Rubber component

8/20/2019 Rubber component

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Carbon Black

Professor Joe GreeneCSU, CHIC


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Carbon Black ! "eference# "$bber %echnology, Chapter &! Pheno'enon of carbon black reinforce'ent (as )isco*ere) in early 1+00s

Physical an) che'ical attach'ents are capable of gi*ing reinforce'ent effects byincreasing the tensile strength an) 'o)$l$s of the r$bbery phase

Carbon black an) *$lcani-ation generates a &./ net(ork

! Carbon black "ange of physical an) che'ical attrib$tes

! Particle si-e, s$rface area, str$ct$re, s$rface acti*ity Gas.f$rnace blacks# %her'al black process# & of c$rrent carbon black

! Initially 'a)e $sing gas as the so$rce of carbon an) the f$el so$rce! Carbon black ha) s'all particles an) (ere aci)ic! orke) (ell (ith nat$ral r$bber ! arge a'o$nts of air poll$tion (as generate) an) e3pensi*e

il f$rnace black 41+5&6 is the c$rrent 'an$fact$ring 'etho)# +7 of black ! o( gra)e petrole$' fee)stock (as cheaper, less poll$ting, an) fle3ible process! Higher str$ct$re an) 'ore alkaline than gas f$rnace 4channel6 blacks! I'pro*e) significantly the properties of SB" poly'ers


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Carbon Black 8an$fact$re! 8an$fact$re an) 8orphology

%ypical oil f$rnace reactor, 9ig$re &:1! "efractory line) t$be that can be hori-ontal or *ertical:! 9ee)stock oil, nat$ral gas, or other f$el, an) air are preheate) an) in;ecte)

into the co'b$stion -one at specific rates for the carbon black B$rning generates a *ery hot, t$rb$lent at'osphere for cracking the fee)stock

oil:

+0 of the fee)stock is base) on refinery hea*y botto' oils: Che'ical reactions to con*ert the aro'atic fee)stock to ele'ental carbon are

not (ell $n)erstoo) an) co'ple3 Collision of particles in a li


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Carbon Black 8an$fact$re! 8an$fact$re an) 8orphology

et.pelleting process is $se)! > rotating, pin.st$))e) shaft 'i3es the loose black (ith (ater an) bin)er to

pro)$ce s'all bea)s or pellets:

et pellets are fe) into a rotary )rier heate) by co'b$stion of thetailgas fro' the earlier step in the process:

! Stea' that is generate) is re'o*e) an) replace) (ith air that o3i)i-es thecarbon black, (hich infl$ences the che'ical properties of the carbon blackan), in t$rn, the c$re rate an) properties of the *$lcani-ates:

%he pellete) black is screene) for $nifor'ity an) passe) o*er'agnetic separators to re'o*e 'etallic conta'ination that 'ay

ha*e gotten in the pro)$ct strea': 9inishe) pro)$ct is package) an) shippe) 9$rnace black categories

! "einforcing# har), trea): Ha*e a s'aller particle si-e an) lo(er yiel)s an)'ore e3pensi*e than se'i.reinforcing:

! Se'i.reinforcing# soft, carcass:


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Carbon Black Properties! Physical an) Che'ical Properties

Particle si-e can be 'eas$re) by electron 'icrographs, 9ig$re &:&! >*erage )ia'eter is 1+ to += n' 4nano'eters or 10 .+ '6! Particles are 'eas$re) 'an$ally or (ith i'age analysis soft(are

Particle si-e can be 'eas$re) by tint strength test 4>S%8 /&2?=6! Carbon black sa'ple is 'i3e) (ith -inc o3i)e an) a soybean oil epo3i)e to

pro)$ce a black or gray paste:! Paste is sprea) to pro)$ce a s$itable s$rface for 'eas$ring the reflectance ofthe 'i3t$re (ith a photoelectric reflectance 'eter:

"eflectance is co'pare) to the reflectance of paste containing theIn)$stry %int "eference Black 4I%"B6 prepare) in the sa'e 'anner:

%int test is affecte) by the str$ct$re as (ell as the particle si-e of the black:@9or a gi*en particle si-e, the higher str$ct$re blacks ha*e a lo(er

tinting strengths:@>*erage particle si-e can be esti'ate) fro' statistical e


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Carbon Black S$rface >rea! S$rface >rea

Aery i'portant in carbon black beca$se it )efines ho( '$chs$rface is a*ailable for interactions (ith other 'aterials present ina r$bber co'po$n):

! S'all particle.si-e black (ill ha*e higher s$rface area, b$t the te3t$re ornat$re of the s$rface area can also infl$ence the s$rface area:

B % 'etho) 4>S%8 /&0&76 to )eter'ine s$rface area@ >)sorption of a gas, $s$ally nitrogen, on the s$rface:

S$rface area can be 'eas$re) fro' electron 'icrographs! Stan)ar) r$bber gra)e black 4nitrogen s$rface area of less than 1&0 '2 g6

are nonporo$s! Don.specialty f$rnace blacks gi*e goo) in*erse correlation bet(een

nitrogen s$rface area an) the particle si-e 'eas$re'ents:! Specialty f$rnace blacks re


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Carbon Black Che'ical Properties! Che'ical Properties

Che'ical nat$re of a carbon black is *ariable! *i)ence for the presence on the s$rface of at least fo$r o3ygen containing

gro$ps, carbo3yl, phenol, 'o$nt of o3i)ation )$ring the pellet )rying operation can affect the c$rerate an) 'o)$l$s of r$bber co'po$n)s:

Carbon blacks are generally electrically con)$cti*e beca$se of thehighly con;$gate) bon)ing sche'e in crystalline regions


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Carbon Black Do'enclat$re! Do'enclat$re

9irst )igit follo(ing the letter in)icates the particle si-e range! o(er n$'bers for s'aller particle.si-e blacks

ast t(o )igits are arbitrarily assigne) by >S%8 %able &:1 Properties

! >S%8 /17?=

ASTM Old Name

N110 SAF (Super-abrasion furnace)N220 ISAF (Intermediate Super-abrasion furnace)N330 HAF (High abrasion furnace)N3 ! S"F (Super processing furnace)N##0 $"F ($enera%-purpose furnace)

N S'F (Semireinforcing furnace)


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Carbon Black Properties! Properties

High s$rface area an) high str$ct$re carbon blacks are associate) (ith increase)

reinforce'ent! Particle si-e affects abrasion resistance, heat b$il).$p 4resilience6, tensile strength,

an) tear strength:! Str$ct$re has 'ore of an effect on 'o)$l$s, har)ness, an) e3tr$)ate s(ell:

9o$r carbon blacks are sho(n to )e'onstrate the effects of *arying s$rface area,str$ct$re, an) black loa)ings on *ario$s co'po$n) properties:

Str$ct$re /ifferences! D&&+ *s D&=?! D?=0 *s D??0

Both pairs ha*e!


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Carbon Black Properties! %hree co'po$n) recipes base) $pon )ifferent

poly'ers enable the obser*ation of changes incarbon black effects fro' one poly'er to another %able &:&

9ig$res 5 thro$gh 12! 8echanical properties for /ifferent concentrations 4loa)ing

le*els6 of carbon black

" 4ompound" 100 phr

Naphthenic oi% 125inc o6ideStearic acid 1"rocessing aid 2Su%fur 1

*, 0, , 3

4arbon b%ac7 0 to !0phr

S*' 4ompoundS*'-1 00 100 phr

Aromatic oi%5inc o6ide 3Stearic acid 1Su%fur 1 &4*S 0 !

"$ 0 2!

4arbon b%ac7 0 to !0phr

N' 4ompoundNatura% 'ubber 100 phr High%8 aromatic oi% 15inc o6ideStearic acid 2

Antio6idant 2 Antio9onant 2Su%fur 1

4*S 1 #4arbon b%ac7 0 to !0phr


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Carbon Black Properties! Co'po$n) Property Gro$p 1

Aiscosity, 'o)$l$s, har)ness, e3tr$)ate s(ell! 8eas$res the )egree of stiffening that carbon contrib$tes! High str$ct$re an) an increase in the a'o$nt of carbon black s$rface

a*ailable for attach'ent to the poly'er res$lt in the r$bber co'po$n) to be'ore *isco$s an) less elastic

Aiscosity, 'o)$l$s, har)ness, e3tr$)ate s(ell, 9ig$res &:5, &:=,&:?! Increases (ith increase) a'o$nt of carbon black for all three recipes, SB",

P/8, an) D" %he D&=? carbon black 4highest D 2 s$rface area6 ha) the highest *iscosity,

'o)$l$s at 200 elongation, an) har)nessF an) the least a'o$nt of e3tr$)ates(ell:

%he higher the D 2 s$rface area the higher the *iscosity, 'o)$l$s at 200elongation, an) har)nessF an) the lo(er a'o$nt of e3tr$)ate s(ell:

%he D??0 carbon black 4lo(est D 2 s$rface area an) lo(est *oi) *ol$'e6 ha)the lo(est *iscosity, 'o)$l$s at 200 elongation, an) har)nessF an) the 'osta'o$nt of e3tr$)ate s(ell:


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Carbon Black Properties! Co'po$n) Property Gro$p 2

%ear.strength, 9ig$res &:+a an) &:+b! >s carbon black is increase), the tear strength increases $p to a peak, then

)ecreases after that:! Str$ct$re ca$ses a shift in the strength c$r*e to the left 4lo(er li'iting *al$e

for strength beca$se of the effect of higher str$ct$re on packing6

%ensile strength, 9ig &:10a! Unfille) P/8 r$bber co'po$n) has *ery lo( tensile strength:! %ensile strength is increase) )ra'atically as carbon black is a))e) $ntil a

'a3i'$' tensile strength is attaine):! Higher s$rface area H>9 blacks gi*e i'pro*e) tensile strength co'pare) to

GP9 blacks, b$t not significantly )ifference )$e to str$ct$re:! D" co'po$n) has inherently higher tensile strength in the $nfille) nat$ral

r$bber )$e to its crystalli-ing ability: Carbon black ca$ses less of a change in D" %ensile strength reaches a 'a3i'$' at relati*ely lo( carbon black loa)ings 42.

50 phr6 an) sho(s a )ecreasing ten)ency as the black loa)ing is increase):

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