to answering those types of questions."