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RSPA/Volpe Center AIRPORT CAPACITY: Arrival/Departure Capacity Curve (# of dep/15min) (# of dep/15min) dep. capacity (# of arr/15min) arr. capacity (# of arr/15min) arr. capacity trade-off area
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RSPA/Volpe Center
Arrival/Departure Tradeoff Optimization
at STL: a Case StudyDr. Eugene P. Gilbo
E-mail: [email protected] tel.: (617) 494-2567
CDM Arrival/Departure Subgroup MeetingJanuary 24, 2001
RSPA/Volpe Center
Goals of the Study
• Test the Feasibility of the Airport Arrival and Departure Capacity Optimization Approach.
• Design the Arrival/Departure Tradeoff Tool as an Automated Decision Support Tool for Improving Arrival and Departure TFM Strategies at Airports.
• Evaluate Potential Benefits of the Optimization Approach for Improving Airport Capacity Utilization , Increasing the Airport Throughput, and Reducing Delays.
• Design the Operational Concept for Using the Tool.
RSPA/Volpe Center
AIRPORT CAPACITY: Arrival/Departure Capacity Curve
(# of dep/15min)
0 10 15 5 20 25
5
10
15
20
25
(# of dep/15min)
0 10 15 5 20 25
5
10
15
20
25
dep. capacity dep. capacity
(# of arr/15min)arr. capacity
(# of arr/15min)arr. capacity
trade-offarea
RSPA/Volpe Center
AIRPORT CAPACITY: Set of Integer Pairs: Arrival/Departure Capacity
(# of dep/15min)
0 10 15 5 20 25
5
10
15
20
25
dep. capacity
(# of arr/15min)arr. capacity
RSPA/Volpe Center
Dynamic Optimization of Airport Arrival/DepartureCapacity Trade-off and Airport Throughput
Criterion: Minimum Weighted Sum of Total Arrival andDeparture Delay
Input: Time Period of Interest
Predicted Arrival and Departure Traffic Demand
Weather Conditions
Schedule of Runway Configurations and TheirArrival/Departure Capacity Curves
Output: Airport Arrival and Departure Rates (Capacities)Arrival and Departure Traffic Flow
RSPA/Volpe Center
Optimization Criteria
• Minimum Weighted Sum of Total Arrival and Departure Delay:
minimize [ α Total Arr. Delay + (1 – α) Total Dep. Delay ],1 α 0
arr.cap, dep. cap
• Minimum Weighted Sum of Arrival and Departure Cumulative Queues:
minimize [ α Cumul. Arr. Queue + (1 – α) Cumul. Dep. Queue ],1 α 0
arr.cap, dep. cap
RSPA/Volpe Center
Optimal Arrival/Departure StrategySTL, 8/16/00, 1500 - 1615
10
20
10
20
1500 1515 1530 1545 1600
1500 1515 1530 1545 1600
# of flights
# of flights
time
time
ARRIVALS
DEPARTURES
0
01615
1615
demandcapacity
Total ArrivalDelay: 60 min
Total DepartureDelay: 75 min
RSPA/Volpe Center
Overall Design of the Study
1. Volpe Center Designs and Develops the Arrival/DepartureTradeoff Optimization Tool Using Both ETMS and Airport-Specific Data.
2. STL TFM Specialists Provide the Volpe Center with the FullSet of Runway Configurations and Their AARs and ADRs(Tradeoff Ranges) for Various Weather Conditions.
3. The Study is Based on Comparative Analysis of Optimal TFM Strategies Calculated by the Tool and the Ones Proposed by the STL Traffic Management Specialists for the Days with Heavy Traffic Demand.
4. The Study is a Collaborative Effort Involving the Specialists from Volpe Center, FAA and TWA.
RSPA/Volpe Center
1. Initial Prototype Tool Has Been Developed.
2. Numerical Experiments Have Been Completed and Analyzed for Seven-Day Data: July 20, 21, August 1, 9, 14, 15 and 16, 2000.
3. The Tool-Generated Strategies were Equivalent to or Better than the Strategies Proposed by the STL TFM Specialists.
4. Multiple Optimal Strategies for STL May Be Determined by the Arrival/Departure Tradeoff Tool.
5. Multiple Optimal Solutions Give the Airlines a Set of Options for Selecting the Best Strategy. However, Additional CDM Procedures are Needed for this Kind of Selection.
Status of the Study and Preliminary Results
RSPA/Volpe Center
STL, Runway Configuration A30LR, 24 / D30LR
0 10 15 5 20 25
5
10
15
20
25
# of dep/15min
# of arr/15min
Airport Capacity
Arr Dep
8 18
9 17
10 16
11 15
12 14
13 13
14 12
15 11
16 10
17 9
18 8
RSPA/Volpe Center
Table 2. TFM Strategy proposed by the STL specialists, 7/21/00, 1745 - 1900
Time
Initial Demand A/p Capacity Traffic Flow Queue
Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep.
1745 – 1800 10 5 13 13 10 5 0 0
1800 – 1815 13 11 13 13 13 11 0 0
1815 – 1830 16 16 13 13 13 13 3 3
1830 – 1845 7 19 10 16 10 16 0 6
1845 – 1900 4
13 8 18 4 18 0 1
TOTAL: 50 64 50 63 3 10
TFM Strategy Proposed by the STL Specialists, 7/21/00, 1745 - 1900
Total Delay: arrival - 45 min; departure - 150 min; arr + dep - 195 min
Average Delay per Flight: arrival - 0.9 min; departure - 2.3 min
RSPA/Volpe Center
Arrival/Departure Tradeoff Tool Determined 15 Optimal StrategiesWith Total Arrival and Departure Delay 180 min (8% reduction)
Time
Initial Demand A/p Capacity Traffic Flow Queue
Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep.
1745 – 1800 10 5 13 13 10 5 0 0
1800 – 1815 13 11 13 13 13 11 0 0
1815 – 1830 16 16 14 12 14 12 2 4
1830 – 1845 7 19 8 18 8 18 1 5
1845 – 1900 4
13 8 18 5 18 0 0
TOTAL: 50 64 50 64 3 9
Optimal TFM Strategy, 7/21/00, 1745 - 1900
Total Delay: arrival - 45 min; departure - 135 min; arr + dep - 180 min
Average Delay per Flight: arrival - 0.9 min; departure - 2.1 min
RSPA/Volpe Center
Time
Initial Demand A/p Capacity Traffic Flow Queue
Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep.
1745 – 1800 10 5 13 13 10 5 0 0
1800 – 1815 13 11 13 13 13 11 0 0
1815 – 1830 16 16 13 13 13 13 3 3
1830 – 1845 7 19 8 18 8 18 2 4
1845 – 1900 4
13 9 17 6 17 0 0
TOTAL: 50 64 50 64 5 7
Optimal TFM Strategy, 7/21/00, 1745 - 1900
Total Delay: arrival - 75 min; departure - 105 min; arr + dep - 180 min
Average Delay per Flight: arrival - 1.5 min; departure - 1.6 min
RSPA/Volpe Center
Time
Initial Demand A/p Capacity Traffic Flow Queue
Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep.
1745 – 1800 10 5 13 13 10 5 0 0
1800 – 1815 13 11 13 13 13 11 0 0
1815 – 1830 16 16 12 14 12 14 4 2
1830 – 1845 7 19 10 16 10 16 1 5
1845 – 1900 4
13 8 18 5 18 0 0
TOTAL: 50 64 50 64 5 7
Optimal TFM Strategy, 7/21/00, 1745 - 1900
Total Delay: arrival - 75 min; departure - 105 min; arr + dep - 180 min
Average Delay per Flight: arrival - 1.5 min; departure - 1.6 min
RSPA/Volpe Center
Time
Initial Demand A/p Capacity Traffic Flow Queue
Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep.
1745 – 1800 10 5 13 13 10 5 0 0
1800 – 1815 13 11 13 13 13 11 0 0
1815 – 1830 16 16 11 15 11 15 5 1
1830 – 1845 7 19 10 16 10 16 2 4
1845 – 1900 4
13 9 17 6 17 0 0
TOTAL: 50 64 50 64 7 5
Optimal TFM Strategy, 7/21/00, 1745 - 1900
Total Delay: arrival - 105 min; departure - 75 min; arr + dep - 180 min
Average Delay per Flight: arrival - 2.1 min; departure - 1.2 min
RSPA/Volpe Center
Time
Initial Demand A/p Capacity Traffic Flow Queue
Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep.
1500 – 1515 9 14 13 13 9 13 0 1
1515 – 1530 17 13 13 13 13 13 4 1
1530 – 1545 16 11 16 10 16 10 4 2
1545 – 1600 10 10 13 13 13 12 1 0
1600 – 1615 4
6 13 13 5 6 0 0
TOTAL: 56 54 56 54 9 4
TFM Strategy Proposed by the STL Specialists, 8/16/00, 1500 - 1615
Total Delay: arrival - 135 min; departure - 60 min; arr + dep - 195 min
Average Delay per Flight: arrival - 2.4 min; departure - 1.1 min
RSPA/Volpe Center
Time
Initial Demand A/p Capacity Traffic Flow Queue
Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep.
1500 – 1515 9 14 12 14 9 14 0 0
1515 – 1530 17 13 17 9 17 9 0 4
1530 – 1545 16 11 16 10 16 10 0 5
1545 – 1600 10 10 10 16 10 15 0 0
1600 – 1615 4
6 13 13 4 6 0 0
TOTAL: 56 54 56 54 0 9
Optimal TFM Strategy, 8/16/00, 1500 - 1615
Arrival/Departure Tradeoff Tool Determined 27 Optimal StrategiesWith Total Arrival and Departure Delay 135 min (31% reduction)
Total Delay: arrival - 0 min; departure - 135 min; arr + dep - 135 min
Average Delay per Flight: arrival - 0 min; departure - 2.5 min
RSPA/Volpe Center
Time
Initial Demand A/p Capacity Traffic Flow Queue
Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep.
1500 – 1515 9 14 12 14 9 14 0 0
1515 – 1530 17 13 15 11 15 11 2 2
1530 – 1545 16 11 16 10 16 10 2 3
1545 – 1600 10 10 12 14 12 13 0 0
1600 – 1615 4
6 13 13 4 6 0 0
TOTAL: 56 54 56 54 4 5
Optimal TFM Strategy, 8/16/00, 1500 - 1615
Total Delay: arrival - 60 min; departure - 75 min; arr + dep - 135 min
Average Delay per Flight: arrival - 1.1 min; departure - 1.4 min
RSPA/Volpe Center
Time
Initial Demand A/p Capacity Traffic Flow Queue
Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep.
1500 – 1515 9 14 12 14 9 14 0 0
1515 – 1530 17 13 14 12 14 12 3 1
1530 – 1545 16 11 18 8 18 8 1 4
1545 – 1600 10 10 11 15 11 14 0 0
1600 – 1615 4
6 13 13 4 6 0 0
TOTAL: 56 54 56 54 4 5
Optimal TFM Strategy, 8/16/00, 1500 - 1615
Total Delay: arrival - 60 min; departure - 75 min; arr + dep - 135 min
Average Delay per Flight: arrival - 1.1 min; departure - 1.4 min
RSPA/Volpe Center
Time
Initial Demand A/p Capacity Traffic Flow Queue
Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep. Arr. Dep.
1500 – 1515 9 14 12 14 9 14 0 0
1515 – 1530 17 13 14 12 14 12 3 1
1530 – 1545 16 11 16 10 16 10 3 2
1545 – 1600 10 10 13 13 13 12 0 0
1600 – 1615 4
6 13 13 4 6 0 0
TOTAL: 56 54 56 54 6 3
Optimal TFM Strategy, 8/16/00, 1500 - 1615
Total Delay: arrival - 90 min; departure - 45 min; arr + dep - 135 min
Average Delay per Flight: arrival - 1.6 min; departure - 0.8 min
RSPA/Volpe Center
Shirt Term:
1. Improving the tool based on - additional functions (graphics, arrival/departure
alerts)- feedback from the users.
2. Investigate methods for dealing with multiple optimal solutions at STL.
3. Start a case study at EWR.
Further Steps
RSPA/Volpe Center
Long Term:
1. Begin wide–scale effort for determining full sets of runway configurations and corresponding capacity curves for major US airports.
2. Work with the TFM FAA and airlines’ specialists on sites for efficient usage of the tool.
3. Explore new airline inputs for improving efficiency of the TFM CDM.
4. Expand functionalities of the tool by taking into account of arrival anddeparture fixes in the optimization procedure.
Further Steps (cont.)
