Rubbercrete and it’s Application

By

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bashar S. Mohammed

© 2012 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.

Tire or Tyre

Tire (American English) or Tyre (British English)

Tire Composition

Distribution by mass of the components rubber, steel cord and textile fabrics

of an average European car tyre. After BLIC (2001).

Scrap Tires

Ohio Administrative Code 3745-27-01 defines a scrap tire asa type of solid waste and includes any unwanted ordiscarded tire, regardless of size, that has been removedfrom its original use.

Scrap tire rubber comes from three types of tires

Passenger car tires, which represent about 84 percent of units or approximately 65 percent of the total weight of U.S. scrap tires;

Truck tires, which constitute 15 percent of units, or 20 percent of the total weight of U.S. scrap tires;

Off-the-road tires, which account for 1 percent of units, or 15 percent of the total weight of U.S. scrap tires.

Environmental problem associated with waste tire

Tires are bulky and 75% of the space a tire occupies is void, so that the land filling of scrap tire has several difficulties because scrap tires require a large space when the whole tires are land filling.

1.

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Scrape tires are stockpiled around the country because they

are non-biodegradable waste. This due to the material of

the tire itself are difficult to break down as they are made to

last and incorporate a mix of rubber, steel wire, fiber, and

even newer materials like Kevlar, that are designed to last

tens of thousands of miles and withstand the rigors and

abuses of paved highways and roads

2.

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Tire fires are extremely dangerous and the most difficult problem associated with stockpiled waste tires. These fires are:

Difficult to extinguish because the materials that make tires are good for fuel. Large tire fires can burn for a long time depleting fire fighting resources.

Pollute air because hazardous compounds and potentially toxic gases are released in the thick black smoke coming from tire fires.

The oil and ash created during fires can contaminate the ground soil, thus endangering the ground and surface water.

3.

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Improperly discarded tires are ideal breeding groundsfor disease-carrying mosquitoes and rodents

4.

Waste Tire Management in Malaysia

In Malaysia waste tires are disposed in many ways both legally and illegally, through:

1) Physical reuse

2) Open burning

3) Landfills

4) Illegal dumping or stockpiling

5) Low cost supplementary fuel

3) Landfills

Leads to fire hazards

Long term settlement and may cause problems for future

use and land reclamation

Leaching of organic chemicals from tires in landfill sites

Breeding ground for mosquitoes, snakes, vermin, rodents

pests etc.

Consume valuable land space

4) Illegal dumping

Creates aesthetic pollution (Visual impact)

Breeding grounds for pest and vermin

Leaching of organic chemicals from tires in stockpiled area

Causes fire hazards

Causes risk to cancer

Solution

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One of the alternatives of waste management option to

solve the waste tires problems is by recycling the waste

tires for useful use. The best solution is by utilizing

crumb rubber into concrete production.

Why Concrete ?

Annual global production of concrete is about 3820 billioncubic meter (5 billion cubic yards). (Source: CementAssociation of Canada)

Process of Producing Crumb Rubber

shredding process Primary granulation process

Secondary granulation process Cracking or grinding rolling mills.

Mixing Procedure of Rubbercrete Interlocking Bricks

The mixture of

fine aggregates

and mesh 30

crumb rubber

OPC is added to

the design

mixture

Fine aggregates,

crumb rubber and

OPC is mix

thoroughly

The dry mixture

after some

amount of water

was added

1

43

2

Fabrication Procedure of Rubbercrete Interlocking Bricks

Rubbercrete solid and

interlocking brick machine

Rubbercrete

interlocking brick

fabricated at the

end of the process

Physical and Mechanical Tests of Rubbercrete Interlocking Brick

Test Dimension Numb

er of

specimen

Standard

Compressive

strength

250 mm × 125 mm × 105 mm 288 ASTM C 67

Dimension 250 mm × 125 mm × 105 mm 24 BS 3291

Initial rate of

suction

250 mm × 125 mm × 105 mm 5 ASTM C 67

Water

absorption

i. 5 hours

boiling

ii. 24 hours cold

immersion

250 mm × 125 mm × 105 mm

250 mm × 125 mm × 105 mm

10

10

ASTM C 67

ASTM C 67

Density 250 mm × 125 mm × 105 mm 5 BS EN

12390-7

Modulus of

rupture

250 mm × 125 mm × 105 mm 5 ASTM C 67

Thermal

conductivity

10 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm 5 ASTM D

7984

Efflorescence 250 mm × 125 mm × 105 mm 10 ASTM C 67

Elevated

temperature

50 mm × 50 mm × 50 mm 18 -

Set-Up For The Prisms Testing

Three unit prism Five units prism Seven unit prism

Set-Up For The Walls Testing

Mechanical Properties Test

• Compressive strength decrease as the crumb rubber replacement increase

• Reduction in compressive strength causedby hydrophobic behavior of crumb rubberwhich entrapped air around its surface,hence induces stress concentration whichlead to failure at lower stress

• 10% and 57% crumb rubber and fly ashreplacement is considered as load bearingmasonry unit.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 10 20 30 40 50

Com

pre

ssiv

e st

rength

(M

Pa)

Crumb rubber replacement (%)

50% fly ash replacement 60% fly ash replacement

• The average modulus of rupture ofrubbercrete interlocking brick is 2.23 MPa

Physical Properties Test

Parame

ter

Measured

(mm)

Average

(mm)

Mold size

(mm)

Length 5995 247.79 250.00

Width 3048 127.00 125.00

Height 2528 105.33 105.00

• The average of 5 hours boiling water

absorption is 226.45 kg/m3. Therefore, the

rubbercrete interlocking brick is classified as

medium weight brick

• The average water absorption by 24 hours

cold immersion method is 3.07%.

Physical Properties Test

• The average density of rubbercrete

interlocking bricks is 1894 kg/m3,

classified as medium weight brick

• Using crumb rubber in bricks

manufacturing able to reduce the

density of the product, which inevitably

reduce the self-weight

• Average initial rate of suction

of rubbercrete interlocking

brick is 2.19 kg/m2/min

Physical Properties Test

• Thermal conductivity of rubbercrete

interlocking brick range from 0.613

to 0.863 W.m/m2(K) with average of

0.729 W.m/m2(K).

• Thermal conductivity of ordinary

concrete was recorded at 1.18

W.m/m2(K)

Elevated Temperature Test

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1 2 3 4 5 6

Wei

ght

loss

(kg)

Co

mp

ress

ive

stre

ngth

(M

Pa)

Compressive strength (Mpa) Weight loss (kg)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

27 100 200 400 600 1000

Tota

l pore

volu

me

(mm

3/g

)

Temperature (°C)

Result Summary for Rubbercrete Interlocking Prisms

Test Hollow 3 course prism

Hollow 5 course prism

Hollow 7 course prism

Grouted 3 course prism

Grouted 5 course prism

Grouted 7 course prism

Average compressive strength , f (MPa)

4.00 2.87 1.85 9.80 7.86 6.40

Characteristics compressive strength, fk

(MPa)

3.33 2.44 1.55 7.41 6.55 4.93

Experimental modulus of elasticity (GPa)

24.32 23.38 22.46 33.38 27.48 25.87

Modulus of elasticity (GPa), BS EN 1992-1

16.71 15.13 13.26 21.87 20.47 19.24

Poisson’s ratio 0.061 0.229 0.330 0.247 0.353 0.451

Failure Mode and Crack Pattern of Rubbercrete Interlocking Prisms

Stress-Strain Curve for Rubbercrete Interlocking Prisms

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 100 200 300 400 500

Str

ess

(MP

a)

Strain (µm/m)Hollow Prism of 3 Hollow Prism of 5 Hollow Prism of 7

Grouted Prism of 3 Grouted Prism of 5 Grouted Prism of 7

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Pri

nci

pal

str

ess

(MP

a)

Principal strain (µm/m)

Poly. (Hollow 3) Log. (Hollow 7) Poly. (Hollow 7)

Poly. (Grouted 3) Poly. (Grouted 5) Poly. (Grouted 7)

Compressive Strength, Failure Mode and Crack Pattern of Walls

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Aver

age

com

pre

ssiv

e st

rength

(M

Pa)

Hollow Wall Grouted Wall

Stress-Strain Curve for Rubbercrete Interlocking Walls

y = -272717x2 + 1747.5x + 0.0994R² = 0.9918

y = -6E+07x3 + 494284x2 + 272.09x - 0.0422R² = 0.9984

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005

Str

ess

(MP

a)

Strain (mm/mm)

Hollow wall Grouted wall

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Pri

nci

pal

str

ess

(MP

a)

Principal strain (µm/m)

Poly. (Hollow wall) Poly. (Grouted wall)

Awards

Awards

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Patents & Trademarks

METHOD OF FABRICATING TRAFFIC BARRIER (PI2014703850)

TRAFFIC BARRIER (PI2014703848)

MULTILAYER THERMOACOUSTIC COMPOSITE INTERLOCKING BLOCKS (PI2014702416)

RUBBER-BASED CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK (PI2014701100)

Registed Trademark: TherecoBlock

THANK YOU© 2015 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.