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MSc Dissertation: Environmental Change and Management

Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford

The Climate Challenge Game: How Might Computer Games beUsed to Communicate the Issues o Climate Change!

Hannah "owlands

Supervisors: Dr James Tansey & Dr Cameron Hepburn

Word Count: 14,975

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#c$nowledgements !ou"d "i#e to t$an# my supervisors Dr James Tansey and Dr Cameron Hepburn %or t$eirent$usiasm, !ise !ords and ontinuin' support t$rou'$out t$is pro(et)

!ou"d a"so "i#e to t$in# t$e !$o"e team at *ed *edemption +td, espeia""y Sam orris %or$is te$nia" assistane !it$ t$e survey and 'ame, and orten -o' %or t$e CD desi'n)

+ast"y, t$an# you to an *oberts %or proo%readin' my %ina" dra%t, and to .obion *o!"ands%or $is un/uestionin' support, and %or !aitin' so patient"y %or a $o"iday !$i"e %inis$ed!ritin' up)

Disclaimer

0ept !$ere ot$er!ise stated and a#no!"ed'ed, erti%y t$at t$is dissertation is my so"eand unaided !or#,

Hanna$ *o!"ands23t$ u'ust 336

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#bstract

T$is study set out to eamine t$e use o% omputer 'ames %or t$e

ommuniation o% "imate $an'e issues, usin' t$e C"imate

C$a""en'e .ame as a ase study) n partiu"ar, any $an'es in

#no!"ed'e, understandin' and attitudes to!ards "imate $an'e,

as a resu"t o% p"ayin' t$e 'ame, !ere assessed, as !ere t$e

p"ayers attitudes to!ards t$e use o% 'ames %or ommuniation)

survey !as arried out, !it$ partiipants as#ed to %i"" out an on"ine

/uestionnaire be%ore and a%ter p"ayin' t$e 'ame) t !as %ound t$at

many partiipants did "earn about "imate $an'e, and t$at some

attitudes !ere $an'ed as a resu"t o% t$e 'ame, and t$e onept o%

usin' 'ames as ommuniation too"s !as !e"" supported by t$e

partiipants)

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Table o Contents

ntrodution))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 6 ims))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 6

Hypot$eses)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 6+iterature *evie!))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 6

Communiation o% C"imate C$an'e))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 7Serious Computer .ames))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 8*esear$ et$ods))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 12

T$e C"imate C$a""en'e .ame)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 16 ims o% t$e .ame)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 16.ame "ay))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 16Sienti%i nput)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 3t$er Considerations)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

et$od))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 2ut"ine)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 2

Samp"e))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 2vervie! o% ;uestionnaire Desi'n))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 4 ssessin'

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;uestions about t$e .ame)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 550n(oyment)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 55"ayabi"ity))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 55+earnin' %rom t$e .ame)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 56=nderstandin' C"imate C$an'e))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 58=sin' .ames to Tea$ C"imate C$an'e)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 59

*epeatabi"ity and *eommendation)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 59Comments about t$e .ame))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 59

Disussion)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 63rinipa" -indin's o% t$e Study))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 63

na"ysis o% t$e Samp"e)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 63Disussion o% re?.ame ;uestions))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 61Testin' Hypot$eses))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 6

Stren't$s and Wea#nesses o% t$e Study))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 68Stren't$s and Wea#nesses in *e"ation to revious Studies))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))68eanin' o% t$e Study))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 69-urt$er Wor#)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 69

Con"usions)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 73>ib"io'rap$y)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 71+ist o% -i'ures))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 74+ist o% Tab"es)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 75 ppendi 1: Summary o% re?.ame ;uantitative *esu"ts)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 76

Setion 1: >a#'round to C"imate C$an'e)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 76Setion 1>: Human Causes o% C"imate C$an'e)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 77Setion 1C: So"utions to C"imate C$an'e)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 79

ppendi : re? and ost? .ame ;uestionnaires)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 81

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Introduction

AimsT$is study aimed to eamine $o! omputer 'ames mi'$t be used in ommuniatin' t$e issues

about "imate $an'e) t used t$e C"imate C$a""en'e .ame as a ase study) T$e spei%i resear$

/uestions as#ed !ere:

1) n !$at !ays did t$e 'ame a%%et t$e p"ayers #no!"ed'e, understandin' and attitude

to!ards "imate $an'eA

) Ho! did t$e p"ayers eva"uate t$e 'ame as a ommuniation too"A

2) W$at #ind o% p"ayer did t$e 'ame partiu"ar"y appea" to

H%potheses

n order to ans!er t$ese /uestions, a set o% $ypot$eses !as dra!n up) T$ese !ere:

1) "ayin' t$e C"imate C$a""en'e .ame a%%ets t$e p"ayers attitudes to!ards "imate $an'eB

) "ayin' t$e C"imate C$a""en'e .ame 'ives t$e p"ayer an understandin' o% t$e !ide variety

o% po"iy options, %rom t$e internationa" to t$e $ouse$o"d "eve"

2) "ayin' t$e C"imate C$a""en'e .ame 'ives t$e p"ayer a 'reater #no!"ed'e o% t$e siene

be$ind "imate $an'e

4) "ayers %ind t$e C"imate C$a""en'e .ame an e%%etive !ay o% "earnin' about "imate $an'e

5) !ide ran'e o% peop"e en(oyed p"ayin' t$e 'ame, re'ard"ess o% t$eir previous interest in

'amin' or "imate $an'e

Literature Review

T$e C"imate C$a""en'e 'ame is interestin' beause it is desi'ned to ommuniate a topia" issue,

name"y "imate $an'e, to t$e 'enera" pub"i and beause it does t$is in an innovative and %un

!ay, name"y usin' an on"ine omputer 'ame) T$is "iterature revie! !i"" %irst "oo# at $o! "imate

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$an'e is ommuniated to t$e 'enera" pub"i, and !i"" t$en "oo# at t$e deve"opment o% serious

omputer 'ames, !$i$ are omputer 'ames desi'ned %or more t$an (ust %un, and t$e use o%

'ames and t$e nternet in eduation and spei%ia""y in environment and "imate $an'e) +ast"y,

ot$er resear$ pro(ets usin' simi"ar resear$ met$ods to t$ose used in t$is pro(et !i"" be

disussed)

Communication o Climate Change

How is the climate change message ut across to the general u!lic"

C"imate $an'e is a '"oba" prob"em t$at s$ou"d be addressed at every "eve" o% soiety, %rom t$e

$ouse$o"d to business to 'overnment De%ra, 336a) T$is means t$at ep"ainin' t$e issues

surroundin' "imate $an'e to t$e 'enera" pub"i is o% vita" importane, i% everyone is to ta#e

measures to redue arbon dioide emissions) .overnments $ave a ro"e to p"ay in t$is, and $ave

set up pub"i a!areness ampai'ns, su$ as t$e =< Department %or 0nvironment, -ood and *ura"

%%airs De%ra ampai'n C"imate C$a""en'e, !$i$ $as t$e aim to Eto eduate, eite and inspireF

peop"e about "imate $an'e C"imate C$a""en'e, 336) ndeed, a %uture version o% t$e C"imate

C$a""en'e 'ame aimed at s$oo" $i"dren at #ey sta'es 2 and 4 !i"" be %unded by t$e C"imate

C$a""en'e %und, assoiated !it$ t$e ampai'n)

How effective are these methods"

T$ere $ave been severa" reent surveys assessin' peop"es attitudes to!ards "imate $an'e)

ne su$ survey, arried out by t$e S$oo" o% 0nvironmenta" Sienes at t$e =niversity o% 0ast

n'"ia entit"ed Eub"i ereptions o% @u"ear o!er, C"imate C$an'e and 0ner'y ptions in

>ritainF oortin'a et a", 336, %ound t$at 91G o% respondents be"ieved t$at t$e !or"ds "imate is

$an'in', and most !anted every possib"e ation to be ta#en a'ainst "imate $an'e, a"t$ou'$

most p"aed t$e main responsibi"ity at t$e '"oba" and nation "eve", not !it$ t$e individua") Ho!ever,

misoneptions !ere %ound, su$ as 29G o% respondents !$o be"ieved t$at nu"ear po!er auses

"imate $an'e) not$er survey o% 633 $i'$ s$oo" students bet!een t$e a'es o% 11 and 16 %ound

broad"y simi"ar resu"ts >oyes, 334, !it$ students reo'nisin' t$at a redution o% industria" and

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ve$i"e emissions and t$e use o% rene!ab"e ener'y ou"d $e"p redue arbon dioide emissions,

but a'ain %e!er o% t$e students be"ieved t$at individua" ations ou"d $e"p, and t$is mi'$t be

aused by a sense o% deta$ment) T$ere !as a"so t$e same on%usion onernin' t$e "in#

bet!een nu"ear po!er and "imate $an'e)

T$ese su''est t$at t$e ro"e o% "imate $an'e ommuniations is "ess to onvine peop"e t$at

"imate $an'e is $appenin', but rat$er to "ari%y t$e "imate siene, to ep"ain t$e di%%erent

miti'ation and adaptation options, and to 'ive peop"e individua" empo!erment in ta#"in' "ar'e,

seemin'"y insurmountab"e prob"ems) T$is "ast point is seen as ruia" in en'enderin' a sense o%

!or"d ommunity and responsibi"ity !it$ re'ard to "imate $an'e, espeia""y amon'st youn'

peop"e Da$"bur', 331)

Serious Computer Games

T$is setion !i"" "oo# at t$e ro"e o% omputer 'ames in eduation and !i"" t$en "oo# at'ames !$i$ aim spei%ia""y to eduate about "imate $an'e or t$e environment)

#hat is $igital %ame&'ased Learning"

more e%%etive !ay o% "earnin' t$an t$e traditiona" met$od in'estion o% %ats !it$out deeper

invo"vement is to en'a'e t$e "earner in a more meanin'%u" "earnin' eperiene, an eamp"e o%

!$i$ is p"ay >eard and Wi"son, 33) "ay is an ativity t$at one $ooses to do, t$at is

p"easurab"e, tota""y absorbin', promotes t$e %ormation o% soia" 'roupin's and inreases ones

invo"vement in a !ay t$at ma#es one reeptive to "earnin' rens#y, 331) 'ame, bein' a

subset o% p"ay, is or'anised p"ay !it$ 'oa"s, ru"es and some aspet o% ompetition -abriatore,

333) 0"'ood identi%ied %our riteria t$at a 'ame or 'amin' devie s$ou"d satis%y 0"'ood, 1997:

1) su%%iient"y "ear %rame!or# to be reo'nisab"y t$e same ea$ time is it used

) t on%ronts t$e p"ayer !it$ $an'in' situations !$i$ are part"y or !$o""y in%"uened by t$eir

ations

2) denti%iation be%ore$and o% some !innin' or "osin' riteria

4) t re/uires %or its operation some "eve" o% doumentation, p$ysia" materia", omputation or

administrative or be$avioura" s#i""

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Computer 'ames are a subset o% 'ames, but are $araterised by t$e %o""o!in' si #ey e"ements

!$i$ !or# to'et$er to en'a'e t$e p"ayer rens#y, 331:

1) *u"es

) .oa"s and ob(etives

2) utomes and %eedba#s

4) Con%"itIompetitionI$a""en'eIopposition

5) nteration

6) *epresentation or story

not$er aspet t$at ma#es 'ames so ompe""in' is t$e idea o% %"o!, a menta" state o% intense

onentration, not uni/ue to omputer 'ames, in !$i$ $a""en'es presented are per%et"y

mat$ed !it$ t$e abi"ity to so"ve t$em Csi#sentmi$a"yi, 1993)

Di'ita" .ame?>ased +earnin' D.>+ is Eany marria'e o% eduationa" ontent and omputer

'amesF rens#y, 331) t in"udes any "earnin' 'ame !$i$ %ee"s "i#e a omputer 'ame but $as

ontent and ontet desi'ned to put t$e p"ayer in a "earnin' situation about a partiu"ar sub(et)

T$ere are many ate'ories o% omputer 'ames, and spei%ia""y o% "earnin' 'ames, in"udin'

pu"es, adventures, eperimenta" 'ames, motivationa" 'ames, mode""in' and simu"ations

Dempsey et a", 1996) simu"ation 'ame is one !$i$ ontains s#i"", $ane and strate'y and

simu"ates an aspet o% rea"ity Wi#ipedia, 336, !$i$, in t$e ase o% C"imate C$a""en'e, is t$e

nationa" and internationa" arena o% "imate $an'e po"iy)

Can Comuter %ames !e (alua!le Learning )ools"

T$ere is a di$otomy, it !ou"d seem, bet!een t$ose !$o be"ieve t$at Di'ita" .ame?>ased

+earnin' an be a va"uab"e too" in eduation, and t$ose !$o be"ieve t$at omputer 'ames are

mere"y 'ood %or entertainment, and so"itary, destrutive entertainment at t$at) T$is means t$at

mu$ o% t$e re"evant "iterature s$ou"d be $e#ed %or resear$er bias %rom bot$ sides)

-or eamp"e, in $is boo# High Tech Heretic – reflections of a computer contrarian, Sto"" ar'ues t$at

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ma#in' "earnin' %un deni'rates t$e at o% tea$in' and o% "earnin', and t$at time spent in %ront o% a

omputer is time t$at ou"d be spent %ain' anot$er person Sto"", 1999) Ho!ever, t$e very tit"e o%

$is boo# sets out $is a'enda, and so it is un"i#e"y t$at an unbiased disussion o% t$e va"ue o%

omputers in eduation !i"" be %ound in it)

t t$e ot$er etreme o% t$e ar'ument are t$ose !$o are voa" advoates o% omputer 'ames as

t$e %uture o% suess%u" eduation, in !$i$ "earners are motivated by and en(oy t$e "earnin'

eperiene rens#y, 332)

more ba"aned stane !ou"d be to aept t$at some, but not a"", 'ames are 'ood %or some, but

not a"", "earners van 0#, 336) t is a"so apparent t$at t$ere $as been re"ative"y "itt"e disip"ined

study o% 'amin' !$i$ mi'$t reso"ve t$e matter S/uire, 33, it$e"" and Savi""?Smit$, 334)

#hy are Comuter %ames good for learning"

rens#y 'ives t$ree #ey reasons !$y Di'ita" .ame?>ased "earnin' !or#s rens#y, 331:

1) t$e added en'a'ement %rom a 'ame environment %or "earnin', espeia""y %or ot$er!ise

borin' sub(etsB

) t$e interative "earnin' proess !$i$ provides responsive, instant %eedba# to t$e p"ayerB

2) t$e !ay t$ese t!o are put to'et$er, #eepin' a "ear %ous in t$e spei%i ontet o% t$e

'ame in /uestion)

n addition, 'ames are o%ten visua""y ri$, !$i$ $e"ps maintain t$e p"ayers attention) T$ey provide

a omp"ete, interative virtua" p"ayin' environment in !$i$ t$e p"ayer is immersed in an ima'inary

!or"d, a""o!in' t$em to ta#e $anes in a ontro""ed !ay) .ames an be desi'ned !it$ "ar'e

amounts o% ontent and di%%erent "eve"s o% $a""en'e to suit ea$ p"ayer) T$ey an a"so be updated

and ustomised, "eadin' to a !ide ran'e o% "on'?term uses)

.ames are partiu"ar"y suitab"e as "earnin' environments %or $i"dren and youn' adu"ts, in %at

anyone !$o $as 'ro!n up !it$ omputer and 'ames) T$e urrent avera'e a'e o% 'ame p"ayers in

t$e =< is 8, and 65G o% t$e 4?25 a'e 'roup are 'amers >>C, 335) T$e youn'er 'eneration o%

"earners $as 'ro!n up immersed in di'ita" te$no"o'y, !$i$ $as $an'ed t$eir basi s#i""?set in

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t$e %o""o!in' !ays rens#y, 331:

1) Computer 'ames train p"ayers to proess in%ormation mu$ %aster and to ma#e rapid

deisions based on avai"ab"e in%ormationB

) .ame p"ayers are more om%ortab"e proessin' many media inputs and outputs

simu"taneous"yB

2) T$ey are used to $ypertet in%ormation obtained %rom mu"tip"e soures and "earnin' in a

non?se/uentia" !ayB

4) T$ey $ave $i'$er visua" inte""i'eneB

5) T$ey are austomed to !or"d!ide onnetedness t$rou'$ t$e nternetB

6) T$ey pre%er ative, rat$er t$an passive, "earnin' eperienes, pre%errin' to !or# t$in's out

%or t$emse"ves t$rou'$ tria" and error t$an be to"d $o! somet$in' !or#sB

7) Computer 'ames tea$ p"ayers prob"em?so"vin' s#i""s, !$i$ b"urs t$e "ine bet!een !or#

and p"ayB

8) Computer 'ames 'ive instant %eedba# and "ear re!ards %or e%%ort put inB

9) .ame p"ayers "ives are pervaded by %antasy, and t$e s$arin' o% %antasy !or"ds t$rou'$

!ebsites and 'amesB

13) Te$no"o'y is seen as a positive t$in', rat$er t$an a ne'ative t$in', !$i$ ma#es

omputers a om%ortab"e "earnin' too" %or t$e youn'er 'eneration, but an "ead to

resistane %rom tea$ers !$o did not 'ro! up !it$ omputers)

W$et$er or not t$ese ne! $arateristis o% todays "earners are deemed desirab"e, t$ey s$ou"d be

ta#en into aount !$en desi'nin' eduationa" materia"s t$at !i"" en'a'e t$e student)

%ames $esigned to Educate

T$ere are many eamp"es o% omputer 'ames t$at are desi'ned to eduate t$e p"ayer) n

eamp"e o% a pro(et t$at set out to desi'n a series o% su$ 'ames is t$e .ames to Tea$

pro'ramme at assa$usetts nstitute o% Te$no"o'y T, 336) ts aim !as to Emove beyond

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t$e urrent state o% edutainment produts !$i$ ombine t$e entertainment va"ue o% a bad "eture

!it$ t$e eduationa" va"ue o% a bad 'ameF by deve"opin' oneptua" prototypes %or tea$in' a

ran'e o% sub(ets at $i'$ s$oo" and o""e'e "eve") .ames in"ude t$e E0nvironmenta" DetetiveF in

!$i$ p"ayers use $and?$e"d omputers !it$ 'eo"oation to determine t$e soure o% a !ater

po""ution event)

!$o"e ata"o'ue o% entertainin' 'ames !it$ non?entertainment 'oa"s an be %ound at t$e Soia"

mpat .ames !ebsite Soia" mpat .ames, 336) T$ese 'ames ran'e %rom tea$in' a"'ebra

to disaster mana'ement) T$ey a"so "ist t$e best o%%?t$e?s$e"% ommeria" 'ames, !$i$ are

desi'ned primari"y as entertainment 'ames, but $ave eduationa" t$emes, su$ as Sim City, !$i$

is a ity simu"ation 'ame)

How is climate change !eing communicated through the Internet and games"

T$ere is a "ot o% materia" on t$e nternet about "imate $an'e, most"y in t$e %orm o% eduationa"

!ebsites aimed at $i"dren, su$ as De%ras ."oba" Warmin' !ebsite De%ra, 336b) t$er

!ebsites provide use%u" ep"anations o% t$e siene be$ind "imate $an'e, su$ as

"imate prediction)net "imateprediiton)net, 336 or *ea" C"imate *ea" C"imate, 336, bot$ o%

!$i$ are edited by "imate sientists, but avoid disussion o% t$e po"itis o% "imate $an'e)

T$ere are a sma"" number o% omputer 'ames and board 'ames !$i$ are desi'ned to ep"ain

"imate $an'e) ost o% t$e on"ine 'ames are re"ative"y sma"" and aim at 'ettin' aross a simp"e

messa'e) 0amp"es in"ude Tear%und, a $ristian $arity, !$i$ $as a C"imate C$an'e entat$"on

'ame on its !ebsite Tear%und, 336, invo"vin' %ive simp"e 'ames ep"ainin' %ive simp"e ations

t$at individua"s an do to redue t$eir arbon dioide emissions, and ."as'o! Siene Centre,

!$i$ $as a C"imate C$an'e C$a""en'e 'ame ."as'o! Siene Centre, 336 !$i$ ontains a

artoon piture o% a "andsape, and t$e p"ayer $as to "i# on t$e ima'es t$at t$ey t$in# are

$arm%u" to t$e environment in order to 'et points, p"us an ep"anation o% $o! t$at item a%%ets

"imate $an'e)

more in?dept$ set o% t$ree "imate $an'e 'ames $as been reated by t$e 0uropean C"imate

-orum 0uropean C"imate -orum, 336) T$e %irst is a board 'ame a""ed E

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!it$ t$e "imateF and %ouses on t$e po"itis o% "imate $an'e and t$e need %or internationa"

ooperation) T$e seond, a"so a board 'ame, is a""ed EWinds o% C$an'eF and %ouses on

te$no"o'ia" options by $a""en'in' t$e p"ayers to turn t$eir E'reyF po""utin' ities into E'reenF

"imate?%riend"y ities, !it$out ruinin' t$eir eonomies or su%%erin' disasters %rom "imate $an'e)

T$e t$ird, a""ed ad pp"eAF $numa, 335, onernin' a 'ame desi'ned to simu"ate ET$e Tra'edy o%

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t$e CommonsF situation) "ayers ta#e on t$e ro"es o% %atory mana'ers !$o are re/uired to

maimise t$eir assets, !$i"st !or#in' !it$ t$e ot$er p"ayers to maintain t$e purity o% t$e

environment) T$e 'ame is seen as a use%u" too" %or ana"ysin' t$e be$aviour and emotions o% t$e

p"ayers, in order to see i% t$ey $oose t$e supposed"y rationa" %ree rider option or not) T$e aut$ors

on"uded t$at t$e 'ame is an e%%etive too" in environmenta" eduation beause it a""o!ed t$e

partiipants to understand intuitive"y t$e importane o% mutua" ooperation !it$in t$e 'ame

situation, and a""o!ed t$em to trans"ate t$at into rea" !or"d situations)

T$e use o% simu"ation mode"s to e"iit in%ormation about peop"es attitudes to issues re"atin' to t$e

environment %orms t$e ore o% inte'rated assessment , in partiu"ar partiipatory inte'rated

assessment) -or eamp"e, t$e .eor'ia >asin -utures ro(et, !$i$ made use o% .>?;=0ST, a

omp"e, re'iona" mode" Carmi$ae" et a", 334 and Tansey et a", 33) T$e mode" !as

deve"oped to be used via t$e nternet, but %or t$e purposes o% t$e study !as used in %ous 'roups,

"aboratory sty"e studies and eduationa" app"iations) T$is approa$ !as di%%erent %rom traditiona"

surveys about environmenta" issues beause it p"aed t$ose issues in a spei%i re'iona" ontet)

Research Using the Internet T$e nternet is inreasin'"y bein' seen as a use%u" too" %or arryin' out eperiments !$i$ re/uire

a re"ative"y "ar'e number o% peop"e to partiipate, espeia""y in t$e %ie"ds o% eonomis and

psy$o"o'y) T$ere are a number o% advanta'es and disadvanta'es o% nternet eperimentation,

!$i$ are summarised in Tab"e 1)

Arguments against InternetExperiments

Arguments for InternetExperiments

1 @ot everyone $as nternet aess ore diverse popu"ations an be rea$edre"ative to "ab eperiments

Se"etion?e%%et: nternet sub(ets are "i#e"y tobe di%%erent %rom "aboratory sub(ets

Demo'rap$is o% nternet users approa$t$ose o% t$e 'enera" popu"ation

2 +oss o% ontro" over t$e p$ysia" environmento% t$e eperiment

+o!er administrative ostsB *eduedeperimenter e%%ets

4 Sub(ets appear "ess attentive in nterneteperiments

@o disernib"e di%%erenes in "eve"s o%rationa"ity

5 ore noise and $i'$er variane

Table 1: Pros and Cons of Internet Experiments (Charness, !!"#

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ne obvious use o% t$e nternet is on"ine surveys, su$ as EC"imate Contro" SurveyF ommissioned

by C$anne" 4 C$anne" 4, 335 to investi'ate attitudes to!ards "imate $an'e and E.amers in

t$e =>C >>C, 335 to investi'ate t$e ro"e o% omputer 'ames in

soiety) T$ese surveys !ere use%u" in t$e /uestionnaire desi'n proess %or t$is study)

n"ine surveys are part o% a !ider set o% pub"i onsu"tation eerises, !$i$ use t$e nternet to

rea$ t$eir samp"e popu"ation) more invo"ved type o% survey is t$e E@orms 0vo"vin' in *esponse

to Di"emmaF, or @0*D, pro(et $mad et a", 335 and Danie"son and $mad, 334, !$i$ aims

to deve"op a demorati et$i o% bio"o'ia" te$no"o'ies) artiipants are sti"" re/uired to ans!er

/uestions about biote$no"o'y in t$e %ormat o% an on"ine survey, but t$ey are 'iven in%ormation

%rom advisors as t$ey pro'ress t$rou'$ t$e survey) T$ey are a"so 'iven ertain %ats about t$e

sub(et, and t$e option to ep"ain t$eir ans!er in a omments bo) T$e resear$ emp$asis,

t$ere%ore, is "ess on t$e ans!ers but on t$e in%ormation peop"e use and !$at %ators a%%et t$eir

$oies) >y ana"ysin' !$i$ advisors are onsu"ted, t$e study is ab"e to dra! deeper on"usions

about t$e deision?ma#in' proess)

T$e nternet may be t$e idea" medium %or ondutin' demorati proesses -is$#in, 333, in

partiu"ar Ere%inedF pub"i debate, !$i$ invo"ves a sienti%ia""y random samp"e !$o ta#e a

base"ine survey, %o""o!ed by a !ee#end o% %ae to %ae de"iberation !it$ t$e ot$er members o% t$e

samp"e in sma"" 'roups, %inis$in' !it$ t$e same survey at t$e end) n t$is !ay, rat$er t$an a simp"e

snaps$ot o% pub"i opinion, $an'es in opinion over t$e !ee#end are %ound, based on onsidered

(ud'ements rat$er t$an top o% t$e $ead attitudes) T$is met$od o% be%ore and a%ter surveys, !it$ an

attitude?$an'in' ativity in t$e midd"e, %orms t$e ore o% t$is study)

T$e %ie"d o% eperimenta" eonomis $as been turnin' to t$e nternet to arry out eperiments in

reent years) ne study, !$i$ arried out t$e same eperiment in a "aboratory and over t$e

nternet nder$ub et a", 331, %ound t$at bot$ media produed simi"ar data !$en eonomi

deision be$aviour is onerned) nterestin'"y, t$e variane !as 'enera""y $i'$er and deision

times s$orted on t$e nternet eperiment) T$eir on"usions !ere t$at t$e nternet provides a

sounds environment %or eperimenta" eonomis, it is $eaper t$an a "aboratory and a""o!s a

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"ar'er number o% partiipants, but t$at payment o% partiipants !as more di%%iu"t t$an in a

"aboratory settin')

)he Climate Challenge %ame

T$e %o""o!in' setion desribes t$e C"imate C$a""en'e .ame, ep"ainin' its aims, t$e 'ame p"ay

and $o! sienti%i in%ormation !as put into t$e 'ame) T$e aut$or !as %ortunate enou'$ to be

invo"ved in t$e desi'n o% t$e 'ame, providin' sienti%i advie to t$e deve"opment team)

#ims o the Game

T$e C"imate C$a""en'e 'ame is a s$ort, on"ine omputer 'ame about "imate $an'e, %unded by

t$e >>C and deve"oped by *ed *edemption +td) ts t$ree broad aims are:

1) ndividua" empo!erment t$e attitude t$at "imate $an'e is not on"y $appenin', but it is

somet$in' !e an a"" do somet$in' about

) =nderstandin' po"iy options 'ivin' t$e p"ayer an understandin' o% t$e di%%erentmiti'ation options, %rom t$e individua" to t$e internationa"

2) >rin'in' it a"" to'et$er "ari%yin' ontraditory in%ormation, puttin' aross t$e sienti%i

onsensus and providin' a means o% omparison o% options

T$e tar'et audiene %or t$e 'ame is pro%essiona"s a'ed bet!een t!enty and %orty) T$e 'ame is

!ritten in -"as$ and !i"" be avai"ab"e on t$e >>Ci !ebsite at no ost, and s$ou"d ta#e around an

$our to p"ay t$rou'$)

Game &la%

T$e p"ayer ta#es on t$e ro"e o% t$e 0uropean @ations t$rou'$out t$e 1st entury) T$e 'ame

onsists o% ten turns, ea$ "astin' a deade)

Local +olicy *creen

T$e %irst sreen t$at t$e p"ayer sees a%ter t$e openin' !e"ome pa'e is t$e %irst +oa" o"iy

sreen, as s$o!n in -i'ure 1)

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T$e p"ayer sees t$eir resoures money, po!er, %ood and !ater and t$eir environmenta"

indiator arbon dioide as 'rey bars indiatin' amount, and 'reen or red tips to indiate

!$et$er t$ey are inreasin' or dereasin')

n t$e ba#'round is an ima'e o% a road disappearin' into t$e $orion, symbo"isin' t$e %uture

onse/uenes o% t$eir ations)

T$e ro!d o% peop"e represents t$e pub"i, !it$ opinion about ea$ po"iy represented by an

approva" Es!in'ometerF)

T$ere are %ive po"iy ate'ories nationa", trade, industry, "oa" and $ouse$o"d and a se"etion

o% po"iies in ea$, s$o!n as po"iy ards) Hoverin' over a ard s$o!s a desription o% t$e po"iy,

some pros and ons, and a pub"i opinion Es!in'ometerF s$o!in' t$e popu"arity o% t$e po"iy

-i'ure ) T$e p"ayer $ooses up to si po"iies a turn by "i#in' on t$em, a%ter !$i$ t$ey sit in

s"ots at t$e bottom o% t$e sreen)

17

$igure 1: the %ocal Polic& 'creen in the Climate Challenge ame

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Event *creen

W$en t$ey $ave $osen t$eir po"iies, t$e p"ayer sees 'rey arbon dioide "ouds emitted as a

resu"t o% t$eir po"iy deisions) risis roadb"o# rus$es do!n t$e road to!ards t$em) Crises are

sometimes tota""y random, but !i"" usua""y be re"ated to a "a# o% resoures, or to t$e e%%ets o%

"imate $an'e) 0vents may a"so our, !$i$ are positive reations to "imate $an'e, su$ as a

$arity onert)

)he Climate )imes

ne!spaper t$en spins to!ards t$e p"ayer and revea"s t$eir popu"arity in t$e %orm o% an e"etion

'rap$, and reations to t$eir po"iy deisions in t$e %orm o% ne!spaper arti"es, -i'ure 2)

18

$igure : %ocal Polic& 'creen, sho)ing Polic& Information

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%lo!al +olicy

T$is "ast p$ase is !$ere t$e p"ayer en'a'es !it$ ot$er re'iona" b"os to estab"is$

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Scientiic Input

T$e C"imate C$a""en'e .ame sou'$t to use t$e best sienti%i data avai"ab"e %or t$e statistis in t$e

'ame, $o!ever it !as reated to be a 'ame !$i$ meant deisions $ad to be made to ba"ane t$e

auray o% t$e data !it$ t$e 'ames %un and eduationa" merit)

"ayers do not see atua" numbers in t$e 'ame, on"y bar $arts, a"t$ou'$ t$ey an see more

detai"ed 'rap$s by "i#in' on a resoure) T$is !as to #eep t$e 'ame simp"e, but a""o! %or detai" i%

p"ayers !ant it)

W$ere at a"" possib"e, data !it$in t$e 'ame ome %rom re"iab"e sienti%i and 'overnmenta"

soures) T$e priority !as on t$e auray o% arbon dioide emissions, !it$ t$e ot$er resoures

bein' as "ose as possib"e to Erea"F va"ues, but at t$e very "east maintainin' interna" onsisteny,

so t$at omparisons bet!een various po"iies an be made)

3

$igure +: lobal *egotiation 'creen in the Climate Challenge ame

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Car!on $ioxide Emissions

T$e base"ine %or arbon dioide emissions, !$i$ inrease over time re'ard"ess o% t$e p"ayers

ations, is ta#en %rom t$e nter'overnmenta" ane" on C"imate C$an'e Speia" *eport on

0missions Senarios, usin' t$e 1> senario CC, 333) T$is senario %o""o!s t$e 'enera" 1

story"ine, !$i$ desribes a %uture !or"d o% Every rapid eonomi 'ro!t$, '"oba" popu"ation t$at

pea#s in mid?entury and de"ines t$erea%ter, and t$e rapid introdution o% ne! and more e%%iient

te$no"o'iesF) T$e 1> senario is distin'uis$ed by its diretion o% te$no"o'ia" $an'e in t$e

ener'y system, !$i$ is ba"aned bet!een %ossi" intensive and non?%ossi" ener'y soures) Carbon

dioide emissions in t$e 1> senario "ie approimate"y in t$e midd"e o% t$e ran'e on si main

senarios onsidered in t$e report -i'ure 5) T$is senario !as used beause it !ou"d be neit$er

too di%%iu"t nor too easy %or t$e p"ayer !$ose aim, t$ere%ore, is to redue ontinua""y risin'

emissions)

T$e 'ame made use o% t$e =nited @ations 0nvironment ro'ramme Java C"imate ode", avai"ab"e

%rom t$eir !ebsite =@0, 336, !$i$ produes data %or 'iven senarios on arbon dioide

emissions, !or"d .D, popu"ation and ener'y use)

1

$igure : Total cumulati-e carbon dioxide emissions in tCfor the six '.E' scenarios/ ('ource: IPCC, !!!#

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Car!on $ioxide Emissions Reductions

"" po"iies are ta#en %rom atua" 'overnment po"iy douments, eept ones near t$e end o% t$e

'ame, !$i$ are de"iberate"y %uturisti) T$e =< 'overnments C"imate C$an'e ro'ramme 336

De%ra, 336a !as a ma(or soure o% po"iies, and t$e antiipated arbon dioide redutions %rom

ea$ !ere trans%erred diret"y %rom t$e report into t$e 'ame) T$e otentia" %or iro'eneration:

Study and na"ysis, arried out by t$e 0ner'y Savin' Trust %or t$e Department %or Trade and

ndustry DT 0ST, 335, !as a"so very use%u" in determinin' emissions redutions in many

$ouse$o"d?"eve" po"iies)

Other Resources in the %ame

0ner'y, %ood and !ater are t$e seondary resoures t$at must be mana'ed t$rou'$out t$e 'ame)

Data %or t$ese !ere ta#en %rom various soures, in"udin' t$e =@0 mode" mentioned above and

t$e DT !ebsite DT, 335)

t !as not possib"e to %ind soures %or a"" t$e po"iies, so some are estimates derived %rom ot$er

po"iies, and t$is is noted on an aompanyin' !ebsite) -ood and !ater statistis !ere partiu"ar"y

$ard to /uanti%y, as t$e va"ues needed %or t$e 'ame are not t$ose t$at are typia""y pub"is$ed by

!ater or %ood industries)

-or areas !$ere in%ormation !as unavai"ab"e, seondary soures su$ as Wi#ipedia !ere used)

Wi#ipedia is an ee""ent soure o% in%ormation, but mu$ o% t$e data is unveri%ied, so !as used

!it$ aution)

Crises

T$e "imate $an'e risis events are ta#en %rom t$e mpats, daptation & Ku"nerabi"ity

Contribution o% Wor#in' .roup to t$e T$ird ssessment *eport o% t$e CC CC, 331)

'ther Considerations

T$e 'ame !as desi'ned !it$ aessibi"ity issues in mind so, %or eamp"e, a"" t$e o"ours are

distin'uis$ab"e by p"ayers !$o are o"our b"ind)

T$e 'ame is intentiona""y apo"itia", $ene t$e use o% 0uropean @ations, rat$er t$an t$e 0uropean

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=nion) t !as $oped t$at initia" pre(udies $e"d by p"ayers !ou"d not put t$em o%% p"ayin' and

en(oyin' t$e 'ame)

Method

Outline

artiipants !ere invited to ta#e part in t$e study by emai", !$i$ 'ave t$em a "in# to t$e study

!ebsite) T$ere !ere t$ree parts to t$is study:

1) T$ey !ere as#ed to %i"" in a pre?'ame /uestionnaire !$i$ aimed to e"iit t$eir eistin'

#no!"ed'e, understandin' and attitudes to!ards "imate $an'eB

) T$ey p"ayed t$e 'ame, and data on $o! t$ey p"ayed !as storedB

2) T$ey !ere as#ed to %i"" in a post?'ame /uestionnaire !$i$ aimed to e"iit:

• ny $an'es in #no!"ed'e, understandin' or attitudes to!ards "imate $an'e as a

onse/uene o% p"ayin' t$e 'ameB

• T$eir eva"uation o% t$e 'ame as a ommuniation too"B

• ersona" in%ormation)

Sample

eop"e !ere $osen to ta#e part in t$is part o% t$e study !it$ t$e basi ondition t$at t$ey $ad not

p"ayed t$e C"imate C$a""en'e 'ame be%ore) T$is !as easy to ensure sine invitations !ere sent

out be%ore t$e o%%iia" "aun$ o% t$e 'ame on t$e >>Ci !ebsite) T$e on"y peop"e !$o $ad p"ayed

t$e 'ame prior to t$is !ere deve"opment team, sienti%i advisors and a sma"" number o% p"ay?

testers)

T$e popu"ation !as t$e tar'et audiene %or t$e 'ame, !$i$ is pro%essiona"s a'ed bet!een 3 and

43) T$is popu"ation !as bro#en do!n into sub?popu"ations re"evant to t$e 'ame, and invitation

emai" distribution !as tar'eted aordin'"y) T$ese sub?popu"ations in"uded re'u"ar omputer

'ames p"ayers and "imate eperts)

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Overview of uestionnaire $esign

.uidane on survey desi'n !as ta#en %rom Di""mans Tota" Desi'n et$od, desribed by >ernard

>ernard, 33) T$e advie is aimed at posta" surveys, but !as easi"y adapted %or an on"ine

survey) T$e #ey points are:

1) ro%essiona"ism: survey so%t!are, HSurveyor, !as used t$at is pro%essiona" in bot$ t$e

%untiona"ity o% survey desi'n and t$e %ina" "oo# o% t$e survey)

) -ront and ba# overs: %or an on"ine survey, t$ese are t$e !e"ome and %ina" pa'es, !$i$

!ere #ept simp"e, !it$ an ep"anation o% t$e survey on t$e !e"ome pa'e and a brie% t$an#

you on t$e %ina" pa'e)

2) ;uestion order: t$e %irst /uestion !as interestin', easy to ans!er and non?t$reatenin', to

enoura'e partiipants to ontinue) Demo'rap$i /uestions !ere p"aed at t$e end o% t$e

survey, so t$at partiipants !$o mi'$t %ind t$em t$reatenin' !ere not disoura'ed, and

!ou"d be more !i""in' to omp"ete it, $avin' a"ready invested time in t$e rest o% t$e study)

4) C"ear %ormattin': #eepin' t$e survey easi"y readab"e an be easier !it$ an on"ine survey

sine t$e pa'e an be as "on' as is needed, rat$er t$an bein' onstrained by atua" paper

sie, a"t$ou'$ it !as #ept re"ative"y s$ort to avoid too mu$ sro""in') ;uestions !ere

'rouped by sub(et, !it$ ea$ 'roup on a sin'"e pa'e)

5) +en't$: t$e /uestionnaires !ere #ept re"ative"y s$ort, sine t$e partiipants !ere a"so

re/uired to p"ay a 'ame !$i$ ou"d ta#e up to an $our to %inis$)

6) Cover +etter: an emai" !as !ritten t$at introdued t$e study, !$i$ ou"d be %or!arded on

by !$omever initia""y reeived is, so as to rea$ as "ar'e a popu"ation as possib"e)

7) nduements: sma"" monetary induements !ere not pratia" %or t$is on"ine survey so ea$

partiipant !as 'iven t$e $ane to enter a prie dra!) T$ree pries !ere o%%ered in order

to 'ive ea$ partiipant a 'ood $ane o% !innin')

8) Contat and %o""o!?ups: HSurveyor $ad t$e %ai"ity %or partiipants to save t$eir

responses mid?!ay t$rou'$ t$e study and return "ater, optiona""y 'ivin' t$eir emai" address

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!$en t$ey did t$is) T$ese partiipants !ere sent a reminder emai" and !ere a"so ontated

!$enever a bu' !as %ound in t$e so%t!are t$at mi'$t $ave prevented t$em omp"etin' t$e

study)

ran'e o% /uestion types !as $osen, so t$at t$ere !ou"d be a miture o% /uantitative and

/ua"itative data %or ana"ysis) t !as a"so $oped t$at t$ese di%%erent sty"es o% /uestion !ou"d $e"p

maintain t$e interest o% t$e partiipant)

Care !as ta#en !it$ /uestion !ordin' to avoid o%%endin' partiipants, appearin' to be

ondesendin' to!ards t$em, or borin' t$em) artiipants !ere, !$ere possib"e, 'iven an option

to say Edont #no!F or to provide an a"ternative option) W$en attitudes to!ards a ontroversia" topi

!ere bein' assessed, t$e most ontroversia" option !as !orded in a !ay t$at !ou"d a""o!

partiipants to $oose it, rat$er t$an %ee" t$ey s$ou"d say !$at t$ey t$ou'$t ou'$t to be said)

#ssessing (nowledge o Climate Change

T$e partiipants !ere as#ed to desribe t$eir #no!"ed'e o% "imate $an'e, as an interestin'

ben$mar# %or $o! t$ey ans!ered %atua" /uestions) -urt$er %atua" /uestions !ere dra!n %rom

misoneptions %ound in ot$er surveys) -or eamp"e, it $as been %ound >oyes, 334 and

oortin'a et a", 336 t$at some peop"e be"ieve nu"ear po!er auses "imate $an'e, so one

/uestion as#ed !$et$er di%%erent ener'y soures, in"udin' nu"ear, ontributed to "imate $an'e)

artiipants !ere as#ed !$at t$ey t$ou'$t t$e auses o% "imate $an'e !ere as an open?ended

/uestion, so t$at no su''ested ans!er !as 'iven) sma"" number o% te$nia" /uestions !ere

as#ed about 'reen$ouse 'ases, t$e impats o% "imate $an'e, t$e setora" ontributions to

"imate $an'e, and ountries t$at did not si'n up to

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partiipant !as 'iven a ran'e o% ans!ers p"us an Eot$erF option, and !$y t$ey t$ou'$t di%%erent

ountries did or did not si'n up to t$e

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Demographic )uestions

Certain anonymous in%ormation !as re/uested %rom t$e partiipants, in"udin' a'e, 'ender,

ountry o% residene, "eve" o% eduation, eduationa" sub(et, !or# status and (ob setor)

n%ormation t$at !as re"evant %or t$is study in"uded t$e number o% ars o!ned by t$eir $ouse$o"d,

$o! o%ten t$ey p"ay omputer 'ames, !$i$ are t$eir %avourite 'ames, $o! o%ten t$ey use t$e

nternet, and i% t$ey $ad 'iven money or time to any $arity in t$e "ast year, and i% so, !$at #ind o%

$arity it !as) T$is "ast !as desi'ned to %ind t$e sub?popu"ation !$o !ere a"ready invo"ved in

environmenta" ampai'nin', and so may $ave a $i'$er a!areness o% "imate $an'e even t$ou'$

t$ey are not pro%essiona""y or eduationa""y trained in t$e sub(et)

t t$e end o% t$e survey, partiipants !ere as#ed to 'ive t$eir emai" address to be entered into a

prie dra! and to be #ept in%ormed about t$e study)

+ilot )esting

ne t$e /uestionnaires !ere dra%ted, and initia" %eedba# $ad been reeived %rom t$e pro(ets

supervisor, ten peop"e !ere sent t$e /uestionnaires to provide %eedba#) s reommended by >e""

>e"", 331, t$ese testers !ere re/uested to ans!er t$e %o""o!in' /uestions:

1) Ho! "on' did it ta#e you to omp"eteA

) Were t$e instrutions "earA

2) Were any o% t$e /uestions un"ear or ambi'uousA

4) Did you ob(et to ans!erin' any o% t$e /uestionsA

5) n your opinion, !ere any ma(or topis "e%t outA

6) Was t$e "ayout "ear and attrativeA

7) ny ot$er omments)

&ilot Test Sample

T$e peop"e $osen to pi"ot t$e surveys !ere eit$er t$ose !it$ eperiene desi'nin'

/uestionnaires, !$om it !as $oped !ou"d be ab"e to 'ive insi'$ts based on t$is eperiene, or

t$ose !$o %e"" into t$e desired samp"e popu"ation %or t$e study, but !$o $ad a"ready p"ayed t$e

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C"imate C$a""en'e .ame as deve"opers, advisors or p"ay?testers)

Suggestions and Comments rom &ilot Testers

% t$e ten peop"e as#ed to be pi"ot testers, si responded) T$eir main omments !ere:

• to "ari%y t$e !ordin' o% some /uestionsB

• to su''est $an'es to ans!ers %or some mu"tip"e?$oie /uestionsB

• to turn some open?ended /uestions into mu"tip"e?$oie /uestions and a"so to a""o!

omments on some mu"tip"e?$oie /uestionsB it !as deided to #eep some open?ended

/uestions, despite t$em bein' more time?onsumin' %or t$e partiipantB

• to omp"iment t$e "ayout and "oo# o% t$e surveyB

• to point out some minor te$nia" prob"ems, !$i$ !ere dea"t !it$B

• to su''est as#in' $o! partiipants t$ou'$t "imate $an'e !ou"d a%%et t$em persona""yB

• t$at t$e pre?'ame /uestionnaire too# around ten minutes to omp"ete)

+articiant Exeriencen order to maintain t$e interest and %ous o% t$e partiipant, t$e %o""o!in' user eperiene %"o! !as

devised:

1) T$ey reeive an emai" as#in' t$em to ta#e part in t$e study, %rom a %riend, a mai"in' "ist or

an nternet %orumB

) T$ey "i# on a "in# in t$e emai", !$i$ ta#es t$em to t$e study !ebsiteB

2) T$ey be'in t$e survey strai'$t a!ay, !it$out any re'istrationB

4) T$ey are "ed smoot$"y t$rou'$ t$e pre?'ame /uestionnaire, t$e 'ame, t$en t$e post?'ame

/uestionnaire, !it$out $an'in' bro!ser !indo!) T$ere is an option to save t$eir ans!ers,

!it$ a username and pass!ord, so t$ey an return "aterB

5) -ina""y, t$ey an 'ive t$eir emai" address to be entered into t$e prie dra!, and to reeive

%urt$er in%ormation about t$e study)

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)echnical Asects of the *urvey

So%t!are a""ed HSurveyor !as used to desi'n and run t$e survey, and to store t$e data in a

S;+ database) Te$nia" assistane !as provided by *ed *edemption +td, !$o deve"oped t$e

'ame, to embed t$e 'ame into t$e survey !ebsite, and to ensure t$at data %rom t$e 'ame !ere

stored !it$ t$at partiipants /uestionnaire responses) T$e survey !as tested usin' oi""a -ire%o

and nternet 0p"orer !eb bro!sers)

+ro!lems Encountered

ne ma(or bu' enountered in t$e %irst day a%ter t$e "aun$ prevented t$ose usin' nternet

0p"orer %rom startin' t$e post?'ame survey one t$ey $ad %inis$ed t$e 'ame) T$is !as overome,

but 'ame data !as not stored %or partiipants usin' nternet 0p"orer, and omp"etion o% t$e 'ame

ou"d not be ensured)

*tatistical Analysis

T$is setion !i"" disuss a p"an %or ana"ysis o% data %rom t$e study)

"esponses

T$e survey !ebsite !as made avai"ab"e %or t!o !ee#s in Ju"yIu'ust 336) n a"", 14 peop"e

omp"eted t$e study, and 6 "e%t un%inis$ed studies, !$i$ !ere not omp"eted by t$e end date,

even a%ter reminder emai"s !ere sent out)

"esponse *ias

Sine partiipation in t$e study !as vo"untary, it !as epeted t$at t$ose !$o !ere a"ready

interested in "imate $an'e !ou"d be more "i#e"y to ta#e part) "so, t$e distribution met$od meant

t$at a "ar'er number o% in%ormed peop"e !ere "i#e"y to ta#e part) ;uestions as#in' partiipants to

desribe t$eir #no!"ed'e o% "imate $an'e and !$at t$ey do to redue t$eir persona" emissions

!ere intended to ta#e t$ese into aount by a""o!in' %ina" data to be %i"tered)

&lan or #nal%sis o Data

T$e /uestions !ere desi'ned to 'ive a miture o% /ua"itative and /uantitative data) T$e /ua"itative

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data an be ana"ysed usin' ontent ana"ysis, Eby $andF rat$er t$an usin' omputer so%t!are, due

to t$e re"ative"y sma"" number o% responses) T$e /uantitative data an be ana"ysed usin' standard

desriptive statistis, a"u"ated usin' SSS or simp"er a"u"ator so%t!are) HSurveyor $ad a

basi %ai"ity %or summary statistis and provided %re/ueny tab"es %or responses)

;uestions !it$ a ran'e o% ans!ers an be ana"ysed in tab"es and bar $arts) @omina" data, !$i$

an not be ran#ed, an be ana"ysed usin' %re/ueny tab"es, and t$e mode) rdina" data, su$ as

partiipants a'es, an a"so provide a mean) Data %rom 'rid /uestions !i"" be disp"ayed usin' a

ompound bar $art)

reas %or ana"ysis !i"" be:

1) Desriptive ana"ysis o% pre?'ame "imate $an'e /uestionsB

) Comparison o% pre?'ame and post?'ame "imate $an'e /uestionsB

2) 0amination o% 'ame eva"uation /uestionsB

4) =se o% sub?popu"ations, as de%ined by responses to demo'rap$i and pre?'ame /uestions)

"esults

*ummary of *amle

Demo'rap$i in%ormation !as ta#en %rom ea$ o% t$e 14 partiipants !$o omp"eted t$e study

and is summarised in Tab"e )

23

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Characteristic Category - Characteristic Category - 'e =nder 18 6G @umber o% Cars @one 22G

19 4 14G in House$o"d 1 28G5 24 47G 5G25 44 3G 2 or more 4G45 54 6G55 64 4G -re/ueny o% 0very day 9G65 74 G Computer .ame 5?6 times a !ee# 5G75 and above 3G "ay 2?4 times a !ee# 8G

1? times a !ee# 11G?2 times a mont$ 4G

.ender a"e 65G 1? times a mont$ 6G-ema"e 24G 0very oup"e o% 11G*at$er not say 1G mont$s

+ess o%ten 16GCountry o% ustra"ia 6G @ever 8G*esidene ustria 1G t$er G

Canada G

C$ina 1G-rane 1G -re/ueny o% 0very day 87G.ermany 6G nternet =se 5?6 times a !ee# 8Gta"y 1G 2?4 times a !ee# 1GJapan 1G 1? times a !ee# 1G@et$er"ands 1G ?2 times a mont$ 3G=nited

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T$e moda" a'e o% t$e partiipants !as 5?24, !$i$ orresponds !it$ t$e tar'et a'e ran'e o% t$e

'ame -i'ure 6

T$e samp"e !as $eavi"y biased to!ards Hi'$er 0duation, !it$ 56G $avin' a post?'raduate

/ua"i%iation) T$e most ommon eduationa" sub(et 'roup !as .eo'rap$y, 0art$ and

0nvironmenta" Sienes 14G, !it$ 0n'ineerin' seond 8G and >iosiene t$ird 7G)

T$e "ar'est ate'ories o% emp"oyment setor !ere Hi'$er 0duation 15G and t$er 14G,

!$i$ in"uded t$e vo"untary setor, omputer 'ames, minin' and onsu"tany)

W$en as#ed $o! o%ten t$ey p"ayed omputer 'ames, t$e moda" ans!er !as E@everF 8G,

a"t$ou'$ t$e ma(ority o% partiipants did p"ay 'ames, and t$ey !ere as#ed !$at 'ames t$ey

p"ayed, as an open?ended /uestion) T$e resu"ts !ere ate'orised into ei'$t types o% 'ame, and

are s$o!n in -i'ure 7)

2

$igure : Histogram of 2ges of Participants

=nder18

19 4 5 24 25 44 45 54 55 64 65 74 75 andabove

3G

5G

13G

15G

3G

5G

23G

25G

43G

45G

53G

'e o% arti&ipants

'e .roup

9 e r & e n t a ' e @ M

1 4 5

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ore t$an 83G o% partiipants said t$ey $ad 'iven time or money to a $arity in t$e part year, and

t$e types o% $arities are s$o!n in Tab"e 2 o% !$i$ t$e most ommon !as environmenta", !it$

deve"opment seond)

)ye of Charity .re/uency 0nvironment 56Deve"opment 48*e"i'ious 15Civi" "iberties 8Hea"t$ 2 nima" 4Home"ess 4Lout$ 4t$er 6

Table ": T&pes of Charities 0onated To

+re&%ame Climate Change uestions

T$e most interestin' o% t$e pre?'ame resu"ts are disussed $ere, but a summary o% a"" t$e resu"ts

an be seen in ppendi 1)

22

$igure 3: Pie Chart 'ho)ing Categories of $a-ourite ames

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(nowledge )uestions

*elf&$escrition of 0nowledge

s an be seen %rom -i'ure 8, t$e distribution is s#e!ed to!ards t$ose !$o desribe t$emse"ves

as #no!"ed'eab"e about "imate $an'e)

Causes of Climate Change

Some partiipants rep"ied !it$ a sin'"e !ord, ot$ers !rote up to t!enty auses) T$e responses

!ere oded into ei'$t ate'ories, as "isted in Tab"e 4)

Category .re/uency ndustry 98.H.s 6+and =se C$an'e 56@atura" 52

Soia" 52norret *esponses 1 'riu"ture 16o"itia" 1Tota": 271

Table +: 2ns)ers to Causes of Climate Change 4uestion

ost stated t$at "imate $an'e !as aused by t$e use o% %ossi" %ue"s) any a"so "in#ed t$is !it$

'reen$ouse 'as emissions) round one t$ird mentioned de%orestation, anot$er t$ird mentioned

natura" auses su$ as so"ar y"es, and a %urt$er t$ird mentioned soia" auses su$ as

24

$igure 5: 'elf60escription of 7no)ledge about Climate Change

+itt"e ornone

>asi& vera'e 0tensive 0pert in t$e%ie"d

3G

5G

13G

15G

3G

5G

23G

25G

43G

45G

53G

NHo! !ou"d you des&ribe your#no!"ed'e about &"imate &$an'eAN

ns!er

9 e r & e n t a ' e

@ M 1 4 5

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overpopu"ation and '"oba"isation)

Severa" responses !ere inorret) any partiipants said t$at po""ution aused "imate $an'e,

and, a"t$ou'$ t$ey possib"y meant arbon dioide emissions, it !as %e"t t$at po""ution !as too

'enera" a term to a""o!, sine t$ey ou"d $ave been re%errin' to "oa" air po""ution !$i$ auses

$ea"t$ prob"ems) n"y t!o partiipants stated t$at dep"etion o% t$e oone "ayer aused "imate

$an'e, and on"y one t$ou'$t nu"ear !aste aused "imate $an'e) Severa" partiipants seemed

to on%use auses o% "imate $an'e !it$ e%%ets o% "imate $an'e, su$ as me"tin' o% t$e ie aps

or "oss o% biodiversity) %e! a"so said t$at '"oba" !armin' !as a ause o% "imate $an'e)

artiipants !ere as#ed !$i$ o% a "ist o% atmosp$eri 'ases ontributed to "imate $an'e -i'ure

9)

@ear"y a"" t$e partiipants orret"y identi%ied arbon dioide as a 'reen$ouse 'as, and 87G

orret"y identi%ied met$ane as !e"") T$e "east orret"y identi%ied 'reen$ouse 'as !as

per%"uoromet$ane) 1G inorret"y t$ou'$t t$at nitro'en !as a 'reen$ouse 'as)

Imacts of Climate Change

artiipants !ere as#ed to se"et t$ree %rom a "ist o% atua", possib"e and inorret impats o%

"imate $an'e -i'ure 13

25

$igure 8: 2ns)ers to reenhouse ases 4uestion

Dont #no!

Water vapour

er%"uoromet$ane

one

y'en

@itrous ide

@itro'en

et$ane

Hydro%"uoroarbons H-Cs

He"ium

C$"oro%"uoroarbons C-Cs

Carbon Dioide

r'on

3G 5G 13G 15G 3G 5G 23G 25G 43G 45G 53G 55G 63G 65G 73G 75G 83G 85G 93G 95G133G

NW$i$ o% t$e %o""o!in' atmosp$eri 'ases do you t$in# ontributes to "imate $an'eAN

erenta'e @M14

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ost orret"y identi%ied t$e main impats o% "imate, su$ as sea "eve" rise) 19G t$ou'$t,

inorret"y, t$at air po""ution !as an impat o% "imate $an'e) t$er inorret impats !ere

t$innin' o% t$e oone "ayer 3G, tsunamis 13G and vo"anoes 2G) -urt$er impats 'iven in

t$e t$er option main"y re"ated to soia" impats su$ as mi'ration or !ar, and etreme !eat$er

events)

Contri!utions to Climate Change

W$en as#ed !$i$ setor in deve"oped ountries ontributes most to "imate $an'e, most

ans!ered 0ner'y rodution 51G, and 2G ans!ered Transport and 3G $ose ndustria"

roesses) Kery %e! partiipants $ose t$e ot$er options)

T$e %irst o% a series o% 'rid /uestions about ener'y 'eneration !as %atua" and as#ed !$et$er t$ey

t$ou'$t ea$ met$od ontributed to "imate $an'e -i'ure 11

26

$igure 1!: 2ns)ers to Impacts of Climate Change 4uestion

:t$er

Dont #no!

Ko"&ani& eruptionsKe'etation Jones &$an'e

Tsunamis

Spe&ies etin&tion

:Jone "ayer t$innin'

ore $eat!aves

ore drou'$ts in some areas

+ess drin#in' !ater avai"abi"ity

+ess &o"d !inters

n&reasin' a'ri&u"tura" produ&tivity in some areas

n&reased %"oodin' in some areas

.u"% stream %ai"ure

."oba" sea "eve"s rise

Disease "eve"s in&rease

De&reasin' a'ri&u"tura" produ&tivity in some areas ir po""ution

3G 13G 3G 23G 43G 53G 63G 73G 83G

NW$i&$ o% t$e %o""o!in' do you t$in# aret$e most "i#e"y impa&ts o% &"imate &$an'eAN

er&enta'e @M14

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ost o% t$e partiipants #ne! t$at oa" and oi" ontribute to "imate $an'e, and t$at so"ar and

!ind do not) >iomass !as t$e on"y ans!er t$at reeived a si'ni%iant number o% EDont #no!Fs)

0yoto +rotocol

T$is !as a %atua" /uestion assessin' #no!"ed'e o% t$e po"itis o% "imate $an'e) T$e partiipants

!ere presented !it$ a"" 43 nne ountries, !it$ a brie% ep"anation o% !$at t$e term nne

means, and as#ed !$i$ t!o $ad not rati%ied t$e iomass

3)33G 3)33G 43)33G 63)33G 83)33G 133)33G

NTo !$at etent do you t$in# t$e %o""o!in' !ayso% 'eneratin' po!er &ontribute to &"imate &$an'eAN

Dont #no!

5 M no &ontribution

4

2

1 M ma(or &ontribution

9 o ! e r . e n e r a t i o n

er&enta'e

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s an be seen %rom t$e -i'ure 12, "imate $an'e is onsidered to be one o% t$e most important

issues %ain' soiety, !it$ on"y 7 partiipants ran#in' it be"o! 6t$ p"ae)

+ersonal Effect of Climate Change

T$is !as an open?ended /uestion as#in' partiipants $o! t$ey t$ou'$t "imate $an'e !ou"d

a%%et t$em persona""y) T$e responses !ere oded into ate'ories, and are "isted in Tab"e 5)

28

$igure 1: Histogram of Highest .an9ed Issues $acing 'ociet&

C"imateC$an'e

0&onomi&deve"op?ment

0rosion o%&ivi" "iber?ties

mmi'ra?tion

n%e&tiousdisease

overty *e"i'ious%undamen?ta"ism

Terrorism Weaponso% massdestru&tion

3G

5G

13G

15G

3G5G

23G

25G

43G

Hi'$est *an#in' ssues -a&in' So&iety

ssue

9 e r & e n t a ' e

@ M 1 4 5

$igure 1": .an9ing of Climate Change

1st nd 2rd 4t$ 5t$ 6t$ 7t$ 8t$ 9t$3G

5G

13G

15G

3G

5G

23G

25G

43G

45G

*an#in' o% C"imate C$an'e

*an#

9 e r & e n t a ' e @ M 1 4 5

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Affect .re/uency C"imate or Weat$er 61+i%esty"e o% ;ua"ity o% +i%e C$an'e 5*esoures or ries 28Soiety and t$e Wor"d 2Conern, nd -uture .enerations 2@atura" Habitat 1@o or +itt"e mpat 19Dont

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sma"" number o% partiipants %e"t t$at t$e !or"d !as doomed by "imate $an'e)

Resonsi!ility for Causing and )ac1ling Climate Change

s an be seen %rom -i'ure 14, t$e moda" ans!er %or ausin' "imate $an'e !as ndustry and

>usiness, !it$ @ationa" .overnments and ndividua"s omin' seond and t$ird) W$en it ame to

ta#"in' "imate $an'e, near"y a"" $ose @ationa" .overnments)

Reducing Emissions

artiipants !ere as#ed to ran# a se"etion o% ei'$t potentia" !ays o% reduin' arbon dioide

emissions) $isto'ram s$o!in' %irst $oies is s$o!n in -i'ure 15)

43

$igure 1+: 2ns)ers to .esponsibilit& for Causing andTac9ling Climate Change 4uestions

W or " d " e a

d er s

@ a t i on a" ' ov er nm en t s

n d u s t r y an d > u s i n e s s

+ o & a" ov

er nm en t

+ o & a" & om

m uni t i e s

n d i v i d u a" s an d t $ ei r % ami " i e s

D on7 t # n o

!

: t $ er

3G

13G

3G

23G

43G

53G

63G

73G83G

93G

NW$i&$ o% t$e %o""o!in' do you t$in# are responsib"e%or &ausin' and ta"in' &"imate &$an'eAN

Causin'

Ta"in'

9 e r & e n t a ' e @ M 1 4 5

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Electricity %eneration in the .utureT$is !as t$e t$ird /uestion in t$e series about e"etriity 'eneration met$ods) s an be seen %rom

-i'ure 16, oa" and oi" !ere very unpopu"ar and so"ar and !ind !ere very popu"ar) artiipants

seemed "ess sure about $ydroe"etri) @u"ear !as re"ative"y !e"" supported, !it$ about $a"% as

many stron'"y disa'reein' as stron'"y a'reein') s !it$ t$e previous simi"ar /uestions, >iomass

reeived t$e most EDont #no!F responses) @atura" 'as !as more popu"ar t$an oa" or oi")

+ersonal Relation to Climate Change

s an be seen in -i'ure 17, (ust over $a"% t$e partiipants said t$ey stron'"y a'ree t$at t$ey are

part o% t$e so"ution to "imate $an'e) @ot a sin'"e partiipant %e"t t$at t$ey !ere stron'"y not part

41

$igure 1: $irst .an9ed Choices for 4uestion about Emission .eductions

>ui"d more!ind %arms

mprove&ar %ue" e%?%i&ien&y

ndustria"emissionstradin'

ntrodu&e a&arbon ta

ntrodu&e&arbon a"?"o!an&es

romoteener'y e%?%i&ien&y

*edu&e airtrave"

=se &om?bined $eatand po!er

3G

2G

5G

8G

13G

12G

15G

18G

3G

2G

5G

8G

NW$at do you t$in# are t$e most e%%e&tive !ays o% redu&in' &arbon dioide emissionsAN -irst C$oi&es

0mission *edu&tions et$od

9 e r & e n t a

' e

$igure 1: 2ns)ers to $uture Electricit& eneration 4uestion

Wind

So"ar

:i"

@u&"ear

Hydroe"e&tri&

@atura" .as

Coa"

>iomass

3G 13G 3G 23G 43G 53G 63G 73G 83G 93G 133G

NTo !$at etent do you a'ree or disa'ree t$at t$e %o""o!in' &ou"d $e"predu&e &arbon dioide emissions %rom e"e&tri&ity 'eneration in t$e %utureAN

Dont #no!

Stron'"y disa'ree

Tend to disa'ree

@eutra"

Tend to a'ree

Stron'"y a'ree

0 " e & t r i & i t y . e n e r a t i o n , e t $ o d

er&enta'e

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o% t$e so"ution)

artiipants !ere a"so as#ed !$at persona" ations, i% any, t$ey urrent"y ta#e to redue t$eir

impat on "imate $an'e) T$e responses !ere oded and are "isted in Tab"e 6)

Answer .re/uency Dai"y +i%e 121 tivism I Job I o"itis 16Communiate 14@ot$in' 11 spiration 7*un C"imate prediction)net

Table : 2ns)ers to Personal 2ctions 4uestion

"most a"" t$e partiipants said t$at t$ey ta#e various ations in t$eir dai"y "ives to redue t$eir

impat on "imate $an'e) number a"so ta#"e "imate $an'e in t$eir (obs, by t$eir po"itia"

deisions and t$rou'$ vo"unteerin' ativities) round a tent$ o% partiipants said t$ey enoura'e

t$ose around t$em, eit$er %riends or pupi"s, to ma#es $an'es) sma"" number said t$ey do

not$in', and some said t$ey !ere $opin' to ma#e $an'es in t$e %uture, su$ as insta""in'

rene!ab"e ener'y 'eneration in t$eir $ome) T!o partiipants run t$e "imate prediction)net "imate

mode""in' pro'ramme on t$eir omputers)

4

$igure 13: 2ns)ers to 4uestion abouteing Part of the 'olution

Stron'"ya'ree

Tend toa'ree

@eutra" Tend todisa'ree

Stron'"ydisa'ree

Dont#no!

3G

5G

13G

15G

3G

5G

23G

25G

43G

45G

53G

55G

NTo !$at etent do you a'ree or disa'ree t$at youpersona""y are part o% t$e so"ution to &"imate &$an'eAN

ns!er

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T$ose !$o do somet$in' in t$eir dai"y "ives mentioned:

• reduin' ar and air trave"B

• !a"#in' or y"in' moreB

• reduin' ener'y and !ater use in t$e $omeB

• rey"in' and reduin' !asteB

• buyin' "oa" produeB

• 'eneratin' or pur$asin' rene!ab"e e"etriityB

• o%%settin' arbon emissions)

Understanding )uestions

Challenges .acing 2ational %overnments

T$is /uestion 'ave t$e partiipants %ive su''ested ans!ers, but a""o!ed omments and t$er

ans!ers) T$e /uantitative ans!ers are s$o!n in -i'ure 18, and t$e omments are disussed

be"o!)

42

$igure 15: 2ns)ers to Challenges $acing o-ernments 4uestion

ub"i& opinion 0&onomi&'ro!t$

0nsurin' pub?"i& servi&ese') po!er,

nternationa"pressure

ressure %romindustry andbusiness

:t$er

3G5G

13G15G3G5G23G

25G43G45G53G55G63G65G73G

75G83G

NW$at do you t$in# are t$e main &$a""en'es %a&in' nationa"'overnment in imp"ementin' &"imate &$an'e po"i&iesAN

ns!er

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e @ M 1 4 5

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T$e moda" ans!er !as ressure %rom ndustry and >usiness) T$ose !$o $ose t$is option %e"t t$at

ompanies prioritise pro%it over anyt$in' e"se, and t$at bein' 'ood %or t$e environment !as

unompetitive) "so, it is not in a businesss interest to enoura'e redued onsumption, and t$at

t$ey !ou"d need to be %ored by "e'is"ation to $an'e) t !as %e"t t$at bi' businesses $ave a

'reater in%"uene over 'overnment po"iy t$an pub"i opinion or t$e needs o% t$e environment)

T$ose t$at $ose 0onomi .ro!t$ %e"t t$at a more sustainab"e mode" o% eonomi 'ro!t$, t$at

ou"d dea" !it$ "imate $an'e, !as needed, and t$at 'overnments needed to be !i""in' to ma#e

"on'?term po"iies)

41G o% partiipants $ose ub"i pinion, !it$ omments t$at peop"e !ere "ay, se"%is$ and

un!i""in' to $an'e, but a"so t$at t$ey did not #no! $o! to ma#e t$e neessary $an'es) T$ey

b"amed i'norane about "imate $an'e, espeia""y in t$e =S, and a "a# o% understandin' o% ris#)

T$ose t$at $ose nternationa" ressure pointed out t$at every ountry needs to si'n up to

a'reements so as not "ose out eonomia""y, and t$at interna" pressure %ores t$e 'overnment to

dea" !it$ "oa" issues be%ore '"oba" ones)

T$ere !ere a number o% t$er ans!ers, !$i$ in"uded pub"i apat$y, t$e =S, s$ort?termism and

apita"ism)

0yoto +rotocol

ost partiipants $ad orret"y $osen t$e =S %rom t$e previous /uestion, and no! t$ey !ere

as#ed !$y t$e t!o ountries $ad not rati%ied t$e rotoo") T$ey most"y 'ave ans!ers %or t$e =S,

but sine on"y $a"% o% t$e ans!ers %or t$e seond ountry !ere orret, t$ere !ere severa" ans!ers

'ivin' ep"anations %or inorret ountries) T$e ate'ories are "isted in Tab"e 7, and in"ude

reasons %or ustra"ia separate"y)

44

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Answer .re/uency 0onomis 68ndustry 62Se"%?nterest 3t$er 19Wor"d 18

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Answer .re/uency C"imate C$an'e 74ub"i 28*esponsibi"ity 60asy I Spin 5nternationa" 2Co""etive tion 12.ain 13

Total: !8

Table 5: 2ns)ers to ;h& the

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response, !$i$ !as eonomi or te$no"o'ia" 'ain %rom t$e rotoo") T$e ot$er responses !ere

mentioned by at most one /uarter o% partiipants) T$e more ommon o% t$ese !ere a 'enuine

onern %or t$e environment and t$e %uture, po"itia" 'ood!i"" %rom t$e ri$er ountries, and

#no!"ed'e t$at t$ese poorer ountries !ere "i#e"y to be !orst $it by "imate $an'e) n even

sma""er number o% partiipants t$ou'$t t$at deve"opin' ountries si'ned up due to internationa"

pressure or beause t$ey $ad not$in' to "ose) @ear"y 6G o% partiipants did not #no! !$y

deve"opin' ountries mi'$t $ave si'ned up)

6 partiipants spei%ia""y mentioned t$e C"ean Deve"opment e$anism, a"t$ou'$ more t$ou'$t

t$at deve"opin' ountries !ou"d 'et aid money, bene%it %rom te$no"o'y trans%er, or be ab"e to ta#e

part in arbon tradin')

;uite a number o% partiipants t$ou'$t t$at deve"opin' ountries !ou"d !ant to deve"op a"on' a

more sustainab"e pat$, and t$us si'ned up to

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15G o% t$e post?'ame responses !ere notieab"y "earer, more aurate or more spei%i t$an t$e

pre?'ame responses) -or eamp"e, !$ereas many partiipants $ad said E.reen$ouse 'asesF or

Earbon dioide emissionsF be%ore, t$ey said E.reen$ouse 'ases aused by a !ide ran'e o% $ome

and industria" ativitiesF or E$uman ativity ? ve$i"es, %armin', industryF a%ter!ards)

Some partiipants !ent %rom va'ue, inorret responses be%ore t$e 'ame, to more aurate,

"earer responses a%ter t$e 'ame) -or eamp"e, one partiipant !rote be%ore$and,

Pollution= %oss of bio6di-ersit&= *atural c&cles in the Earth>s climate

and a%ter!ards !rote

Transport= Industr&= Intensi-e farming= Energ& production

not$er partiipant !rote

Cars, co)s, planes, experiments?products )ith badl& tested chemical

substances, industrial )aste, refrigerators, spra&cans, cleaning products,

)ashing po)der, perfumes@, pharmaceuticals, fertiliAers

s$o!in' on%usion as to t$e auses o% "imate $an'e, !$ereas t$eir post?'ame response !as

Pollution, bad energ& sources, tra-el, ineffecti-e housing, bad industr&,

lac9 of research on alternati-e energ&, reliance on coal, planes, cars

very sma"" number o% partiipants appeared to redue t$eir understandin' o% "imate $an'e !it$

t$eir post?'ame responses) Ho!ever, t$ey $ad spent around an $our p"ayin' t$e 'ame by t$is

point and per$aps did not !ant to !rite as mu$ as t$ey $ad at t$e be'innin') 0ven %e!er

maintained t$eir inorret response %rom t$e pre?'ame /uestion)

Impacts o Climate Change

T$e t!o sets o% resu"ts are broad"y t$e same -i'ure 19) n"y t!o options 'ained a%ter t$e 'ame

inreased %"oodin' in some areas and "ess drin#in' !ater avai"abi"ity) "" t$e ot$er options redued

in %re/ueny)

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t?test !as arried out on t$e number o% inorret ans!ers 'iven be%ore and a%ter p"ayin' t$e

'ame, to determine !$et$er partiipants $ad inreased t$e auray o% t$eir ans!ers by p"ayin'

t$e 'ame) T$e avera'e number o% !ron' ans!ers be%ore t$e 'ame !as 3)51, and a%ter!ards !as

3)43) -rom t$ese data sets, tM1)14589, de'rees o% %reedom nM8, and at t$e 3)35 "eve", t$e

di%%erene o% t$e means !as not si'ni%iant"y di%%erent %rom t$e test mean) T$is means t$at t$e

mean number o% inorret ans!ers did not derease si'ni%iant"y a%ter t$e 'ame)

&ersonal Impact o Climate Change

ne t$ird o% partiipants said t$e same t$in' as t$ey $ad be%ore) ost o% t$e pre?'ame Dont

e%ore

%ter

er&enta'e @M14

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a%ter!ards, !$i$ indiates a 'ro!in' po"itia" a!areness about "imate $an'e) not$er !rote

;ill not affect me but can affect next generations///

be%ore t$e 'ame, and t$en !rote

)ill affect next generations and I feel personall& responsible

to do as much as I can to impro-e the situation

indiatin' t$ey no! ta#e some responsibi"ity %or %uture 'enerations) 'ain, some responses !ere

s$orter t$an t$eir pre?'ame ounterparts)

Contribution o &ower Generation to Climate Change

T$e overa"" pattern o% responses is simi"ar to t$e pre?'ame responses -i'ure 3, !it$ most

partiipants $oosin' oa" and oi" as ma(or ontributors, and so"ar and !ind as t$e "east

ontributors)

Severa" partiipants t$ou'$t t$at !ind and so"ar $ad a ma(or ontribution to "imate $an'e a%ter

p"ayin' t$e 'ame, and more partiipants t$ou'$t so"ar and !ind $ad no ontribution a%ter t$e 'ame

53

$igure !: post6game .esponses to Contributionsto Climate Change 4uestion

Wind

So"ar

:i"

@u&"ear

Hydroe"e&tri&

@atura" .as

Coa"

>iomass

3G 13G 3G 23G 43G 53G 63G 73G 83G 93G 133G

NTo !$at etent do you t$in# t$e %o""o!in' !ays o% 'eneratin'po!er &ontribute to &"imate &$an'eAN %ter .ame *esponses

Dont #no!

5 M no &ontribution

4

2

1 M ma(or &ontribution

n s ! e r

er&enta'e @M14

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t$an be%ore)

+oo#in' at t$e EDont e%ore

%ter

ns!er

9 e r & e n t a ' e @ M 1 4 5

$igure : Comparison of ;hether *uclearContributes to Climate Change

1 M ma(or&ontribution

2 4 5 M no &on?tribution

Dont #no!

3

3)35

3)1

3)15

3)

3)5

3)2

3)25

3)4

3)45

Comparison o% W$et$er @u&"ear Contributes to C"imate C$an'e

>e%ore

%ter

ns!er

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' e @ M 1 4 5

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"esponsibilit% or Tac$ling Climate Change

T$e post?'ame /uestion as#ed partiipants to ran# ans!ers, rat$er t$an se"et t$ree, but a

omparison !as arried out by summin' t$e top t$ree %or ea$ ans!er) T$e resu"ts are broad"y

simi"ar, !it$ t$e "ar'est $an'e bein' %e!er $oosin' ndividua"s and t$eir %ami"ies)

"educing Carbon Dio+ide Emissions

T$is /uestion invo"ved ran#in' a set o% options, and t$e %irst $oies are s$o!n in -i'ure 2)

T$e responses are re"ative"y simi"ar, a"t$ou'$ !ind %arms, industria" emissions tradin', reduin' air

trave" and ombined $eat and po!er !ere more popu"ar a%ter t$e 'ame, !$ereas improvin' ar

%ue" e%%iieny, arbon ta, arbon a""o!anes and ener'y e%%iieny !ere "ess popu"ar)

Challenges ,acing -ational Governments-rom -i'ure 4, ub"i pinion and 0nsurin' ub"i Servies !ere seen as more important, a%ter

p"ayin' t$e 'ame, !$ereas 0onomi .ro!t$ and ressure %rom ndustry and >usiness !ere seen

as "ess important) nternationa" ressure !as seen as on"y s"i'$t"y more important, and t$ere !ere

%ar %e!er t$er options)

5

$igure ": Comparison of $irst Choices for.educing Carbon 0ioxide Emissions

>ui"d more!ind %arms

mprove &ar%ue" e%%i?&ien&y

ndustria"emissionstradin'

ntrodu&e a&arbon ta

ntrodu&e&arbon a"?"o!an&es

romoteener'y e%?%i&ien&y

*edu&e airtrave"

=se &om?bined $eatand po!er

3G

2G

5G

8G

13G

12G

15G

18G3G

2G

5G

8G

Comparison o% -irst C$oi&es %or *edu&in' 0missions

>e%ore

%ter

ns!er

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@ M 1 4 5

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,uture Electricit% Generation

T$e Estron'"y a'reeF responses are very simi"ar, !it$ on"y $ydroe"etri and nu"ear beomin'

s"i'$t"y "ess popu"ar a%ter t$e 'ame) simi"ar resu"t is %ound !$en omparin' t$e Estron'"y

disa'reeF responses)

t is interestin' to "oo# at t$e Dont

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not$er t$ird said no, eit$er beause t$e 'ame $ad not inspired t$em to $an'e t$eir be$aviour, or

beause t$ey did not t$in# it !as up to individua"s to ta#"e "imate $an'e)

T$e rest said t$ey !ou"d ontinue !$at t$ey !ere doin' any!ay, ep"ainin' t$at t$ey a"ready #ne!

about most o% t$e ideas mentioned in t$e 'ame, %or eamp"e

I )ould probabl& do these things an&)a&, but the game acted as a reminder

uestions a!out the %ame

En.o%ment

T$e %irst /uestion as#ed !$et$er t$e partiipants $ad en(oyed t$e 'ame -i'ure 6) 65G

responded positive"y ELesF or E;uite a "otF and 15G responded ne'ative"y E@ot rea""yF or E@ot at

a""F, su''estin' t$at a ma(ority o% partiipants en(oyed p"ayin' t$e 'ame)

&la%abilit%

T$e partiipants !ere as#ed $o! t$ey !ou"d desribe t$e p"ayabi"ity o% t$e 'ame, !it$ a $oie o%

%ive options, p"us spae %or omments net to t$eir $oies, and an Et$erF option, and t$e abi"ity

to se"et more t$an one option -i'ure 7)

55

$igure : Histogram 'ho)ing 2ns)ers to 4uestion about Eno&ment

Les ;uite a "ot t !as < @ot rea""y @ot at a""

3G

5G

13G

15G

3G

5G

23G

25G

43G

45G

NDid you en(oy p"ayin' t$e C"imate C$a""en'e 'ameA

ns!er

9 e r & e n t a ' e

C @ M 1

4 5 D

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Comments ran'ed %rom ErepetitiveF and Es"o!F to E "oved itF and Et$ou'$t?provo#in'F) any o%

t$ese omments ontradited ea$ ot$er) Some t$ou'$t t$e 'ame !e"" made !$i"e ot$ers t$ou'$t

it %u"" o% bu's)

/earning rom the GameT$e resu"ts in -i'ure 8 s$o! t$at 29G o% partiipants %e"t t$ey "earnt a bit %rom t$e 'ame, !$i$

!as t$e moda" ans!er, $o!ever t$e distribution o% ans!ers !as s#e!ed to!ards t$e positive !it$

24G ans!erin' ELesF or E;uite a "otF ompared to 6G ans!erin' E@ot rea""yF or E@ot at a""F)

56

$igure 3: 2ns)ers to Pla&abilit& 4uestion

-un 0asy -rustratin' Di%%i&u"t Con%usin' :t$er

3G

5G

13G

15G

3G

5G

23G

25G

43G

45G

53G

55G

63G

NHo! !ou"d you des&ribe t$e p"ayabi"ity o% t$e 'ameAN

ns!er

9 e r & e n t a ' e @ M 1 4

5

$igure 5: .esponses to %earning 4uestion

Les ;uite a "ot bit @ot rea""y @ot at a""

3)3G

5)3G

13)3G

15)3G

3)3G

5)3G

23)3G

25)3G

43)3G

NDo you t$in# you "earnt anyt$in' %rom t$e 'ameAN

ns!er

9 e r & e n t a ' e

C @ M 1 4 5 D

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T$e partiipants !ere a"so as#ed !$at t$ey t$ou'$t !as t$e #ey t$in' t$ey "earnt %rom t$e 'ame)

T$e ans!ers !ere oded into ei'$t ate'ories Tab"e 1

Category .re/uency Comp"eity 43

*esoures 6o"itia" 19o"iies 2ndividua" tion 15opu"arity 15ptimisti 5.ame 8t$er 7

Table 1: Categories of 2ns)er to 4uestion about %earning from the ame

T$e %irst ate'ory ontained any ans!ers t$at mentioned t$e omp"eity o% "imate $an'e, t$e

di%%iu"ties posed by it, or t$e ba"anes and trade o%%s needed) n ans!er t$at typi%ies t$is ate'ory

is ET$at it is a omp"e issue and t$at t$ere are no /ui# %ies)F

T$e seond ate'ory ontained ans!ers t$at mentioned t$e interation bet!een "imate $an'e

and ot$er resoures, su$ as %ood, !ater, money and ener'y, and in partiu"ar t$e need to ba"ane

t$ese resoures !it$ "imate $an'e miti'ation)

T$e t$ird ate'ory !as t$e po"itia" aspets o% "imate $an'e) T$is in"uded t$e di%%iu"ties %ain'

nationa" 'overnments in enatin' "imate $an'e po"iies, as !e"" as t$e $a""en'es o% internationa"

ne'otiations, and t$e !ay t$ese t!o "eve"s interat)

T$e po"iy options t$emse"ves made up t$e %ourt$ ate'ory, in"udin' any mention o% spei%i

po"iies t$at t$e partiipant $ad "earnt about, su$ as biomass or %ue" e""s, or t$e re"ative impat o%

ertain po"iies, %or eamp"e surprise at $o! "itt"e an impat rey"in' or p"antin' trees !ou"d $ave)

T$e %i%t$ ate'ory in"uded t$ose ans!ers !$i$ epressed eit$er a positive or ne'ative omment

about t$e ro"e o% individua"s in ta#"in' "imate $an'e) T!o responses !ere tota""y ne'ative, t$at

t$ere !as not$in' t$at individua"s ou"d do about "imate $an'e) Severa" !ere positive about t$e

ro"e o% individua"s, !$i"st t$e rest t$ou'$t t$at individua"s !ou"d $ave a sma"" impat, but needed to

do a"" t$ey ou"d any!ay)

T$e sit$ ate'ory onerned pub"i opinion !$en brin'in' in "imate $an'e po"iies) %e! %e"t

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t$at t$e 'ame $ad made pub"i opinion too easy to s!ay, and t$at t$e pub"i supported any "imate

$an'e po"iies) Ho!ever, ot$ers !ere enoura'ed by t$e possibi"ity t$at pub"i opinion !as not as

ne'ative as t$ey t$ou'$t it !ou"d be)

T$e sevent$ ate'ory in"uded omments t$at t$e partiipant no! %e"t more positive"y about

"imate $an'e) -or eamp"e E#no!in' t$at t$e $uman rae sti"" $as a $aneF or Et$at t$ere is

$opeE) t$er ans!ers in t$is ate'ory !ere t$at t$e partiipant $ad "earnt t$at t$ere !ere more

options t$an t$ey $ad t$ou'$t %or ta#"in' "imate $an'e)

T$e ei'$t$ ate'ory onerned t$e 'ame itse"%, in"udin' t$e E'ame !as too simp"isti and too

easy to rea""y tea$ anyt$in'F, t$at E!e"" desi'ned 'ames are 'ood at presentin' in%ormationF, and

EDesi'nin' "imate 'ames must be di%%iu"tF)

T$e ot$er omments, beyond t$ose !$o did not ans!er t$e /uestion %u""y, !ere ne'ative

omments su''estin' t$e partiipant $ad not "earnt anyt$in' %rom t$e 'ame)

Understanding Climate Change

T$e partiipants !ere as#ed !$et$er t$ey t$ou'$t t$e 'ame $ad $e"ped t$em to understand

"imate $an'e better -i'ure 9

T$e distribution !as s#e!ed to!ards ELesF, and 44G o% partiipants responded positive"y ELesF or

E;uite a "otF, and 7G responded ne'ative"y E@ot rea""yF or E@ot at a""F)

58

$igure 8: 2ns)ers to etter Fnderstanding 4uestion

Les ;uite a "ot neutra" @ot rea""y @ot at a""

3)33G

5)33G

13)33G

15)33G

3)33G

5)33G

23)33G

NDo you t$in# t$e 'ame $e"ped you understand &"imate &$an'e betterAN

ns!er

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@ M 1 4 5

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Using Games to Teach Climate Change

s an be seen in -i'ure 23, a ma(ority o% responses to t$is /uestion !ere positive, !it$ on"y t$ree

partiipants respondin' ne'ative"y, and one EDont

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'ame !as s"o! and repetitive) 7 ommented on t$e internationa" ne'otiation sta'e, most"y notin'

t$at t$e EpersuadeF button did not do anyt$in', !$i$ !as a #no!n bu' and !as "ater %ied) Seven

t$ou'$t it !as too easy or simp"isti, and 16 t$ou'$t it !as too omp"iated, omp"ainin' t$at t$e

tutoria" !as not ompre$ensive enou'$) s a resu"t, t$e tutoria" !as etended %or >>C !ebsite

version) 9 made omments on t$e "oa" po"iy sta'e, mentionin' !$i$ t$in's t$ey t$ou'$t !ere

unrea"isti or un"ear, su$ as on"y bein' ab"e to Ep"ayF si po"iies ea$ deade, re'ard"ess o% $o!

bi' a pro(et ea$ po"iy is)

Discussion

+rincial .indings of the *tudy T$is study set out to eamine $o! omputer 'ames mi'$t be used to ommuniate t$e issues o%

"imate $an'e, usin' t$e C"imate C$a""en'e .ame as a ase study)

#nal%sis o the Sample

na"ysis o% t$e pre?'ame /uestionnaire s$o!ed t$at t$e partiipants !ere "ar'e"y a"ready

#no!"ed'eab"e about "imate $an'e be%ore p"ayin' t$e 'ame) 14G $ad studied .eo'rap$y or

0nvironmenta" Siene at university "eve"B 27G desribed t$eir #no!"ed'e o% "imate $an'e as

EetensiveF or Eepert in t$e %ie"dFB and most 'ave orret ans!ers to t$e %atua" pre?'ame

/uestions) T$is meant t$at it !ou"d be un"i#e"y %or t$e 'ame to tea$ t$em about "imate $an'e)

round $a"% t$e samp"e a"so $ad a prior interest in "imate $an'e, as evidened by t$e 41G !$o

said "imate $an'e !as t$e most important issue %ain' soietyB t$e 29G !$o 'ave time or money

to an environmenta" $arity in t$e past yearB t$e 5G !$o stron'"y a'reed t$at t$ey persona""y

!ere part o% t$e so"utionB and t$e mere 8G !$o said t$ey !ere doin' not$in' to ta#"e "imate

$an'e)

revious surveys oortin'a et a", 336 and >oyes, 334 %ound misoneptions about nu"ear

po!er and t$e oone "ayer and t$e auses o% "imate $an'e) Kery %e! partiipants in t$is study

$e"d t$ese misoneptions, most "i#e"y beause o% t$is samp"e bias)

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t !as %ound t$at 56G o% t$e samp"e !ere 'amers, !$i$ is simi"ar to t$e 59G %ound by t$e >>C

survey >>C, 335, a"t$ou'$ t$ey %ound 48G o% t$eir samp"e p"ayed omputer 'ames at "east

one a !ee#, ompared to 22G in t$is study) T$e most popu"ar type o% 'ame !as simu"ation

'ames, o% !$i$ t$e C"imate C$a""en'e .ame is an eamp"e) T$e >>C survey %ound t$at

simu"ation 'ames appea" e/ua""y to bot$ ma"e and %ema"e p"ayers, !$i$ is important !$en

desi'nin' eduationa" 'ames !it$ !ide appea")

Discussion o &re0Game )uestions

T$e overa"" pattern o% t$e auses o% "imate $an'e !as o% a "in# bet!een 'reen$ouse 'ases,

arbon dioide emissions and $uman ativities, !$i$ !ere eit$er t$e p$ysia" proesses, su$ as

industry or ve$i"es, or t$e soia" proesses, su$ as industria"isation, '"oba"isation or onsumer

u"ture)

T$e persona" e%%et o% "imate $an'e !as %e"t to be t$e diret e%%et o% !armer, more etreme

!eat$er or t$e impat o% t$e soia" $an'es due to "imate $an'e) Some did not seem !orried at

a"", trustin' in t$e !ea"t$ and te$no"o'y o% deve"oped nations to minimise t$e e%%ets) t$ers

epressed !orry about t$e %uture, espeia""y %or t$eir $i"dren)

T$e %irst $oies %or !ays to redue arbon dioide emissions !ere interestin') T$e most popu"ar

!as to promote ener'y e%%iieny, !$i$ !ou"d not on"y redue emissions but save individua"s

money, simi"ar"y %or t$e t$ird most popu"ar, ar %ue" e%%iieny) >ut t$e seond most popu"ar !as

introduin' a arbon ta, !$i$ !ou"d be %inania""y tou'$er on individua"s, and imp"ies some

!i""in'ness to aept unpopu"ar po"iies to prevent "imate $an'e)

T$e /uestions about t$e

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Testing H%potheses

-ive $ypot$eses !ere estab"is$ed, "oo#in' at di%%erent aspets o% t$e 'ame and its e%%et on

p"ayers)

+laying the Climate Challenge %ame affects the layer3s attitudes towards climatechange

s a"ready mentioned above, at "east $a"% t$e samp"e a"ready sa! t$emse"ves as part o% t$e

so"ution, and on"y a sma"" number !ere not doin' anyt$in' about "imate $an'e in t$eir dai"y "ives)

Comments %rom post?'ame /uestions s$o! t$at many partiipants did $an'e t$eir attitudes) -or

eamp"e, partiipants said t$ey "earnt

ho) much of a difference local and indi-idual based policies ma9e

and t$at

there are more things I can do in m& home than I>-e thought

T$ere !ere ot$er partiipants !$o %e"t t$e eat opposite, sayin'

that as an indi-idual I do not ha-e an& po)er to change things

Severa" partiipants a"so %e"t more positive, sayin' t$at t$e 'ame

indicated that there )ere more options that might reduce climate change than I thought

or

9no)ing that the human race still has a chance

12 partiipants ans!ered E@eutra"F to bein' part o% t$e so"ution, and t$ere%ore $ad an un%ormed

opinion about t$e ro"e o% t$e individua") W$en as#ed, a%ter p"ayin' t$e 'ame, i% t$ey !ou"d $an'e

t$eir be$aviour, %ive rep"ied positive"y, sayin' t$ey !ou"d Es!it$ to 'reen e"etriityF or Esupport

po"itiians pus$in' %or "imate $an'e "e'is"ationF) T!o said t$ey !ou"d not $an'e beause t$ey

!ere a"ready doin' !$at t$ey ou"d, and t$e ot$ers rep"ied ne'ative"y) @evert$e"ess, a sma""

number $ad %ormed a positive opinion about t$eir persona" invo"vement in ta#"in' "imate $an'e)

Ta#in' on"y t$ose !$o ran#ed "imate $an'e as 5t$ or "o!er in priority in t$e pre?'ame /uestion

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produed a 'roup o% 18 partiipants) n t$e post?'ame /uestionnaire, %ive o% t$ese said t$ey !ou"d

do more to ta#"e "imate $an'e persona""y, and t$ree ran#ed ndividua"s as t$e most important in

ta#"in' "imate $an'e) T!o t$ou'$t industry and business s$ou"d ma#e t$e $an'es) 'ain, t$is

s$o!s t$at some partiipants attitudes $an'ed as a resu"t o% p"ayin' t$e 'ame)

@u"ear po!er "ost popu"arity as a %uture ener'y supp"y, a%ter t$e 'ame, and more partiipants

rep"ied EDont #no!F about it) n t$e 'ame, nu"ear po!er is 'ood %or "imate $an'e, a"t$ou'$

pub"i opinion is a'ainst it, so it !ou"d seem partiipants !ere s!ayed more by pub"i opinion t$an

t$e e%%ets on "imate $an'e)

pportunities arisin' %rom "imate $an'e !ere mentioned on"y in t$e ontet o% internationa"

a'reements, %rom !$i$ deve"opin' and deve"oped ountries mi'$t 'ain eonomia""y and

Documents

Rowlands 2006