RQ Chapters 31 & 32 Societies at the Crossroads & The Building of Empires Name:

Part A -- MULTIPLE CHOICE & SHORT ANSWER: Circle or give the one BEST answer. (25 POINTS POSSIBLE)

CHAPTER 31: SOCIETIES AT CROSSROADS

Read “Eyewitness to History, Heavenly King Hong Xiuquan, Empress Cixi, and Qing Reforms,” and answer the following questions 1-3.

1. What happened as a result of Hong Xiuquan’s emotional breakdown he suffered after failing to obtain a government position?

a. Hong left China on a ship bound for San Francisco, where he became a wealthy merchant. b. Pushed to the brink of madness, Hong attempted to assassinate the Empress Cixi and was

executed.c. Hong came to believe he had visited heaven and learned from God that he was the younger

brother of Jesus.d. Hong Xiquian went on to raise an army that challenged the Qing Dynasty and eventually overthrew the Empress.

2. The Taiping Rebellion was, at its heart, an attempt to:a. return China to its glory days under the Ming Dynasty and dispose of the Manchu control of

China.b. move China into a new age of modernization and industrialism to promote an increase in jobs for

peasants.c. remove Christianity which was seen by Hong Xiuquan as a corruption of Confucian and Daoist

values.d. promote land reform and equality to peasants asserting that men and women were equal before

God.

3. What was a problem that was NOT shared by the four societies of China, Russia, Japan, and the Ottoman Empire?

a. Each faced military weakness that left them vulnerable to foreign threats.b. Each faced growing populations coupled with decreased agricultural outputs and corruption at all levels of government.c. Each faced violent reactions to their reform movements from their citizens causing the governments to retaliate with brutal repression.d. Each experienced serious domestic turmoil, rebellions, struggling reform movements, and civil unrest from coups and conspiracies.

4. Muhammad Ali was:a. the most powerful leader of the Safavid dynasty.b. the last powerful Ottoman sultan.c. the founder of the Young Turk movement.d. the Egyptian leader who overthrew Ottoman control.

5. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the capitulations?a. They allowed for the establishment of tax-exempt banks and commercial enterprises.b. They were imposed on the Ottomans by the Europeans.c. They permitted foreign governments to levy duties on goods.d. They were imposed on the Europeans by the Ottomans.

6. Which of the following is NOT a part of the reform programs of Mahmud II?a. His government created schools which provided secondary education for boys.b. Improved the country’s infrastructure by building post offices, roads, and telephone lines.c. Attempted to take power from traditional elites and place control in himself and his cabinet.d. Embracing a more conservative approach to Islam which merged religion and government.

RQ Chapters 31 & 32 Societies at the Crossroads & The Building of Empires Name:

7. In 1899 the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, known as Boxers, organized to rid China of _____________________________________________ and their influences, but were stopped by the combined military forces of the Western powers and Japan.

8. Which of the following statement DOES NOT describe the changes brought about by the Young Turks?a. They called for the independence of Syria and Iraq who became allies of the Ottoman.b. They inspired a coup against Sultan Abdul Hamid and forced him to abdicate.c. They called for universal suffrage, equality under the law, and for the emancipation of women.d. They became acquainted with European ideas of social and political ideals and called for a

constitution.

9. The key social reform in Russia was:a. the establishment of safety codes for factories.b. the emancipation of the serfs in 1861. c. possession of the leading educational system in Europe.d. the final attainment of suffrage for women.

10. Which of the following statement explains Russia’s entry into the Crimean War?a. Their alliance with Great Britain led them to enter the war against Britain’s traditional foes.b. Russia’s empire expanded into the Mediterranean where the established a protectorate over the

Ottomans.c. Tsar Alexander II was assassinated by an Ottoman fanatic giving Russia a reason to attack Turkey.d. Greek independence led Russia to assert its traditional control over the Ottomans enraging Britain.

11. The emancipation of the Russian serfsa. marked Russia’s passage to total democracy.b. resulted in little if any increase in agricultural production. c. brought complete political equality for the Russian peasant.d. resulted in an explosion in agricultural production.

12. The centerpiece of Sergei Witte’s Russian industrial policy was:a. his plan to emancipate the serfs and settle them in Siberia.b. his attempt to copy the rapid industrialization carried out by the Japanese.c. his plan to fund the construction of large factories initially with money made from exporting opium.d. a massive program of railway construction, savings banks, and high protective tariffs.

13. The decisive factor in the Russo-Japanese War was the:a. destruction of the majority of the Russian navy in battle with the Japanese. b. Chinese armed support for their ally, Japan.c. failure of the main Russian ally, the United States, to enter the war.d. industrial superiority of the Russian armed forces.

14. Which of the following was NOT one of the principles of the Taiping rebellion?a. the creation of communal wealth to be shared according to need.b. Hong Xuiquan’s belief that he was the reincarnation of the Buddha. c. the prohibition of foot binding and concubines.d. abolition of private property and an end to the isolation of China.

15. The Meiji reformers actively copied the western Europeans and Americans because:a. the Chinese refused to share their technology with the Japanese and engaged in trade wars with

them.b. they understood the danger of those two groups and wanted to avoid commercial and/or imperial

domination by either one. c. of their desire to make Japan a democratic republic styled on the ideas of the Enlightenment.d. those lands had always treated the Japanese with equality and respect resulting in a desire to

imitate them.

RQ Chapters 31 & 32 Societies at the Crossroads & The Building of Empires Name:

16. The 1905 Bloody Sunday massacre eventually:a. led to the collapse of the Qing dynasty in China.b. resulted in the abdication of Ottoman Sultan Abdül Hamid II and the rise of the Young Turks.c. led to the establishment of the Duma in Russia. d. led to communist regimes in both Russia and China.

17. By the end of the nineteenth century, the only thing keeping China from being completely divided up into spheres of influence by foreigners was:

a. distrust among the foreign powers. b. the European respect for Chinese intellectual and cultural superiority.c. the British stipulation in the Treaty of Nanjing that China remain a unified and sovereign nation.d. a Franco-British manifesto to support China as a block to further Russian expansion.

18. Japan was forcibly opened to foreign trade in 1853 by _________________ led by ________________________.

19. Which of the following was NOT one of the foundations of the Meiji restoration?a. Abolishing the old feudal order.b. Turning Japan into a constitutional republic. c. Improving the Japanese educational system.d. Revamping the tax system.

20. As a result of the Japanese government selling most of its enterprises to private investors, a new concentration of wealth developed in the _______________ class, a name describing financial cliques.21. Read Sources from the Past, “Letter of Lin Zexu to Queen Victoria,” pg. 719 and answer the question.

What is Lin Zexu’s perception of the opium trade and Britain’s role in the trade?a. He sees the British trade as helpful in alleviating stress within China’s poor and working

class.b. He wants the British to leave the trade to the originators of the opium trade – the Chinese.c. He wants the British to assist the Chinese by moving their trade exclusively to Hong Kong.d. He wants the British to end the growth, production, and sale of the drug in China.

22. Which of the following was NOT part of the reforms issued by the Meiji government?a. The Emperor was designated commander of the armed forces, named his prime minister, and

appointed his cabinet.b. The adult male population of Japan was granted universal suffrage resulting in the majority of

adult males voting in parliamentary elections for the first time.c. A written constitution was established which granted individual rights, those they could be

limited in the interests of the state.d. The Japanese tax system was converted from a grain-based to a fixed money tax system which

allowed for predictable revenues, but which also hurt the peasant class effected by wild fluctuations in the market for grain.

Questions 23-25 refer to the following passage below:

RQ Chapters 31 & 32 Societies at the Crossroads & The Building of Empires Name:

23. Which BEST summarized the attitudes of the Chinese who fought in the Boxer Rebellion?a. Many Chinese were angered by Qing laws outlawing certain cultural issues, such as the practice of traditional martial arts.b. Many Chinese rejected Western culture, particularly Christianity, and blamed it for a series of famines and natural disasters.c. Many Chinese defended their right to sell opium and they resented foreign domination of the

market.d. Many Chinese opposed the conquest of Northern China by a group of Western foreigners known as the Boxers.

24. Which concept

BEST reflects the ideas

advocated in the Reform Edict?a. The concept of concessions.b. The principle of externality.c. The Open Dorr Policy.d. The Self-Strengthening Movement.

25. How did the Boxer Rebellion lead to the development of the Reform Edict?a. The failure of the Boxers persuaded many members in the Chinese government to support more extensive reforms.b. The Boxers were the “inept and mediocre officials” that the edict was trying to remove.c. The success of the Boxer Rebellion against the Qing opened the way for more significant reforms to be enacted.d. The Boxers shifted their efforts from trying to drive the foreigners out of China to serving as efficient officials within the Qing government.

We have now received her Majesty’s decree to devote ourselves fully to China’s revitalization, to suppress vigorously the use of the terms new and old, and to blend together the best of what is Chinese and what is foreign. The root of China’s weakness lies in harmful habits too firmly entrenched, in rules and regulations too minutely drawn, in the overabundance of inept and mediocre officials, and in the paucity of truly outstanding ones, in petty bureaucrats who hide behind the written word and in clerks and yamen runners [administrative clerks] to acquire personal fortunes, in the mountains of correspondence between government offices that have no relationship to reality, and in the seniority system and associated practices that block the way of men of real talent.

Qing Reform Edict, January 29, 1901

RQ Chapters 31 & 32 Societies at the Crossroads & The Building of Empires Name:

CHAPTER 32: THE BUILDING OF GLOBAL EMPIRES

26. Cecil Rhodes was: a. the British military leader who was responsible for a boom in naval expansion. b. the American politician who articulated the belief in manifest destiny. c. responsible for the philosophy that we know as social Darwinism. d. a leading British businessman and imperialist who founded a colony in Africa.

27. Which of the following statement DOES NOT explain the motives of Imperialism.a. A desire to help modernize and industrialize less developed areas of the world.b. Focusing on imperialist policies help defuse social and economic tensions in their home countries.c. Imperial expansion was critical to providing raw materials and markets for developed nations’ output.d. Christian missionaries saw imperial designs as a way to spread Christianity and offer health care and education.

28. What was the most important technological advantage that Europeans had over the people of colonial nations?

a. The invention of the telegraph sped communications between mother country and colonial possessions.

b. The development of the steam engine allowed exploration and transport to be sped up in colonial areas.

c. The use of breech-loading firearms and machine guns devastated colonial resistance to European forces.

d. The invention of new canals facilitated transport and colonization of remote areas within colonial areas.

29. The Battle of Omdurman: a. ensured British domination over New Zealand. b. allowed France to establish a colony in Vietnam. c. led to the collapse of the Ottoman empire. d. opened the door for British colonial rule in Sudan.

30. The Sepoy Rebellion [The Mutiny] in India was caused by: a. A lack of awareness and tolerance for religious and ethnic ideas on the part of the British. b. The mistreatment of native women by British soldiers caused resentment and rebellion. c. The deaths of an Indian guru at the hands of British soldiers who went unpunished for the crime. d. Indian prices and traders encouraged the British to deal harshly with mutineers leading to wider rebellion.

31. Which of the following is NOT an effect of British imperialism in India? a. The British encouraged the clearing of forests and the growing of valuable trade items. b. The British encouraged colonial councils to recommend laws and encourage home rule. c. The established English style schools for Indian elites to connect them to the Empire. d. The British abolished the Mughal Empire and institutes stricter British control over India.

32. Which of the following statements BEST describes control of the Congo Free State by Belgium?a. It became a showplace for enlightened colonial rule as natives and the Belgians worked together to promote a communist state.b. King Leopold II worked diligently to create a free-trade zone accessible to all Europeans where enlightened capitalism reigned.c. The Congo became a personal colony of King Leopold II where brutal methods and high taxes led to the death of millions of Africans.d. King Leopold II abdicated his control of Belgium and retired to the Free State to work among the poor and uneducated.

RQ Chapters 31 & 32 Societies at the Crossroads & The Building of Empires Name:

33. In a sentence, explain the causes and effects of the Berlin West Africa Conference of 1884-1885.

34. Rudyard Kipling’s poem, “The White Man’s Burden,” was actually meant to inspire the Americans to colonize the nation of ___________________________________.35. “Concessionary companies” refers to a system of colonial rule that employed a. military forces tasked specifically with protecting trade operations. b. temporary governments which would eventually hand over control to natives of the colony. c. private companies that gave up substantial control over their operations to a sponsoring European government

in order to participate in colonial expansion.d. private companies granted territory and control over taxation and labor for mining, construction, or agricultural projects.

36. Which of the following statements DOES NOT explain the growth of Japanese imperialism in the Pacific? a. Their victory over the Russian in the Russo-Japanese war encouraged imperial desires. b. The attack on Japanese outposts in China led to increasing calls for revenge and war. c. The Chinese, weakened by the Opium Wars, left them at a disadvantage against modern Japan’s forces. d. Meiji leadership purchased modern ships and weaponry embracing Western ideas of imperialism within Asia.

37. The Monroe Doctrine had which of the following effects? a. Ensured that neither the Europeans nor the Americans would ever interfere in western hemispheric affairs. b. Opened Japan to U.S. trade and led to a close political alliance between the two nations. c. Gave the British an inroad into New Zealand in exchange for control over Fiji. d. Worked as a justification for U.S. intervention in western hemispheric affairs.

38. Which impact of imperialist movements around the globe was NOT TRUE? a. Static economic status for colonial nations while the imperialist powers increased their economic strength. b. Increasing amounts of indentured servitude as replacements to slave labor was sought on plantations. c. Modernized infrastructures, improved medical treatments, and schools became part of the imperial colonies. d. Widespread independence movement experienced great success as the new 20th century dawned.

39. The most important factor in the uprising in 1857 in India was:a. the British belief that the Muslim troops were subverting their dominance among the other

troops.b. A viscous attack of the Hindu troops on the Muslim troops led them to rise against their brothers

in arms.c. Kipling’s writings, reinforced by British arrogance, led the native soldiers to rebel against their

officers.d. The arrogance of the East India Company and their refusal to listen to the complaints of the

sepoys.

40. By 1900, the only part of southeast Asia not under European imperial rule was ______________________.

41. The Berlin Conference, held in 1884 to 1885:a. set up a timetable for decolonization in Africa.b. devised the ground rules for the European colonization of Africa. c. ended the Crimean War.d. established the Triple Alliance.

RQ Chapters 31 & 32 Societies at the Crossroads & The Building of Empires Name:

42. Emilio Aguinaldo led an uprising in:a. Mexico against the Spanish.b. Fiji against the British.c. Indonesia against the Dutch.d. the Philippines against the United States.

43. The underlying principle of _____________________________________ was the desire to keep African populations in check and permit European administrators to engage in a “civilizing mission.”

44. The Maji Maji rebellion occurred in:a. Hawai`i against the Americans. b. Vietnam against the French.c. Fiji against the British. d. Tanganyika against the Germans.

45. In the cartoon above, what is Uncle Sam’s reaction to the Open Door Policy in China?a. He’s angry because he got their too late to get a slice of the country.b. He’s ready to make war against the combined might of the European nations.c. He’s prepared to protect the Chinese against the foreign invaders.d. He’s supportive of free trade in China and rejects the Spheres of Influence plan.

46. In 1916 the Indian National Congress:a. was granted financial support by the British colonial government.b. joined forces with the All-India Muslim League.c. demanded the establishment of “concessionary companies.”d. represented about 25 percent of the Indian population.

47. The United States emerged as a major imperial and colonial power after the brief ______________________ War.

48. Count Joseph Arthur de Gobineau viewed Europeans as:a. smart but docile.b. somewhat intelligent but remarkably energetic.c. intelligent and morally superior to all other peoples in the world. d. dull and arrogant, but always willing to take other’s property.

RQ Chapters 31 & 32 Societies at the Crossroads & The Building of Empires Name:

49. The social Darwinists believed that:a. a sharp distinction had to be made between the biological and social worlds.b. only a socialist political and social structure would keep humans from destroying themselves.c. more powerful nations had to protect weaker nations.d. powerful nations were meant to dominate weaker societies.

50. In regard to imperialism, the Japanese and Americans:a. were much more tolerant and respectful of their colonies than were the Europeans.b. expanded for very different reasons than did the Europeans.c. never saw the need to expand.d. proved to be just as racist as the Europeans.