Water-Wise GardeningRules of Thumb for

2

3

4

1 Design YourWater-Wise Gardenpage 2

Do theGroundworkpage 7

WaterWiselypage 11

Maintain YourWater-Wise Gardenpage 16

Climate zones

Know your site

Watering zones

Plan lawn areas

Plan awatering system

Controllerselection

Hardscape

Know your soil

Improve your soil

Soil Amendments

Choosing plants

When to water

How much to water

Watering ona slope

Watering lawns

HIGHMODERATE

LOWNO

Water-Wise GardeningRules of Thumb for

Monitor water use

Lawn care

Fertilizing

Pruning

Pest control

Mulch

South Bayclimate zones

Get to know the climaticfactors that influencewhich plants will do wellin your garden. Varyingamounts of sun, heat,moisture and frost willinfluence which plantswill survive and thrive inyour garden.

South County(hotter and drier in thesummer and colder anddrier in the winter):Gilroy, Morgan Hill, SouthSan Jose

Mountain Influence(cooler with anincreased chance of fog inthe winter and summer):Cupertino, Los Altos Hills,Los Gatos, Saratoga,Monte Sereno

Bay Influence(moderate summers andwinters, nearly frostlesswinters):Alviso, Campbell, LosAltos, Milpitas, MountainView, Palo Alto, San Jose,Santa Clara, Sunnyvale

Zone information courtesy of Sunset Magazine

CoyoteReservoir

AndersonReservoir

LexingtonReservoir

ALA

MITO

SCREEK

LOS GATO

SCR

StevensCreekRes

NITENCIA CR EEK

BERRYESSA CREEK

STEVEN

SC

REE

K

SAN

TOM

AS

AQ

UIN

O

S AN

FRANCISQUITO

MA

TAD

ERO

G

UA DALUPE

280

680

17

880

101

101

101

SanFrancisco

Bay

N

87

85

ZONE17

ZONE16

ZONE15

ZONE14

ZONE7

UvasReservoir

ChesbroRes.

CoyoteReservoir

AndersonReservoir

LexingtonReservoir

LLAGAS

UVAS

AlmadenReservoir Calero

Reservoir

GuadalupeReservoir

VasonaReservoir

ALA

MITO

SCREEK

LOS GATO

SCR

CA L AB

AZA

SC

REE

K

StevensCreekRes

PENITENCIA CR EE

K

BERRYESSA CREEK

GU

AD

ALU

PER

IVER

CO

YO

TE

CREEK

STEVEN

SC

REE

KSA

RA TOGA

CR

SAN

TOM

AS

AQ

UIN

O

S AN

FRANCISQUITO

MA

TAD

ERO

Los Gatos

San Jose

Milpitas

Morgan Hill

Gilroy

Saratoga

Cupertino

Mtn View

Palo Alto

Los Altos

Sunnyvale

Santa Clara

2

1.

Des

ign

You

r W

ater

-Wis

e G

arde

n

3

1. Design Your Water-Wise GardenPlanning is the first step for a successfulwater-wise garden. A well-planned landscapewill save you money, time and water.

Get to know your sitePaying attention to your garden’s unique characteristics will helpyou put the right plants in the right place. Look around carefullyand note the following (use the notes section on page 20):• Where are the sunniest areas? How long does the sun shine there

each day?

• Where are the shadiest areas?

• Do you have any slopes? How steep?

• Are there any spots where drainage is a problem?

• Is wind a particular problem?

• Are there any views you’d like to enhance or screen?

A landscape map can be thebackbone of a successful design.

How will you use your garden?Will it be a place of quiet contemplation ora play space for kids? Will it be used for:• Entertaining• Play or sports• Vegetable gardening• Erosion or climate control• Wildlife habitat

In addition, where are the most appropriateplaces for paths or walkways to the house?

househousehouse

lawnlawnlawn

pathpathpath

veggiegardenveggiegarden

deckdeckdeck

Water-use zonesHigh water-use plants generally do betterin shady areas. Before you purchase plants,look at the following chart, noting the dif-ferent types of zones you have. Next, drawa rough map of your garden based on thezone information.

Planning for lawn areasLawns are great for play and entertaining. But they also uselots of water and require continual upkeep. When planningyour garden, think about how much lawn you actually need,and place it where it will be enjoyed. Consider lawn alterna-tives, such as hardy ground covers, decks, patios, containers,ornamental grasses or cut-flower gardens.

HIGHwater-use zone

MODERATEwater-use zone

LOWwater-use zone

NOwater-use zone

Lawns, fruit trees,water-loving plants

Container plants

Roses, deciduoustrees, plants needinga little more water

May take advantageof runoff fromdownspouts andpatios

Native plants such asCalifornia Poppy andCalifornia MorningGlory, establishedtrees and plants

Requires little, ifany, additionalwater duringsummer months

Permeable hardscapessuch as brick orflagstone set in sandand established plantsthat can survive onrainfall only

Groundcovers: Attractive, fragrant—even edibleVarieties of thyme, yarrow, verbena, chamomile and otherherbs make delightful perennial lawn alternatives. What'smore, they smell good when stepped on, can be used incooking and generally require much less maintenance thanlawns. Other herbs, such as sweet woodruff, make greatshade-tolerant groundcovers. After you "zone" your land-scape, ask your nursery professional for the bestgroundcover suggestions for your particular site.

Mapping out yourwater-use zones makes

landscape planning easier.

Turf Tips• Place grass near thehouse and in areas ofheavy use.

• Avoid using grass onsteep slopes, next tofences and alongnarrow walkways• Plant turf only whereit will be used andenjoyed, such as inyour backyard.

• Try water-conservingturf varieties. Hybridtall fescue grassesneed less water thanbluegrass.

• Some sprinkler systemsare less efficient atwatering narrow lawnareas, so plan accord-ingly and be sure tocheck your system.

househousedeckdeck

highwateruse

highwateruse

no water

use

no w ater

use

lowwateruse

lowwateruse

moderatewater use

moderatewater use

moderatewater usemoderatewater use

4

Need Help?

Plan an efficient watering systemDesign your watering system after planning all the zones, plants and hardscapes.An efficient irrigation system applies the right amount of water to the right placeat the right time.

You can consult nurserypersonnel, landscape designers,landscape contractors or alandscape architect. Ask forreferrals from friends andneighbors. Check with previousclients to see examples and askabout their experiences withthe landscape professional.

• Check your water pressure. If it is greater than 80 psi, considerinstalling a pressure-reducing valve.

• Design your watering system to match your plan’s water-use zones.

• Choose equipment appropriate for your design, layout and typeof landscape.

• Use separate irrigation valves for each water use zone soindividual scheduling is possible.

• Make sure that drip emitters or sprinklers do not apply wa-ter faster than the soil’s ability to absorb it.

• When designing a watering system on a slope, install checkvalves before sprinklers at the lowest point of a row ofsprinklers to reduce puddling, or buy sprinklers with built-incheck valves.

Drip systems apply water slowly anddirectly to the root zone, and efficientlywater trees, shrubs, ground covers and

containers. Filters and pressure reduction valvesare often required.

Soaker hoses are inexpensive, easyto install off of a hose bib, and do well innarrow planting beds.

Sprinklersare best used forlawns and larger,high-water-useareas. They shouldapply water slowlyand with uniform

coverage; headsshould be placed so that the water fromone sprinkler reaches the adjacent heads,called head-to head coverage.

5

Choose a good controllerLook for these features:

• Look for a “smart controller,” which is basedon real weather data.

• Allows you to set varying watering times foreach station. A drip station may need to runone hour a week, whereas a lawn may need tobe watered twice a week for 15 minutes each.

• Features multiple watering times: good forslopes or heavy clay soils.

• Has a battery back-up or “non-volatile” memory.Controllers which do not have back-up memoryoften water every day for 10 minutes as adefault after power outages.

• Has a water-budgeting feature which quicklylets you adjust your watering times dependingon the season.

• Rain shut-off device capability (device ispurchased separately).

Permeable Hardscape:alternatives to concreteFor high-traffic areas, entertainment areas or toreduce maintenance, consider replacing turf grasswith permeable hardscape. You can use decorativestepping stones, natural rock pavers or bricks set insand. Permeable paving allows water to percolatethrough the soil for filtration and keeps stormwateron-site reducing urban flooding.

Decks with seating areas are another goodpermeable hardscape alternative. Pots, fence-hanging flower baskets and decorative fence or wallceramics can turn your deck or patio into an outdoor"room" for entertaining.

Used properly, a controllerwith the right featurescan be one of the mosteffective water andmoney–saving tools youcan buy.

Including hardscape in yourgarden design can save water

and money and addversatility to your landscape.

6

2. Do the Groundwork

Impulse shopping at the nursery can be fun. But devotingsome serious thought and planning to your garden beforeyou buy—from the soil to the watering system—will save youmoney and headaches in the long run.

The right plant in the right placeBefore you purchase plants, read up on their water, sun, soiland maintenance needs. Using your zone diagram and roughmap from Step 1, choose plants that correspond to appropriatezones in your garden. Group plants together that share similarwater, sun and soil needs. And remember—they grow! The one-gallon plant you buy today could grow into a 20-foot tree, sobe sure to select plants that will grow to an appropriate size fortheir location. Following recommended guidelines for spacingcan also help prevent overcrowding of plants.

Check projectedgrowth and height

of any tree or shrubyou plant, and

choose its locationaccordingly.

Otherwise, you couldend up with a space-

hungry pruningchallenge, like this

blue spruce.

7

2.

Do

the

Gro

un

dwor

k

Get soil-savvyMany water-wise and other plants prefer loamy to partiallysandy soil that drains well, yet holds some water. Santa ClaraCounty soils tend to be primarily clay, which retain water for along time. This type of soil often gets compacted, which can beharmful to root systems.

Improve the soilIt’s a good idea to check your garden’s soil and, if necessary, addorganic materials to improve it. Some gardeners also test thepH of their soil for acidity/alkalinity, which can be altered byworking in organic materials.

Roots in anamended soilhave roomto reach outto acquirewater andnutrients.

Compacted soilmakes it difficultfor roots todevelop properly,depriving theplant of air, waterand nutrients.

Soil Type Identification TextureSand Forms a ball.

Crumbles easily.Gritty

Loam Forms a ball.Holds shape.

Smooth with grit

Clay Forms a ball.Holds shape very well.

Smooth

Compost

Manure

Mulch

Mix in compost from your garden or obtain varieties availableat local nurseries to improve the quality of your soil. Mushroom,redwood and fir compost are commonly available in nurseriesthroughout Santa Clara County. Free compost or compostingclasses may be available through your local city.

Both aged chicken and steer manure are frequently used as amulch or soil conditioner.

Any organic material placed over the soil, such as shredded barkor leaves, also adds nutrients to your soil. See page 18–19 formore details on mulches.

Soil AmendmentsMany gardeners believe that they need to use either sand, gypsum or lime to improve thequality of their soil; however, this is often untrue. To aerate your soil, try usingorganic matter (see below) instead of sand. Lime is rarely needed in Santa Clara Countybecause it is often used to lower acidity of soils typically located in wetter climates.Gypsum is extremely difficult to properly mix with the soil and is rarely needed inresidential landscapes.

8

Want ideas?

There are many local

and Greater Bay Area

water-wise gardens and

specialized nurseries.

Check our website at

www.valleywater.org

for locations and phone

numbers.

Choosing plantsWater-wise gardens focus on plant varieties that thrive with little water.However, no plant is “wrong” in a water-wise garden—it just needs to be inthe right zone to use water most efficiently. You can select desert plants,Mediterranean varieties, herbs and perennials from around the world, ornative plants. Lush plants, such as ferns and mosses, can play a part, pro-vided they’re in the right water-use zone (see Step 3, “Water Wisely”). In-clude a lawn if you like—but consider limiting it to play/entertainment areas,and use low-water-use grass varieties.

Columbines are colorful,moderate-water-useperennials.

Sword ferns area high-water-use plant.

Many perennials, like this poppy,are low-water-use plants.

Keep in mindyour water-usezones and plants’individual water,sun and soil needswhen selectingplants.

Nurseries in Santa Clara County feature an ever-grow-ing number and selection of water-wise plants.Several (see the list inserted into the back pocket ofthis guide) specialize in particular plants or offerpersonalized services. It’s fun and instructive to lookthrough plant guides that focus on native, perennialand other water-wise plants. Remember to keep inmind your water-use zones and plants’ individualwater, sun and soil needs as you select plants. Usingyour map, write in names of plants for particular loca-tions. You can also use the list on page 10.

Succulents use little orno water.

9

Want ideas?

There are many local

and Greater Bay Area

water-wise gardens and

specialized nurseries.

Check our website at

www.valleywater.org

for locations and phone

numbers.

Water needs Sun needs Notes

High Medium Low Fullsun

Partialsun

Shade

Plant name

Plant Wish List

Other needs, size,maintenance; bloom season

10

A list of low water using plants can be found on our website at www.valleywawter.org

3. Water Wisely

Soil Type Watering Considerations

3.

Wat

er W

isel

y

Water at the right timeIf you have a drip system, you can run it anytimebecause it minimizes water loss from evaporationand runoff. Sprinkler systems, on the other hand,should be run when it’s not windy and when it’scool. Early morning is best because it reduces thechance of mildew forming on the plant and waterloss due to evaporation.

Water deeply but infrequentlyDeep soakings encourage roots to utilize moisturedeep in the ground and enable plants to thrivebetween waterings. How much to water? Use yoursoil type as a watering guide (“Get soil savvy” onpage 8).

It pays to know when, how much and how often to water yourplants. A flexible watering schedule—preferably using a dripirrigation system—can save water and money by adjusting tochanging weather conditions. Your watering schedule can alsohelp prevent runoff, encourage deep root growth and bettermeet plants’ changing water needs.

Watering atthe right time

of day cansave water

and money.

Sand

Loam

Apply water faster and more often.

Apply water at a moderate rate but less often than forsandy soil.

Clay*Apply water slowly and infrequently. If you have heavyclay soil, consider adding compost to improve drainageand aeration.

11

*Most common soil type in Santa Clara County

FEET

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

turf grass verbena tomato rose tree

A soil-sampling probe can helpyou determine the amount oftime you need to water.

Tips for more effective watering• Allow water to reach the expected root depth. Use a trowel or

probe to feel the soil (about eight inches deep for turf grass andtwo to three feet for shrubs and trees). Record the total timerequired for water to reach this depth.

Total time required for water to reach eight inches

Total time required for water to reach two feet

• Apply only the amount of water the soil can absorb at any onetime. Stop watering before runoff or puddling occurs. You mayneed to divide the irrigation time into several shorter periodsor cycles.

• Before watering again, allow the soil to dry to a depth of severalinches; time and record how long that takes. Then, water againfor the same amount of time, watering in cycles if necessary.

Total time required for soil to dry to a depth of several inches

• Get to know your plants’ signals for water. If moisture is low, grasstends to lie flat under footprints. Some plants lose their luster andbegin to droop before wilting. It’s best to water before the onsetof such stress.

12

A garden’swater needs

vary withthe seasons.

Adjusting your watering scheduleWhen the weather and seasons change, adjustyour watering schedule (and irrigation controller,if you have one). On warm or windy days, plants

and soils dry out morequickly. During cooler and

wetter months, youwon’t need to water as

often. In December, January,and February the controller canbe completely turned off and

only operated occasionally if there is an extendeddry period. Check the soil periodically formoisture content.

As plants grow andbecome more established,they often need less water.Check plants periodicallyand gradually decreasewatering frequency, but continue towater deeply when you do irrigate.

In our mild-winter,

semi-arid climate,

fall is one of the

best times to plant

your landscape.

Tip

Watering on a slope• If possible, terrace the slope and

create basins around your plants.

• Use shorter watering times to avoidrunoff; add another watering cycleif necessary.

• Consider planting a groundcover onthe slope instead of a lawn.

• Use drip or rotor spray sprinklers onslopes.

Photo courtesy of Kay Stewart

13

1Place five or more straight-sidedcans or coffee mugs randomlyaround your lawn

Run your system for 15 minutes.

With a ruler, measure the depth ofthe water in each can or mug.

Then determine the average waterdepth of the containers.

Measuresprinkler ouput

Lawn Problems?Consult a landscape professional,or check with your local nursery.

14

Watering your lawnWatering your lawnWatering your lawnWatering your lawnWatering your lawnDid you know that nearly

half the summertime water

used by local homes goes

toward lawn watering?

Lawns need to be watered

only once every three days

to remain healthy and

green, yet many are

overwatered and unhealthy.

Here’s a tried-and-true

method for determining

how long to operate your

sprinklers if you water

every third day.

Remember, the ground is like a sponge. To makesure it can absorb all the water your lawn needs,divide your total watering time into two or threecycles. For example, if your lawn requires 18minutes of watering, don’t water once for 18minutes; instead, water three times for sixminutes each. Water between 5 a.m. and 9 a.m.,if possible.

Write down yourwatering schedule

IRRIGATION FREQUENCY:

IRRIGATION RUN TIMES:

3Determine

how long to wateryour lawn

Averagewaterdepthin cans

9 min.

12 min.

15 min.

18min.

24min.

36min.

72min.

6 min.

8 min.

10 min.

12min.

16min.

24min.

48min.

Santa ClaraSan Jose

Morgan HillGilroy

Los GatosMtn View

Palo AltoLos Altos

WATERING RUN TIMES (Every 3 days)

SUMMER FALL &SPRING SUMMER FALL &

SPRING SUMMER FALL &SPRINGSUMMER FALL &

SPRING

11min.

14min.

17min.

20min.

27min.

39min.

80min.

7min.

9min.

11min.

13min.

18min.

26min.

53min.

8min.

11min.

14min.

17min.

21min.

33min.

65min.

5min.

7min.

9min.

11min.

14min.

22min.

43min.

8min.

9min.

12min.

15min.

20min.

29min.

59min.

5min.

6min.

8min.

10min.

13min.

19min.

39min.

NOTE: Use this watering chart as a guide only.During winter months, water only duringextended dry periods.

STATION

1SUMMER FALL &

SPRING

min. min.

STATION

2SUMMER FALL &

SPRING

min. min.

STATION

3SUMMER FALL &

SPRING

min. min.

STATION

4SUMMER FALL &

SPRING

min. min.

STATION

5SUMMER FALL &

SPRING

min. min.

STATION

6SUMMER FALL &

SPRING

min. min.

STATION

7SUMMER FALL &

SPRING

min. min.

STATION

8SUMMER FALL &

SPRING

min. min.

Although the preferred watering frequency isonce every three days, you may need to watermore frequently if your lawn soil is compacted,if the lawn has a thick layer of thatch* or if it ison a slope. Ideally, you should aerate ordethatch, so water can percolate through thesoil. If that is not possible, you may need to waterevery other day during the hot summer months.If you water every other day, use the fall/springcolumn instead of the summer column on thechart above to determine your daily wateringtime.

15

* Compressed grass & leaves

Clip and post near irrigation controller.✄

2

4. Maintain Your Water-Wise Garden

16

Mowing, dethatching and aerating lawnsTo look their best, lawns need constant upkeep, including regular mowingand aeration.• Aeration allows water to penetrate and percolate downwards to grass roots. It

promotes efficient use of water and also reduces soil compaction. To aerate, investin a hand aerifier or a pair of aerating shoes. You can also rent an aerifier or pay aservice to aerate your lawn. You may need to aerate more frequently dependingupon the amount of foot traffic on your lawn.

• Dethatching, or removing undecomposed grass stems, leaves and roots, is impor-tant because this layer prevents air and water from entering the soil, leading toplant disease and water waste due to runoff. Dethatch a small lawn with an irongarden rake, or, for larger lawns, rent, purchase or pay a service to use a verticalmower, which cuts through the thatch with a series of revolving blades. Removethatch during the growing season so the grass has an opportunity to recover.

• Raise the mowing height of your lawn mower to encourage a more extensive rootsystem. For bluegrass and tall fescue lawns set your lawn mower to cut two to threeinches high. For additional information contact a lawn care professional or checkwith your local nursery.

A small amount of regular maintenance throughout the yearis all your garden needs to look great. Follow the tips belowfor an effective maintenance plan.

Checking andadjusting your

controllers• Adjust your controller

schedule every month inorder to properly adjustyour irrigation for thechanging weather.

• Replace your controllerbattery every six months.

Checking your irrigation systemClogged, leaking or misaligned drip emitters and sprinkler heads wastea lot of water—and money. Be water-wise and keep an eye on yoursystem with these tips:• Every month check your sprinkler heads and drip

emitters for clogging, leaks and malfunctioning(e.g., broken or misdirected) heads, then get themfixed. Clean the emitter filters twice a year.

• Look for wilting trees, shrubs andgroundcovers and for dry spots in the lawn.

They could point to inadequate water cov-erage or indicate that more water is

needed if adequate coverage alreadyexists.

PruningPruning can be a regular partof your gardening routine,rather than a demandingyearly ordeal. Prune portionsof your plants that are dead,diseased or damaged.

To direct growth, lightlyprune during the wintermonths before spring growthbegins.

FertilizingFertilizers, especially organically-based ones, can work wonders foryour garden. But too much fertilizer can damage plants and canimpact stream and Bay water quality through storm drain runoff. Sofertilize as needed, when new growth is less than normal or if colorappears pale—but be sure to follow directions.• One of the best, easiest and cheap-

est forms of fertilizer is compost.You can start a backyard compostpile easily with kitchen scraps (nomeat), garden and lawn clippings,strips of newspaper and a little soil.Check your library, garden center orthe Internet for a how-to guide.Some cities also offer compostingclasses.

• Consider using organic fertilizers,such as aged and dried manure, cot-tonseed meal and dried blood meal.

• Try using a low-nitrogen fertilizer(nitrogen stimulates growth, creat-ing a demand for more water).

If you do use chemical fertilizers, try aslow-release variety.

4.

Mai

nta

in Y

our

Wat

er-W

ise

Gar

den

Pest controlInsects, snails and other critters—some beneficial, some harmful—are an integral part of any garden. Sometimes the most effectivemethods of controlling them are also the simplest. As with othermaintenance, pest control should be part of your gardening routine.• Begin by using simple physical control measures, such as hand-

picking and setting traps and barriers.

• Try biological control measures by introducing predatory insects,such as aphid-eating green lacewings or ladybugs, or by usingbacterial insecticides, such as Bacillus thuringiensis. Your gardencenter may have others to recommend.

• As a last resort, control with chemicals. Choose the least toxic prod-ucts available (e.g., insecticidal soaps, horticultural oils, silica gel,diatomaceous earth and pyrethrin-based insecticides), but followdirections and use sparingly.

17

Mulch is one of the quickest, easiest and most cost-effective ways to save water in your garden. It providesan attractive surface as well as many other landscapebenefits. Mulch can:• Conserve water by reducing evaporation

• Suppress weed growth

• Reduce erosion by allowing water to penetrate the soil

• Encourage better root growth by insulating soil fromtemperature extremes

• Balance soil temperature, keeping soilscooler in summer and warmer in winter

• Improve soil

Applying mulchMulch should be layered three to fourinches deep over the soil. Keep mulchabout six inches away from the baseof plants to prevent fungal diseases.Avoid using mulched material fromdiseased plants.

Mulching

Weeding Tips

• Pull weeds when shoots

first appear, before they

set seed.

• It’s easiest to pull stubborn

weeds when the soil is

damp.

• To keep weeds down, use

mulch consistently.

mulch

18

Which mulch to use?

Mulch type FactsBark

Straw

Aged orcompostedanimal manures

Bark is available ground, shredded or in chips. Ground fir, pine, hemlock orredwood are attractive and long-lasting. Fine-textured sawdust and woodshavings require nitrogen to decompose. Check the package label and, if notpresent, add a nitrogen supplement before applying.

Agriculturalby products

Although short-lived, straw is inexpensive and virtually free of weed seeds.

Animal manures are effective for about a year.Fresh manure can burn plant roots.

Agricultural by-products such as mushroom compost, ground corncobs andapple or grape pomace vary by region; check your garden center for resources.

Organic Mulches

Tree leaves Tree leaves with thicker textures, like most oaks, make good mulch.Thin-textured leaves (maple leaves, for example) will compact into a water-repellent mat and are not recommended.

Grass clippings Grass clippings should be spread in a thin layer and allowed to dry beforeadding another thin layer.

Mulch type FactsPolypropyleneplastic

Rocks

Polypropylene plastic (landscape fabric) allows air and water to pass through, butsuppresses weed growth. Use it on steep slopes to limit runoff and erosion. For amore attractive appearance, cover the plastic with organic mulch. It helpsconserve water; however, it does not build up the soil.

Rocks are available in varying sizes, shapes and colors and make a permeableand permanent mulch. They help conserve water; however, they do not buildup the soil.

Inorganic Mulches

19

Recycled woodchips

Recycled wood mulch is made from reclaimed, chipped wood, and is coloredwith vegetable dye. It is long lasting, and the process diverts wood wastefrom landfills.

Jute netting Jute netting is fully biodegradable in 2 to 3 years depending on soil andweather conditions. It can be used as a soil stabilizer and erosion control agenton slopes. It absorbs water at 4 to 5 times fabric weight.

NOTES

20