-

------~~------C -'0 ~RPORATION AND SERVICE

--------- -- OLKWAYS RECORDS

SERIES-F ------- SCIENCE NOS FOlKWAYS FX 6121 SOU

RDS & SERVICE Corp. WAYS RECO k City @1966 FOLK Ave New Yor , cords, I 701 Seventh " s/Scholastlc Re N J 07632

by Folkway d Cliffs, " Distributed Ave., Englewoo _ -43

906 Sylvan ard ~o, R 09-0 Catalogue C f Congress Library 0

FX 6121

....

FOLKWAYS RECORDS Album No. FX 6121 © 1961 Folkways Records & Service Corp., 632 BROADWAY, N.Y.C. 10012

SOUNDS OF

THE SEA

~ctual sou N DS of fish species recorded in isolated tanks and at

varying depths - from 5 feet in sheltered areas to 2.000 fathoms :200 miles out-

in tropical waters of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Recorded by the Naval

Research laboratory.

INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY C.W. COA;TES CURATOR AND AQUAR I ST NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAl SOCIETY

MOVING UTEII .. NOTORIOUILY NOIIY. IClETlIoI£I IT IS TERRIFVING, AI THE THUNDER or A IATER­FALL, OR THE ROAR or IURr ON THE ROCKI; lOUE­TIMES IT 18 PLEAIANT, AI THE DRUMMING or RAIN ON A $I('HT ROOr, OR THE PURLING or A TINY BROOK; IOMETIMEI IT II EVEN ANNoYING, AI THE DRIP OF A LEAKY rAUCET, IUT IN IHATEVER EFrECT IT REACHE8 U8, IT II THE lATER ITIELF IE THINK OF AS UAKI~G THE NOliE. IE DO NOT THINK or ANY­THING ~ THE WATER AI BEING NOIIV, EXCEPT PER­HAPS THAT A FR OG CROAK8 OR AN ALLIGATOR BELLOII. THEBE ANIMALS WE TH I NK or AS CREATURES IHICH LIVE NEAR THE WATER, OR EVEN I~ THE lATER; BUT AS NOT BEING ~ THE lATER AI IE THINK rllHEI ARE or THE WA T ER.

To THINK or rllHE8 MAKING NOIIEI, HOUDING CONVERSATIONS, 10 TO SPEAK, IARNING EACH OTHER OR COURT I NG EACH OTHER, AI IE TH I NK or B I RD8 SINGI~G TO EACH OTHER, IS AN IDEA IHICH IEEME AS ST~ANGE AI IT WELL CAN BE, rOR EXCEPT TO F I AHERUEN IIHO HAVE HEARD lOME r IIHES GASPI NG OR CROAKING WHEN THEV ARE CAUGHT, AND IEA­rARERS WHO ONCE IN A WHILE HEAR CERTAIN KINDS or NOIS~S APPARENTLY RISING rROM THE IURrACE or THE WATER, FIIHE8 WOULD APPEAR TO BE AMONG THE MOST SILENT or ALL INHABITANTI or THII GLOBE.

;JEVERTHELESB, WI THIN THE LAST FEW YEARS A NUMBER OF NOISES or ONE IORT OR ANOTHER HAVE BtHI ASSOCIATED WITH THE rllHEI THAT MADE THEM, ALTHOUGH WHAT ALL THE NOl8ES MEAN -­\IIHAT THEY ARE SAY I NG, I r ANYTHI NG AT ALL -­IS ~IOT KNOvm.

IT HAS NOT yET BEEN rOUND Ir ALL FIIHE8 MAKE SOUNDS; IF ONLY A FEW, OR IF A LARGE PROPOR­Tie .... or THEM DO, OR UNDER WHAT COHO I T I ONS OR ron "HAT REASONS, BUT I ~ MANY PARTS or THE

SUI or THE IORUD NOIIEI MADE IY FISHEl AND SOME or THE OTHER INHABITANTI or THE IATERS ARE 10 GREAT AND VARIED AI TO BE ALMOST DEAF­ENING.

THAT THEIE NOIIEI HAVE EICAPED NOTICE FOR 10 LONG WUIT IE ATTRIIUTID TO THE FACT THAT A IAT£II-AIR INTERFACE ACTI TO A LARGE DEGREE AI A REF.LECTOR or NOliE, 10 THAT ALMOST ALL lOUNDI NEVER PENETRATE FROM ONE MEDIUU INTO THE OTHER. I F IE PUT OUR EAIII UNl)i:R lATER, IUCH lOUNDS AI MAY BE I N THE· WATER ARE MUFFLED BY OUR OWN HEAD NOIIEI BEING RErLECT­ED BACK INTO THE EAII BY THE LAYER or lATER NEXT TO THE AIR IN OUR EAR, 10 AGAIN THEY lOUlD NOT BE APPARENT TO UB.

THE DEVELOPWENT or ELECTRONIC APPARATUS O~ ONE KIND OR ANOTHER DURING RECENT YEARS HAS ENABLED uS REALLY TO LISTEN TO WHAT GOf:n .:>'; BE­

NEATH THE IURrACE or THE WATER, AND HERE IS A IAMPLE or OCEAN NOI SE, NOT WATER NOI SE, BUT ANIMAL-rISH-NOISE COWBINATION or AS MANY NOISES AI LOUD AI POSSIBL£.

2

THAT II A CHORUI OF IHRIMPS, .,TH A NUUBER or rllH SOLOISTS ALL BUT DROWNED OUT.

THE IHRIMP8 ARE CALLED INAPPING IHRIMPS, ~OR OBV I OUS REASONS. THEV M~KE THEIR NOliE BY SNAPPING THE IRIST ~OINT or THE LARGEST or THEIR TIO PAIRI or CHELAE, OR CLA.S.

THE FIIHEI MAKE THEIR NOIIEI IN A VARIETY or lAYS. SOME or THEM HAVE SPECIAL MUSCLES WITH IHIOH THEY CAN VIBRATE THEIR I.IM­BLADDERI TO PRODUCE A SOUND. OTHERI PRODUCE A ITRIDULATION 8Y VIBRATING THE HARD PARTS or CERTAIN FIN S~~~ORT' TOGETHER, AS DOES THE SEA CATFISH, IHleH CAN ALSO MAK£ A NOISE BY VIBRATING ITS SliM-BLADDER. OTHER ~ISHES

CAN MAKE A HARSH, RASPING IORT OF NOISE BY GRINDING THE PHARYNGEAL, OR THROAT, TEETH TOGETHER, SUCH AI THE NOlIE PRODUCED BV THE HOGrISH.

OTHER NOIIES IHleH HAVE BEEN HEARD ARE PRO­DUCED BY METHODI NOT YET CLEAR TO UI, BUT THEY ARE DISTINCT AND PERHAPS HAVE A DEFIN­I TE PURPOSE I N THE IORLD OF THE OCEAN.

ATLANTIC CROAKER

THE AlLANl It CROAKER, M'CROPOQON IJNDULATUI. IS NAMED Fa=t THE NOlIE THAT IT PRODuCEI ..

WHEN THE FlaH Ie OUT or .... TER, THE IClJND tl LIKE A YERy LOW, RASPING CROAK, BUT UNDER

.... TER IT HAl BEEN DEICRIBED .1 CONI'ITING

or RAPID DRU~ROLlS THAT RESEMBLE THE SOUND

OF AN ELECTRIC DRILL BEIMG DRIVEN INTO AI­PHAL 1. I T CAN P[ HEARD THROUGH AT LEAIT ZS reET Of' IIrA TER. THE Fla ... ACC.OUPLIIHEI TH'8 By RAPIDLY VIBRATING THE .... Ll. OF ITI .',lI­BLADDE" ( .. R-BLADDER) By "£ANa or no SPECIAL MUSCLES ATTACHEn TO IT .. THE ..... -BL ... DDER 18

APPARENTL.Y MocrrJED TO PROVIDE A HO'IE WAKING

APPARATUS, WAYING It PECULIAR eHAPE W'TH TWO

HORN-l.IKE EXTENSIONS AT THE "'NTERIOR END "'fra)

A SINGLE T"'IL-LIKE ONE ... T THE REAR .... 05T

MEUBERS or THE F'.W'LY 8CIAENIDAE, TO \\'I-dC N

THE ATLANTIC CROAKER, THE wF: .... .... rISt~ ES AND

Dr~ u lAS BEL ONG , ARE CAP"'BLE Of PFlQ[)UC I NG SOUNDS.

THE SIGNIFIC ... NCE OF THIS FACULTY IS NOT

UND ERSTOOD, ' "'LTHOUGH IT ..... Y WELL. HAVE SOCI ... L

'YPORT, nUT IS, THE nSH ..... Y EWPLOY IT TO

Cc:u..IUN I CA TE ,*ITI"I ON E ANOTHER. BOTH MALE

AND FEM"'LE ATLANT IC CP.OAKERS CAN PRODUCE

SOUND, BuT THE MALE'S ... PPARATuS II "ORE R~

Bu ST TH .... N THE rEUALE'S, "'ND HE IS lAID TO

PRODUCE A LOUDER SOUND. IN THE WEAKrISH.,.

ONLY THE MALE HAS THE t.aJSCLES NECESSARV FOR

NOISE PRODUCTION, OR ~ AS IT IS CALLED.

CROAKERS ARE ONE OF' THE PRINCIPAL rOOCF'181-t

Of THE IJIIDDLE ATLANTI C STATES. THE Y AVERAGE

ABOUl ONE POUND, TME UAXIUUM GE ING rivE OA

MORE.

BURKt:NRO AD SAVS: "C ERT ... IN aCI"'ENIOS, WH ICH

ALS O PRODUCE 6OJND5 BY WE"'NS or THE SWIU­

BLADDER "'ND DRU ....... I NG MUSCLES PR ODUCe A

SE COND K I NO or NOI SE, Of'TEN COllCUARENTLY

WITH THE rlRST, BY PHARYNGE ... L PATC I-l STRIDU­

LATION. INDIVIDU"'L CRO"'KERS PRODUCE A CRO"'K

lI1'E THAT o r ... GRUNT By THE FRICTION Of THE

PAT CH ES Of PHARYNGEAL TEETH. THE TW O PARTS

Of Tt1 E UPPER PATCH ARE TURNED I N ..... RD tOWARD

lA CI"i OTHE R, "'ND DRAWN BACK .... RD OVER THE

LOWER P ... TC Hi'.

TQADFI3h

THE TOAN"'S H J ~ ~ CAN AND DO IN­

fLI CT N ... STv wOUNDS WHEN INC ... uTIOUSLY HANDl­

EDj THEy ... RE ESPECIALLV FULL or fiGHT WHEN

GUARD ING TH ~IA NEST. TOAOflSH orTEN LIVE IN

VE Ry St-1"'lLOw 'UTE R "'L ONG THE SHORE FROU

MAINE TO flORID .... SUCH LOCALES WAY BECOU[

VE Ry WAR ... I N SUUMER, HENCE THE USEfULNESS

or ' H[ fiSH'S ... BILITY TO WITHSTAND POOrl

RESPIRATORy CON:oITIDNS. T1-4EY rEED ... OAA­

C I OVIILT ON A GREAT V ARIETY or AN I UALS , IN­

CLUDING WClAMS . SHR IUPS , CRABS, 8NAILS. 81-

"'AL'fEI , SQUID, rlSI-lES or ALL SORTS AND 0'­rAL RESULTING rRc..t T HE ACTIVITIES Of UAN.

TOADr l S H HA VE EvEN TURNED .. AN', PROCLIVITy

TO L I TTER THE WORLD WIT i-j 1-4IS TRASH T O GOO[)

ACCOU NT. AWONG THEIA rAVORITE NESTnlG SITES

APPEAR T O BE BROKEN Bo n LEI, JUGS, , I N CANI,

BOARDS AND OLD a HOES -- APPARENTLY AI'NTHING

'THAT PROV IDE. A LARGE ENOJGH CAVITY - AS

WELL AS WOR E NATURAL oeJECTS LIKE SHELLS

AND aTONES.

ACCORDING TO TOWER THE "ECHANISU OF' S OU ND

PRODUCTION IN THE SEA ROBIN AND T 0 4Dr,SH IS

SIMILAR, BuT DOBRIN POI NTS OUT TH ... T THIS

UA'r NOT BE so SINCE THE SOUND8 PRODuC ED BY

THESE TWO SPE CIES ARE ao DlrrERENT .... T ANY

R ... TE THE SW'tr.t-BLA.DDER o r TI-lE T O"'D F'IS f. SEEMS

T O BE SPEC I AL I ZED rOR S Ou ND PROOUCT I ON AND

I S U NDOUB TEDLY INTI ...... TElY CONNECTED WI 1104

NO IS E PRODuCTION.

THE COU"AON SE ... ROBIN, ~ CAROLINU&,

CA N BE QU I C r< L Y R EC OGNIZ ED BY lHE BONY PL ... TES

COV ER ING I TS HE"'D, BY ITS TWO DORS ... L rl NS

"'ND By I T5 VERY LARGE, WING-li KE PECTORALS

... T THE B OllOU OF WHICH ARE LOCATED THR EE

rREE, THICK ENED R"'YS. THESE ARE BENT LIKE

ARCHED riNGERS 4ND SEEU T O BE .... LKED ON ... S

THE r I SH MOVES 4LONG THE s OTTOW. Tt-IE CH ... NCES

AR E THAT ANY fiSH rROU THE E ... st CO .... T o r Tt-IE

UNITED ST A ~E S, ~ E SCRI8 ED BY THE UNINITI ... TEO

... S H ... VING F'EE1 .. IS ONE o r THE SEA ROBINS.

THE SE R4 Y S 4R£ U NDOUBTEDLY uSED BY THE F'ISH

T O EXP L ORE THE B OTTOtJ. CClt.4UON SEA ROBI NS

rEED PRINCIP"'LLY ON S~"'LL CRu ST ... CE",NS TH AT

LIV E ON OR NEA R THE B OTTOtr.I. SQU I D, £! I V .\ L VC 5,

WORUS AND t l SHES ARE TAK E N T O 4 LEss [n Exl E IH .

By YE ... NS or SPECI"'L WSCLE S TH 4 T V IBRATE

IT S SW ' U-BL ... DDER, THE CO ..... ON SEA ROB IN UA KE S

NOISES, DESCRIBED ... S A RHYTHM IC AL SQU ... WK,

SQUE ... L OR C"'CKLE, SUCH ... S UI GHT BE HEARD IN

A B ... RNYARD. THES E SOUNDS ARE ... LS O S ... I D TO

BE StUILAR TO TH OSE ...... DE BY DR ... WING ONE'S

rOREr I ..... ER "'ND THUWB TOWARDS E ... CH OTHER

OVER THE DRY SURf"'CE o r .... N I NrLAT ED RuBBER

B AL LOON.

THE BLACK DRUM, POGONIAS CROMIS, HAS BEEN KNO~N TO MAKE SO UUCH NOl8E, 8HEN GATHERED IN A SCHOOL NEAR A SHIP AT ANCHOR, THAT I T HAS KEPT SAILORS A8AKE AT NIGHT. THE FlaH'S

SWIM-BLADDER IS ESPECIALLY WELL DEVELOPED WITH TOUGH, THICK 8ALLS, AND ATTACHED TO IT ARE SPECIAL W8CLE.S WH I CH, 8HEN CONTRACTED, CA USE THE HOLLOW SAC TO VIBRATE, PRODUCING THE S OUND.

THE AVERAGE WEIGHT IS ROUGHLY FOUR POUNDS, BUT SPECIMENS WEIGHING ALMOST ISO ARE KNOWN. THE FISH 18 A BOTTOM FEEDER, EATING VARIOUS BIVALVES SUCH AS CLAUS, wsaELS AND oYSTERS, AND CRABS, 8HRIMP AND 8ORWB. LARGE BLAC K DRUMS CRUSH THE 8HELLS OF THEaE CREA­TURES WITH THEIR STRONG, BROAD, PHARYNGEAL (THROAT) TEE TH.

spar

THE SPOT, LE I OSTOMUS XANTHURUS, I S ONE OF THE SMALLER UEueERS or THE 8EA~FISH OR CROA KER FA~.ILY (SCIAENIDAE). THE AVERAGE FOR

3

A LARGE SIZED FISH la A LITTLE LEaa THAN ELEVEN INCHES. AROUND NEW YORK IT 18 CALLED LAFAYETTE.

BASTARD TROUT , CYNOICION NOTHUS, IS CALLED SILVER SQUETEAGUE BY BREDER AND BY THE LIST OF COIoNON AND SCIENTIFIC NAWES or THE AUERI­CAN FISHERIES SOCIETY. I N FACT THE LATTER CALLS THE WEAKF ISH, CYNOSC I ON REGALI S, THE GRAY SQUETEAGUE.

SNAPPI NG SHf1II.f'

THE SPECIES or THIS 'AMILY ARE MOSTLY TROPI­CAL.

SO CALLED BECAUSE THEY MAKE A SNAPPING NOISE WHE N DISTURBED. THERE ARE T80 PAIRS or CHELAE, ONE or THE FIRIT PAIR BEING ENORMOUSLY LARGE AND STOUT, BUT BORNE ON A 8LENDER , LIMB. THE SNAPPING SOUND 18 MADE BY THE 8RIIT-vOINT OF TH I S CHELA.

THE SPECIES or TH'S fAMILY HAVE EITHER BURROW­ING HABITS OR MAY BE COUWENSAL. ,IVE SPECIES ARE ILLU STRATED ON PLATE 157 (OPPOII TE PAGE 494) O. MINER ' S " FIELD BOOK or SEAIHORE LIFE".

50 CATFISH

THE lEA CATFISH , GALEICHTHYS fELIS, REACHES A LENGTH or ABOUT ONE rOOT. IT IS ONE OF THE ORAL INCUBATING CATrIIHEI, THE MALE CARRYING THE EGGS. ACCORDING TO BURKENROAD THIS SPECIES MAKES "A DULL, LOW-PITCHED GRUNTING NOISE , 11-11 CH SEE .. TO COUE FROM THE A I R-BLADDER " . DISIECTION OF THIS ORGAN REVEALED SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES 8HOSE MoaT PROBABLE FUNCTION 18 CONNECTED 81 TH THE PRCIIUCT I ON or SOUND. "I N ADDITION, GALEICHT~Y~ WAKES A SECOND NOISE, OFTEN CONCURRENTLY 81TH T~E FIASTi A WHINING ME_ APPARENTLY PRODUCED BY STRIDULATION AT THE ARTICULATION OF THE BONY RAY OF THE PECTORAL

" F"IN •

PACIFIC CROAKERS

YELL OWF I N CROAKER, .!L"!!.~ RONCADOR .. REACHES A LENGTH O' SIXTEEN INCHES AND A 8EI~HT or UP TO FIVE POUNDS. TAKEN BY SPORTSMEN IN THE

SURr, FROU PIERS AND BOATS IN THE OCEAN AND IN BAYS THROUGHOUT TYE YEAR, BUT REACHING A PEAK IN THE LATE SU~E~. ILLEGAL TO TAKE WITH NETS SINCE 1909 OR TO BUY OR SELL SINCE 1915.

A PRIZED SPORT FISH.

SPOTFIN OROAKER, RONCADOR STEARNSII, (A SINGLr

TERMINAL JJ IF YOU WI8H TO rOLLOW THE LATEeT RULING Of THE INTERNATIONAL COUNISSION) REACHES A LENGTH OF PERHAPS THREE rHT ANlJ A WEIGHT OF TWELVE POUNDS. ~IKE THE YELLOW­,IN CROAKER ILLEGAL TO TAKE IN NETS OR BUY AND 8ELL. IT IS FISHED THROUGHOUT THe YEAR AND 18 A VERY POPULAR SPORT FI SH, ESPEC'I ALLY

AMONG SUR, FISHERMEN.

BLACK CROAKER, CHEILOTREMA SATURNUM, ATTAINS A LENGTH or ABOUT .lrTEEN INCHES. RARELY TAKEN BY SPORTSMEN THOUGH IT IS A GOOD TABLE FISH -- APPARENTLY BECAUSE IT rREQUENTS DEEP­

ER 8ATERS.

ALL OF THESE FISHES ARE MEMBERS OF THE FAWILY SCIAENIDAE AND PRESUMABLY PRODUCE THEIR SOUNDS

BY MEAN8 or THE AIR-BLADDER.

TECHNICAL DATA

PACifiC OcEAN RECORDINGS WERE MADE BETWEEN JUNE 1942 AND FEBRUARY 1943 AT:

POINT LOMA

OcEANSIDE

SAN FRANC I SCO

SAN 01 EGO

LA JOllA

ATLANTIC OcEAN RECORDINGS WERE MADE IN THE SU~~R or 1943 AT:

BEAUf"ORT N.C.

FORT MACON GA.

CAPE LOOKOUT

MICROPHONES uSED WERE:

HK TYPE HYDROPHONE

WESTERN ELECTRIC TYPE ,';E 63A

THE 600 f"ATHOM RECORDINGS WERE MADE AT NIGHT orr SAN DIEGO, 10 MILES OUT

THE 2000 f"ATHOU RE.CORDI NGS WERE MADE IN HIE ArTE.RNOON orr ~' AN DIEGO, 200 MI LES OUT

LEVELS Of" SOUND WERE AS HIGH AS 30 DB .ROM NORMAL 'fATER LEvEL ,..OISES

IN MANY CASES A ICOO CYCLE BYP .. SS rlLTER WAS uSEn 10 [L1MINATE BOAT AND AIR 1I01S[5

ADDITIONAL FOLKWAYS/SCHOLASTIC

RELEASES OF INTEREST: SCIENCE: JUNIOR-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

.. 6101 SCIENCE IN OUR LIVES. Narr. by author-scientist Ritchie Calder. Inc. aspects of science devel.; origins, terms, evolution, & man's relationship to land. Inc. text. 1-12" LP-

.. 6124 SOUNDS OF ANIMALS. How animals express their emotions & wants through sounds: puma, lion, elephant, chicks, goat, sheep, etc. Good study of ani-mal behavior. 1-12" LP

6130 SOUND PATTERNS. Compiled by Moses Asch. Natural, man­made, mus., human & location sounds of the world. Basic intro. to sound for students of all levels. 1-12" LP-

.. 6136 THE SCIENCE OF SOUND. Prod. by Bell Telephone Labs. (Abridged version of 6007.) Demos. var. phenomena inc. how we hear, frequency, pitch, Dop­pler effect; more. Acquaints upper elem-h.s. students with sound. 1-12" LP-

6161 HERE AT THE WATER'S EDGE. From the sound track by Leo Hurwitz & Charles Pratt. Rec. in & around Port of N.Y. Inc. water sounds & men on shore; notes inc.

1-12" LP­.. 6166 SOUNDS OF

NORTH AMERICAN FROGS. Docu., & field rec. by Charles M. Bogert in U.S. & Mexico. Study of biological signifi­cance of 92 frog voices; inc. var. calls & sounds. Illus. docu. text. 1- 12" LP-

4

6118 SOUNDS OF INSECTS • Rec. by Albro T. Gaul. Courtship & protec­tive calls, sounds in response to stimuli or by-product of motion; inc. cicadas, crickets, & beetles. 1-12" LP-

.. 6200 VOICES OF THE SATElLITES. Rec. & notes by T. A. Benham. Tracking signals from U.S. & Russian satellites; also inc. heartbeat of Leilca, first dog in space.

1-12" LP-

6431 INTRODUCTORY HUMAN BIOLOGY Vol. 1.

A basic course by George E. Caraker. inc. The CeU, Reproduction, Basis of Heredity, Human Inheritance, & Structure of Human Body; text & dictionary of terms inc.

1-12" LP-

.. 6007 THE SCIENCE OF SOUND. Prod. by Bell Telephone Labs. Demos. of acoustic phenomena inc. how we hear, fre­quency, pitch, vibration, resonance, Dop­pler effect, & masking distortion; others. Acquaints h.s.-col. students with sound.

2-12" LPs-

6100 SOUNDS OF FREQUENCY • Notes & rec. by Peter Bartok. Test ree. for: checking equipment: frequency, response, & distortion. Demos. RlAA curve & SINE wave. 1-12" LP-

LITHO IN U.S.A. ~ ...