Rules of World Singles Squash 2001

8/3/2019 Rules of World Singles Squash 2001

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RULES OF WORLD SINGLES SQUASH 2001

The Singles Rules for 2001 have been revised to reflect current Refereeing practises and totake into account proposals of member nations. The general format of the previous Rules hasbeen followed. The Rules are followed by a set of Appendices which include Guidelines for the

interpretation of the Rules. The Guidelines are to be read in conjunction with the Rules.

An indication of the changes for 2001 is given below. As there are many changes a detailedsummary would be too long. An alternative version where changes are underlined in bold typeis available on request from WSF.

MAJOR CONCEPTUAL and RULE CHANGES

Rule 12 - Interference: Rule 12.7.1. MINIMAL Interference added for which Refereesdecision is No Let. Guideline G6 is expanded to include Minimal Interference.

Rule 12 - Interference: Rule 12.7.2: A return to the pre 1997 wording. Players must "make every effort to get to and play the ball".

Rule 12 - Interference: Rule 12.8.2: New wording legitimises the current practice that, ifthe opponents position prevents a players reasonable swing, even after the opponentmade every effort to clear, the Referee shall award a stroke to the player. Guideline G7 isexpanded to include application of this new rule.

Rule 12 - Interference: Rule 12.10: Stroke not awarded in the case of excessive swing.

Rule 9 - Ball hitting the opponent and a player turning. Rule completely rewritten. Inparticular:

Rule 9.1.2: New Rule. Referees decision changed. If the striker hits the opponentwith the ball after turning, the Referee awards a STROKE to the opponent -previously a let. (Striker can hold the shot and ask for a let).

Rule 9.2.2: Interference on turning. Now the striker on turning can be allowed alet if the swing is obstructed or awarded a stroke if the obstruction is deliberate.

Rule 9.2.3: Unnecessary turning. As used by the PSA.

Rule 10 - Further attempts. Re-formatted with new subsections. New 10.3 deals withinterference on further attempts.

Rule 13 - Lets. Additional wording added in the first paragraph emphasising that theReferee can ask a player the reason for an appeal.

New Rule 13.1.3. adds a new provision that a stroke can be awarded if distractioninterrupts a winning return.

Rule 15 - Duties of the Players. New Rule which sets out players responsibilities.


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Rule 3 - The Warm-Up. Old 15.1 and 15.3 become new Rules 3.1 and 3.3. New subsection3.2 dealing with unfair warm-up and 3.4 dealing with warming up during or after aninterval are added. Rule 3.1 no longer allows players the option to remain on the sameside after half time called.

Rule 16 - Bleeding, illness, disability and injury. Rule completely re-organised and

rewritten.

Rule 19: Duties of the Marker. New Rule 19.2. Marker must call score without delay.

Rule 20: Duties of the Referee.

Addition to 20.1 emphasises that the Referee must speak loudly.

New Rule 20.2.3: Crowd control now included in Rule 20, previously part of G15.

Guidelines: Guidelines G4, G5, G6 and G7 rewritten in the light of new rules. New G14 onBleeding, Illness, Disability or Injury in line with the new Rule 16 and replacing old G2 and

G15.

Appendix 2: New definitions for "crowding", "interval", "release", "reasonable swing","service", "shaping", "turning" and "warm-up".

REWORDING and REARRANGEMENTS

1. All rules converted to the active voice.

2. All Notes converted to Rule subsections.

3. New Rule 2 - THE SCORING - formed by merging old Rules 2 - The Score and 3 -Points.

4. Rule 4 - The Service. Rewritten in the positive sense.

5. Rule 11 - Appeals. New subsections 11.1.2.1, 11.1.2.2, 11.2.1.3, 11.2.2.1,11.2.2.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5 and 11.6.

6. Old Guidelines G3 - 18 all renumbered G2 - G17.

7. New G18. - Markers Guidelinesformed by mergingold Guidelines G19 and G20.

8. New G19. - Referees Guidelines formed by mergingold Guidelines G21 andG22.

9. New Appendix 6 - Protective Eyewear- renumbered old Appendix 10.

DELETIONS


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All references to doubles Rules - Appendices 2.1.1, 2.2.1 and 6.1 deleted.

Old Appendix 9 - Clothing. Deleted - now included under new Rule 15.8.

Appendix 11 - Guidelines for Tournament Referees. Deleted - this is the subject of aseparate WSF Rules and Referees Committee booklet.

The WSF Rules Sub-committee of Graham Waters, Bruce Kettle and myself have been greatlyassisted in this review by the input of a number of people. All are sincerely thanked for theirtime, original ideas and reviews of draft documents.

Don Ball

CONTENTS

RULES

Preface - Abbreviated Rules of Squash

1. The Game

2. The Scoring

2.1 Points

2.2 Games and matches

3. The Warm-up

3.1 Start of a match

3.2 Warming up fairly

3.3 Warming up the ball during an interval

3.4 Warming up the ball after an interval

4. The Service

4.1 First server

4.2 Service box

4.3 Service action

4.4 Good service

4.4.1 Foot fault

4.4.2 Not up


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4.4.3 Fault or Down

4.4.4 Fault

4.4.5 Out

4.5 Service not good and Marker Calls

4.6 Calling the score

5. The Play

6. Good Return

6.1 Striking the ball correctly

6.2 Ball must strike front wall

6.3 Ball not out

7. Continuity Of Play

7.1 Suspending play

7.2 Interval between games and after warm-up

7.3 Change of equipment (G1)

7.4 Referee calls relating to time-intervals

7.5 Injury, illness or disability

7.6 Delaying play (G2)

7.7 Fallen object (G3)

7.7.1 Referee stops play

7.7.2 Player appeal

7.7.3 Player drops object

7.7.4 Object dropped by non-player

7.7.5 Winning return

7.7.6 Dropped object not noticed

7.8 Dropped racket


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8. Winning A Rally

8.1 Service not good

8.2 Return not good

8.3 Ball touches non-striker (G4)

8.4 Referee awards stroke

9. Ball Hitting The Opponent And Player Turning

9.1 Striker hits ball - play ceases (G4)

9.1.1 Stroke to striker unless 9.1.2, 9.1.3

9.1.2 Turning - stroke to opponent

(G4, G5)

9.1.3 Further attempt - let (G5)

9.1.4 Side or back wall first - let unless 9.1.5

9.1.5 Winning return - stroke to striker

9.1.6 Return not good - stroke to opponent

9.2 Turning

9.2.1 Fear of hitting opponent

9.2.1.1 Let

9.2.1.2 Good return not possible, no let

9.2.2 Interference on turning

9.2.2.1 Let if striker obstructed

9.2.2.2 Stroke, interference notavoided

9.2.2.3 Let not allowed - striker unableto make good return

9.2.3 Unnecessary turning

10. Further Attempts To Hit The Ball


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10.1 Ball touches opponent

10.1.1 Let - good return possible

10.1.2 Stroke to opponent - good return not possible

10.2 Let if further attempt hits opponent

10.3 Interference on further attempt

10.3.1 Let provided good return possible

10.3.2 Stroke to striker - opponent interference notavoided

10.3.3 No let if further attempt would not be good

11. Appeals

11.1 On service

11.1.1 Server appeal

11.1.2 Marker non-call - receiver appeal

11.1.2.1 Service good - stroke toserver

11.1.2.2 Referee uncertain - let

11.2 On play other than service

11.2.1 Player appeal on Markers call

11.2.1.1 Let unless 11.2.1.2 or11.2.1.3

11.2.1.2 Stroke to player ifMarkers call interrupts playerswinning return

11.2.1.3 Stroke to opponent if

Markers call interrupts opponentswinning return

11.2.2 Appeal for Marker failing to call

11.2.2.1 Return good - stroke tostriker

11.2.2.2 Referee uncertain - let


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11.3 Appeal after service for prior occurrence

11.4 Multiple appeals

11.5 Service called, subsequently down or out

11.6 Subsequent shot down or out - Referee ruling

12. Interference

12.1 Player freedom from interference

12.2 Player freedoms defined

12.2.1 Direct access (G6)

12.2.2 Fair view

12.2.3 Freedom to hit (G7)

12.2.4 Freedom to play to the front wall

12.3 Interference defined

12.4 Excessive swing contributes to interference

12.5 Player appeal

12.5.1 Method of appeal "let please" (G8)

12.5.2 Player appeal and timing (G9, G10)

12.6 Referee action

12.7 No let

12.7.1 No and minimal interference (G6)

12.7.2 Good return not possible or insufficienteffort (G6)

12.7.3 Played on past point of interference

12.7.4 Created interference (G11)


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12.8 Stroke award

12.8.1 Interference, opponent effort insufficient

12.8.2 Interference, opponent made every effort butposition prevents swing

12.8.3 Interference, opponent made every effort,winning return prevented(G7)

12.8.4 Interference, player refrains from hitting thenext return

12.9 Let allowed

12.10 Stroke not awarded if swing excessive

12.11 Let or stroke without appeal

12.12 Applying Rule 17 for interference

12.12.1 Physical contact (G12)

12.12.2 Dangerous excessive swing

13. Lets

13.1 Referee may allow let

13.1.1 Ball touches article on court

13.1.2 Shot held - fear of hitting opponent

(G7)

13.1.3 Distraction

13.1.4 Court conditions change

13.2 Referee shall allow let

13.2.1 Receiver not ready

13.2.2 Ball breaks in play

13.2.3 Referee uncertain of appeal

13.2.4 Good return lodges in court

13.3 Conditions for Referee allowing lets.


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13.4 Conditions for allowing a let even if striker attempts to hit

13.5 Appeal requirements

13.5.1 Player appeal necessary

13.5.2 Player appeal or Referee intervention

14. The Ball

14.1 Substituting another ball

14.2 Ball breaks

14.3 Ball breaks without being noticed

14.3.1 Receiver appeals (G13)

14.4 Appeal on final rally of game

14.5 Player stops play to appeal

14.6 Ball remains on court

14.7 Warm-up after substitution

15. Duties Of The Players

15.1 Observe rules and spirit of the game

15.2 Ready to commence play

15.3 Not permitted placing articles within court

15.4 Not permitted leaving the court

15.5 Not permitted request change of officials

15.6 Deliberate distraction not allowed

15.7 Players method of appeal

15.8 Players complying with all regulations

16. Bleeding, Illness, Disability and Injury (G14)

16.1 Bleeding

16.1.1 Recurrence of bleeding


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16.2 Illness or disability options

16.2.1 Resume play

16.2.2 Concede game

16.2.3 Concede match

16.3 Injury

16.3.1 Referee action

16.3.1.1 Self-inflicted

16.3.1.2 Contributed

16.3.1.3 Opponent-inflicted

16.3.2 Injury with bleeding Rule 16.1 applies

16.3.3 Decisions for injury without bleeding

16.3.3.1 Self-inflicted

16.3.3.2 Contributed

16.3.3.3 Opponent-inflicted

16.4 Injured player resuming play early

16.5 Referee disallows claim of injury

16.6 Player conceding game

17. Conduct On Court

17.1 Referee required action

17.2 Offences (G15)

17.3 Referee applied penalties (G16)

17.3.1 Conduct Warning - let

17.3.2 Conduct Stroke

17.3.3 Conduct Stroke between rallies

17.3.4 Conduct Game


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18. Control Of A Match

18.1 The Number of Officials (G17)

18.2 Officiating position

19. Duties Of A Marker

19.1 Calls (G18)

19.2 Calling the score without delay

19.3 After Marker calls, rally stops

19.4 Marker unsighted

19.5 Play stops without Marker calling

19.6 Marker keeps written record

20. Duties Of A Referee (G19)

20.1 Decide and announce all appeals

20.2 Referee control

20.2.1 Player appeals

20.2.2 Rules applied correctly

20.2.3 Crowd control

20.3 Referee intervention in calling the score

20.4 Referee intervention in calling the play

20.5 Time responsibility

20.6 Referee keeps a written record

20.7 Court condition responsibility

20.8 Awarding match player not present

APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Official Guidelines


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Introduction

G1 Change of Equipment

G2 Time-Wasting

G3 Fallen Object

G4 Player Hit by the Ball, including Turning and FurtherAttempt

G5 Interference on Turning or Further Attempt

G6 Making Every Effort and Minimal Interference

G7 Interference with the Swing and Reasonable Fear ofHitting Opponent

G8 Method of Appeal

G9 Timing of Appeals

G10 Early Appeal

G11 Created Interference

G12 Significant or Deliberate Physical contact

G13 Broken Ball

G14 Bleeding, Illness, Disability or Injury

G15 Coaching

G16 Progression of Penalties

G17 Single Official

G18 Marker's Guidelines

G19 Referees Guidelines

Appendix 2 Definitions

Appendix 3 Standard Calls

Appendix 3.1 Markers Calls

Appendix 3.2 Referees Calls


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Appendix 4 Flowcharts

Appendix 4.1Referees Line of thinking for Rule 12

Appendix 4.2

Referees decisions for Rule 16

Appendix 5 Court and Equipment Specifications

Appendix 5.1 Court Dimensions

Appendix 5.2 Standard Ball

Appendix 5.3 Racket Dimensions

Appendix 6 Protective Eyewear

Appendix 7 Point-a-Rally Scoring

Appendix 8 Experimentation

Appendix 8.1 Officiating Systems

Appendix 8.2 Experimental Rules

PREFACE

ABBREVIATED RULES OF SQUASH

This abbreviated version of the World Singles Squash Rules is to help players to understandthe basics. All players should read the complete Rules. The Rule numbers in brackets ineach heading refer to the full Rules.

THE SCORING (Rule 2)

A match is the best of five games. Each game is to nine points, unless the score reaches eight-all. At eight-all the receiver (non-server) has to choose to play either to nine points (known as"Set One") or to ten points (known as "Set Two"). (There is no requirement that a player needsto be two points ahead to win a game).

Points are scored only by the server. When the server wins a rally he or she scores a point;when the receiver wins a rally he or she becomes the server.


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THE WARM-UP (Rule 3)

Before the start of a match, the two players are allowed up to 5 minutes (2 minutes on eachside) to "warm-up" themselves and the ball on the match court.

When a ball has been changed during a match, or if the match has been resumed after somedelay, the players warm-up the ball to playing condition.

The ball may be warmed up by either player during any interval in the match.

THE SERVICE (Rule 4)

Play commences with a service. The player to serve first is decided by the spin of a racket.Thereafter, the server continues serving until losing a rally, when the opponent becomes theserver and the server becomes "hand out".

The player who wins the preceding game serves first in the next game.

At the beginning of each game and when the service changes from one player to the other, theserver can serve from either service box. After winning a rally the server then continuesserving from the alternate box.

To serve a player stands with at least part of one foot on the floor within the service box. For aservice to be good, it is served directly onto the front wall above the service line and belowthe out line so that on its return, unless volleyed, it reaches the floor within the back quarterof the court opposite to the server's box.

GOOD RETURN (Rule 6)

A return is good if the ball, before it has bounced twice on the floor, is returned correctly bythe striker onto the front wall above the tin and below the out line, without first touching thefloor. The ball may hit the side walls and/or the back wall before reaching the front wall.

A return is not good if it is "NOT UP" (ball struck after bouncing more than once on the floor, ornot struck correctly, or a double hit); "DOWN" (the ball after being struck, hits the floor beforethe front wall or hits the tin) or "OUT" (the ball hits a wall on or above the out line).

RALLIES (Rule 8)

After a good service has been delivered the players hit the ball in turn until one fails to make agood return.

A rally consists of a service and a number of good returns. A player wins a rally if the opponentfails to make a good service or return of the ball or if, before the player has attempted to hit


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the ball, it touches the opponent (including racket or clothing) when the opponent is the non-striker.

NOTE: AT ANY TIME DURING A RALLY A PLAYER SHOULD NOT STRIKE THE BALL IF THERE IS ADANGER OF HITTING THE OPPONENT WITH THE BALL OR RACKET. IN SUCH CASES PLAY STOPSAND THE RALLY IS EITHER PLAYED AGAIN ("A LET") OR THE OPPONENT IS PENALISED.

HITTING AN OPPONENT WITH THE BALL (Rule 9)

If a player strikes the ball, which, before reaching the front wall, hits the opponent, or theopponents racket or clothing, play stops.

If the return would have been good and the ball would have struck the front wallwithout first touching any other wall, the striker wins the rally, provided the striker did not"turn".

If the ball either had struck, or would have struck, any other wall and the return wouldhave been good, a let is played. If the return would not have been good, the striker loses the rally.

TURNING (Rule 9)

If the striker has either followed the ball round, or allowed it to pass around him or her - ineither case striking the ball to the right of the body after the ball had passed to the left (orvice-versa) - then the striker has "TURNED".

If the opponent is struck by the ball after the striker has turned, the rally is awarded to theopponent.

If the striker, while turning, stops play for fear of striking the opponent, then a let is played.This is the recommended course of action in situations where a player wants to turn but isunsure of the opponents position.

FURTHER ATTEMPTS (Rule 10)

A player, after attempting to strike the ball and missing, may make a further attempt to return

the ball.

If a further attempt would have resulted in a good return, but the ball hits theopponent, a let is played.

If the return would not have been good, the striker loses the rally.


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INTERFERENCE (Rule 12)

When it is his or her turn to play the ball, a player is entitled to freedom from interference bythe opponent.

To avoid interference, the opponent must try to provide the player with unobstructed direct

access to the ball, a fair view of the ball, space to complete a swing at the ball and freedom toplay the ball directly to any part of the front wall.

A player, finding the opponent interfering with the play, can accept the interference and playon, or stop play. It is preferable to stop play if there is a possibility of colliding with theopponent, or of hitting him or her with racket or ball.

When play has stopped as a result of interference the general guidelines are:

The player is entitled to a let if he or she could have returned the ball and theopponent has made every effort to avoid the interference.

The player is not entitled to a let (i.e. loses the rally) if he or she could not havereturned the ball, or accepts the interference and plays on, or the interference was sominimal that the players access to and strike at the ball was not affected.

The player is entitled to a stroke (i.e. wins the rally) if the opponent did not makeevery effort to avoid the interference, or if the player would have hit a winning return, orif the player would have struck the opponent with the ball going directly to the front wall.

LETS (Rule 13)

A let is an undecided rally. The rally does not count and the server serves again from the samebox.

In addition to lets allowed as indicated in the paragraphs above, lets can be allowed in othercircumstances. For example, a let may be allowed if the ball in play touches any article lyingon the floor, or if the striker refrains from hitting the ball owing to a reasonable fear ofinjuring the opponent.

A let must be allowed if the receiver is not ready and does not attempt to return the service,or if the ball breaks during play.

CONTINUITY OF PLAY (Rule 7)

Play is expected to be continuous in each game once a player has started serving. There shouldbe no delay between the end of one rally and the start of the next one.

In between all games an interval of 90 seconds is permitted.

Players are permitted to change items of clothing or equipment if necessary.


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BLEEDING,INJURY AND ILLNESS (Rule 16)

If an injury occurs which involves bleeding, the bleeding must be stopped before the player cancontinue. A player is allowed a reasonable time to attend to a bleeding wound.

If the bleeding was caused solely by the opponents action, the injured player wins the match.

If the bleeding recurs no further delay is allowed, except that the player can concede a game,using the 90 second period between games to attend to the wound and stop the bleeding. Ifunable to stop it, the player must concede the match.

For an injury not involving bleeding, it must be decided whether the injury was either causedby the opponent or self inflicted or contributed to by both players.

If caused by the opponent, the injured player wins the match if any recovery time isneeded.

If self-inflicted, the injured player is allowed 3 minutes to recover and must then playon, or concede a game using the 90 second rest period between games to recover.

If contributed by both players, the injured player is allowed an hour to recover.A player who is ill must play on or can take a rest period by conceding a game and using the 90second interval to recover. Cramps, feeling sick and breathlessness (including asthma) areconsidered illnesses. If a player vomits on court, the opponent wins the match.

DUTIES OF PLAYERS (Rule 15)

Rule 15 provides guidelines for players. For example 15.6 states that deliberate distraction isnot allowed. Players should read this rule in full.

Some of the 8 sub-sections deal with situations related to matches under the control ofofficials (Referee/Marker). The use of officials is not covered in this abbreviated version.

CONDUCT ON COURT (Rule 17)

Offensive, disruptive or intimidating behaviour in squash is not acceptable.

Included in this category are: audible and visible obscenities, verbal and physical abuse,dissent, abuse of racket, court or ball, unnecessary physical contact, excessive racket swing,unfair warm-up, time-wasting, late back on court, deliberate or dangerous play or action andcoaching (except between games).

WORLD SQUASH SINGLES RULES 2001

NOTE


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The use of the word "shall" in the rules indicates compulsion and the lack of any alternative.The word "must" indicates a required course of action with considerations to be taken intoaccount if the action is not carried out. The word "may" indicates the option of carrying out ornot carrying out the action.

Words or terms in italics are used with a specific meaning as defined in Appendix 2.

1. THE GAME

The game of Singles Squash is played between two players, each using a racket,with a ball and in a court, all three of which meet WSF specifications (seeAppendix 5).

2. THE SCORING

2.1 Only the server scores points. The server, on winning a

rally, scores a point; the receiver, on winning a rally, becomesthe server.

2.2 A match shall consist of the best of three or five gamesat the option of the organisers of the competition. The playerwho scores nine points wins the game, except that on the scorereaching eight-all for the first time, the receiver shall choose,before the next service, to continue that game either to ninepoints (known as "Set one") or to ten points (known as "Settwo"). In the latter case the player who scores two more pointswins the game. The receiver shall clearly indicate this choiceto the Marker, Referee and the opponent.

The Marker shall call "Set one" or "Set two" as applicable beforeplay continues.

The Marker shall call "Game ball" to indicate that the serverrequires one point to win the game in progress or "Match ball"to indicate that the server requires one point to win the match.

3. THE WARM-UP (see definition in Appendix 2)

3.1 Immediately preceding the start of play both playersshall be allowed onto the court of play for a period of fiveminutes to warm-up together.

After two and a half minutes of the warm-up, the Referee shallcall "Half time" and the players shall change sides unless theyhave already done so. The Referee shall also advise the playerswhen the warm-up period is complete with the call of "Time".


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3.2 In the warm-up both players must have equalopportunities of striking the ball. A player retaining the strikefor an unreasonable time is warming up unfairly. The Refereeshall decide when the warm-up is unfair and apply Rule 17.

3.3 Either player may warm the ball up during any interval.

3.4 The players may warm the ball up to playing conditionafter any interval at the discretion of the Referee.

4. THE SERVICE

4.1 Play commences with a service and the spin of a racketdecides the right to serve first. Thereafter, the servercontinues to serve until losing a rally, whereupon the opponentbecomes the server and this procedure continues throughoutthe match. At the commencement of the second and eachsubsequent game the winner of the previous game serves first.

4.2 At the beginning of each game and each handtheserver shall choose from which box to serve and thereaftershall serve from alternate boxes while remaining the server.However, if a rally ends in a let, the server shall serve againfrom the same box.

If the server moves to the wrong box, or either player isuncertain of the correct box for serving, the Marker shallannounce the correct box. The Referee shall rule on thecorrect box if the Marker is uncertain or incorrect, or there is a

dispute.

4.3 To serve, a player shall release the ball from either ahand or the racket and then strike it. Should the player makeno attempt to strike it after that release, the player shallrelease the ball again for that service.

4.4 A service is good if all the conditions in Rules 4.4.1 - 4.4.5 are met:

4.4.1 the server has part of one foot incontact with the floor within the service boxwithout any part of that foot touching theservice box line (part of that foot may project

over this line if it does not touch the line) atthe time of striking the ball;

4.4.2 the server, after releasing the ball forservice, strikes it correctlyon the first orfurther attempt before the ball falls to thefloor, touches a wall, or touches anything theserver wears;


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4.4.3 the server strikes the ball directly ontothe front wall between the service and outlines;

4.4.4 unless volleyed by the receiver, thefirst bounce of the ball on the floor is in the

quarter court opposite the server's box withouttouching the short or half court lines;

4.4.5 the server does not serve the ball out.

4.5 A service which does not meet the requirements ofRules 4.4.1 - 4.4.5 is not good and the Marker shall make theappropriate call.

The calls are: "foot-fault" for Rule 4.4.1

"not up" for Rule 4.4.2

"fault"for Rule4.4.3 ifthe ballstrikes asidewallfirst orthefrontwall onorbelowtheserviceline butabovetheboard

"down"for Rule4.4.3 ifthe ballstrikeson orbelowtheboard oron thefloor

"fault" for Rule 4.4.4

"out" for Rule 4.4.5


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A service in which the ball is considered to have struck thefront wall and a side wall simultaneously is not good and iscalled "fault".

4.6 The server must not serve until the Marker hascompleted calling the score. The Marker must call the score

without delay. If the server serves or attempts to serve prior tothe Marker completing the calling of the score, the Refereeshall stop play and require the server to wait until the Markerhas completed calling the score.

5. THE PLAY

After the server delivers a good service, the players return the ball alternatelyuntil one fails to make a good return, the ball otherwise ceases to be in play inaccordance with the rules, a player appeals, or the Marker or Referee makes acall.

6. GOOD RETURN

A return is good if all the conditions in Rules 6.1 - 6.3 are met.

6.1 The striker returns the ball correctlybefore it hasbounced twice on the floor.

6.2 The ball strikes the front wall above the board, eitherdirectly or via side wall(s) and/or the back wall, without first

touching the floor or any part of the striker's body or apparel,or the opponent's racket, body or apparel.

6.3 The ball is not out.

7. CONTINUITY OF PLAY

After the server delivers the first service, play shall be continuous so far as ispractical. However,

7.1 at any time the Referee may suspend play owing to badlight or other circumstances beyond the control of the players

and officials, for such period as the Referee shall decide. Thescore shall stand. If another court is available and the originalcourt remains unsuitable for play, the Referee may transfer thematch to it.

7.2 There shall be a 90 second interval between the end ofthe warm-up and the commencement of the first game andbetween all games. Players may leave the court during these


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intervals but must be ready to play prior to the expiry of the 90second interval.

By mutual consent of the players, play may commence orresume prior to the expiry of the 90 second interval.

(G1) 7.3 If a player satisfies the Referee that a changeof equipment, clothing or footwear is necessary, the playermay leave the court to effect the change as quickly as possiblebut must do so within 90 seconds.

7.4 When 15 seconds of a permitted 90 second intervalremain the Referee shall call "Fifteen seconds" to advise theplayers to be ready to resume play. At the end of 90 secondsthe Referee shall call "Time".

It is the responsibility of the players to be in a position to hearthe calls of "Fifteen seconds" and "Time".

Should one or both players not be ready to resume play when"Time" is called, the Referee shall apply Rule 17.

7.5 If a player is injured, ill or disabled the Referee shallapply Rule 16.

(G2) 7.6 The Referee, on deciding that a player hasdelayed play unreasonably, shall apply Rule 17.

(G3) 7.7 If an object, other than a player's racket, fallsto the floor of the court while a rally is in progress therequirements are:

7.7.1 the Referee, on becoming aware of afallen object, shall stop play immediately;

7.7.2 a player becoming aware of a fallenobject may stop play and appeal.

7.7.3 If the object falls from a player, thatplayer shall lose the rally, unless Rule 7.7.5applies or the cause is a collision with theopponent. In the latter case the Referee shallallow a let, unless the player appeals for a letbecause of interference in which case the

Referee shall apply Rule 12.

7.7.4 If the object falls from a source otherthan a player, the Referee shall allow a letunless Rule 7.7.5 applies.

7.7.5 If the player has already made awinning return when the object falls to thefloor, that player shall win the rally.


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7.7.6 If a dropped object remains unnoticeduntil the end of the rally, the result of the rallyshall stand.

(G3) 7.8 If a player drops a racket, the Referee shallallow the rally to continue, unless interference occurred (Rule

12), the ball touched the racket (Rule 13.1.1), distractionoccurred (Rule 13.1.3), or the Referee applies a conductpenalty (Rule 17).

8. WINNING A RALLY

A player wins a rally if:

8.1 the opponent fails to deliver a good service (Rule 4.4);

8.2 the opponent fails to make a good return (Rule 6),unless the Referee allows a let or awards a stroke to theopponent;

(G4) 8.3 the ball touches the opponent (includinganything worn or carried), without interference, when theopponent is the non-striker, except as is otherwise provided for

in Rules 9 and 10. If interference occurs then the provisions ofRule 12 apply. In all cases the Referee shall make the decision;

8.4 the Referee awards a stroke to the player as providedfor in the Rules.

9. BALL HITTING THE OPPONENT AND A PLAYERTURNING

(G4) 9.1 If the striker hits the ball which, beforereaching the front wall, hits the opponent (including anything

worn or carried), play shall cease. The Referee, in addition toconsidering possible infringement of Rule 17, shall assess theballs trajectory and shall:

9.1.1 award a stroke to the striker if thereturn would have been good and the ballwould have struck the front wall without firsttouching any other wall, unless Rule 9.1.2 or9.1.3 applies;


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(G4 & G5) 9.1.2 if the strikerturned, award a stroke to the opponent, unlessthe opponent made a deliberate movement tointercept the return, in which case the Refereeshall award the stroke to the striker;

(G5) 9.1.3 if the strikers return isa further attempt, allow a let, provided thatRule 9.1.2 does not apply;

9.1.4 allow a let if the ball either had struckor would have struck any other wall before thefront wall and the return would have beengood, unless Rule 9.1.5 applies;

9.1.5 if deciding the return would have beena winning return, award a stroke to the striker;

9.1.6 award a stroke to the opponent if the return would not

have been good.

(G5) 9.2 If the striker turns:

9.2.1 the striker may, before striking theball, out of fear of hitting the opponent withthe ball, stop and appeal. The Referee shall:

9.2.1.1 allow a let, if decidingthat there was a reasonablefear of the ball hitting theopponent and the striker would

have been able to make a goodreturn unless Rule 9.2.3 appliesor

9.2.1.2 not allow a let, ifdeciding that the striker couldnot have made a good return.

9.2.2. The striker may, because ofinterference, stop play and appeal. TheReferee shall:

9.2.2.1 allow a let, if deciding

that the striker is unable tocomplete an attempt to playthe ball because ofinterference by the opponentor

9.2.2.2 award a stroke to thestriker, if deciding that theopponent did not make every


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effort to avoid the interferenceon turning, or

9.2.2.3 not allow a let, ifdeciding that the striker couldnot have made a good return

regardless of the interference.

9.2.3 The Referee shall not allow a let ifdeciding that the act of turning was to createthe opportunity to appeal rather than anattempt to return the ball.

10. FURTHER ATTEMPTS TO HIT THE BALL

If the striker attempts to strike the ball and misses, the striker may makefurther attempts.

10.1 If, after being missed, the ball touches the opponent(including anything worn or carried), the Referee shall:

10.1.1 allow a let, if deciding that the strikercould otherwise have made a good return, or

10.1.2 award a stroke to the opponent, ifdeciding that the striker could not have made agood return.

10.2 The Referee shall allow a let if any such further

attempt is successful but results in a good return beingprevented from reaching the front wall by hitting theopponent, including anything worn or carried.

10.3 The striker may, because of interference on thefurther attempt, stop play and appeal. The Referee shall:

10.3.1 allow a let, if the striker is unable tocomplete a further attempt to play the ballprovided a good return was possible; or

10.3.2 award a stroke to the striker, ifdeciding that the opponent did not make everyeffort to avoid the interference on the furtherattempt; or

10.3.3 not allow a let, if deciding that thefurther attempt would not have resulted in agood return.


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11. APPEALS

The loser of a rally may appeal against any decision of the Marker affectingthat rally.

A player should preface any appeal under Rule 11 by saying "Appeal please".

Play ceases when a player appeals. The Referee, if uncertain of the reason foran appeal, may ask the player for an explanation.

If the Referee disallows an appeal under Rule 11, the Marker's decision shallstand. If uncertain, the Referee shall allow a let, except where the provisionsof Rules 11.2.1, 11.5 or 11.6 apply.

Appeals and Referee interventions in specific situations are dealt with below(see also Rule 20.4).

11.1 Appeals on Service.

11.1.1 If the Marker makes a call of "Foot-fault", "Fault", "Not up", "Down" or "Out" to theservice, the server may appeal. If the Refereeupholds the appeal, the Referee shall allow alet.

11.1.2 If, after the service, the Marker makesno call, the receiver may appeal, eitherimmediately or at the end of the rally. TheReferee, if certain that the service was notgood, shall, without waiting for an appeal, stopplay and award a stroke to the opponent. Inresponse to an appeal the Referee shall:

11.1.2.1 ifcertain the service wasgood, award a stroke tothe server.

11.1.2.2 ifuncertain, allow a let.

11.2 Appeals on Play other than Service.

11.2.1 A player may appeal if the Marker calls"Not up", "Down" or "Out" following that player's

return. The Referee, if upholding the appeal oruncertain whether the Markers call wascorrect, shall:

11.2.1.1 allow alet, unless Rule11.2.1.2 or 11.2.1.3apply;


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11.2.1.2 awarda stroke to the player,if the Marker's callinterrupted thatplayer's winning return;

11.2.1.3 awarda stroke to theopponent, if theMarker's call hasinterrupted orprevented a winningreturn by theopponent.

11.2.2 If the Marker fails to call "Not up","Down" or "Out" following a player's return, theopponent may appeal either immediately or atthe end of the rally. The Referee, if certain

that the return was not good, shall, withoutwaiting for an appeal, stop play and award astroke to the opponent. In response to anappeal the Referee shall:

11.2.2.1 ifdeciding the return wasgood, award a stroke tothe player;

11.2.2.2 ifuncertain, allow a let.

11.3 After the delivery of a service neither player mayappeal for anything which occurred before that service, exceptas Rule 14.3 provides.

11.4 When the loser makes more than one appealconcerning a rally, the Referee shall consider each appeal.

11.5 If a player appeals the Marker's call of "Footfault","Fault", "Not up", "Down" or "Out" to a service but that sameservice subsequently is clearly a fault, not up, down or out, theReferee shall rule only on the subsequent occurrence.

11.6 If a player appeals the Marker's call of "Not up", "Down"or "Out" to a return but that same return subsequently isclearly down or out, the Referee shall rule only on thesubsequent occurrence.

12. INTERFERENCE


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12.1 The player whose turn it is to play the ball is entitledto freedom from interference by the opponent.

12.2 To avoid interference the opponent must make every effort to provide the player with:

(G6) 12.2.1 unobstructed direct

access to the ball after completion of areasonable follow-through;

12.2.2 a fair view of the ball on its rebound from the frontwall;

(G7) 12.2.3 freedom to hit the ball with a reasonable swing;

12.2.4 freedom to play the ball directly to any part of thefront wall.

12.3 Interference occurs if the opponent fails to fulfil any of

the requirements of Rule 12.2, even though the opponentmakes every effort to fulfil those requirements.

12.4 A players excessive swing can contribute tointerference for the opponent when it becomes the latter's turnto play the ball.

12.5 A player encountering possible interference has thechoice of continuing to play or of stopping and appealing to theReferee.

(G8) 12.5.1 A player seeking a let or a stroke should appeal bysaying "Let please".

(G9, G10) 12.5.2 Only the player whoseturn it is to play the ball may appeal. Theplayer must appeal either immediately theinterference occurs or, when clearly notcontinuing play beyond the point ofinterference, without undue delay.

12.6 The Referee shall decide on the appeal and shallannounce the decision with the words "No let", "Stroke to(name of player or team)", or "Yes let" (see flowchart inAppendix 4.1). The Referee alone makes all decisions, whichare final. The Referee, if uncertain of the reason for an appeal,

may ask the player for an explanation.

12.7 The Referee shall not allow a let and the player shall lose the rally if the Refereedecides:

(G6) 12.7.1 there was nointerference or the interference was sominimal that the players fair view of the ball


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and freedom to get to and play the ball werenot affected;

(G6) 12.7.2 interference occurredbut either the player would not have made agood return or the player has not made every

effort to get to and play the ball;

12.7.3 the player moved past the point ofinterference and played on;

(G11) 12.7.4 the player created the interference in moving to theball.

12.8 The Referee shall award a stroke to the player if:

12.8.1 there was interference, which theopponent did not make every effort to avoid,and the player would have made a good return;

(G7) 12.8.2 there wasinterference, which the opponent made everyeffort to avoid, but the opponents positionprevented the players reasonable swing andthe player would have been able to make agood return;

(G7) 12.8.3 there wasinterference, which the opponent made everyeffort to avoid, and the player would havemade a winning return;

12.8.4 the player refrained from hitting theball which, if hit, would clearly have struck theopponent going directly to the front wall; or toa side wall but in the latter case would havebeen a winning return (unless in either caseturning or further attempt applies).

12.9 The Referee shall allow a let if there was interference,which the opponent made every effort to avoid, and the playerwould have made a good return.

12.10 The Referee shall not award a stroke to a player who

causes interference with an excessive swing.

12.11 The Referee may allow a let under Rule 12.9 or awarda stroke under Rule 12.8 without an appeal, if necessarystopping play to do so.

12.12 The Referee may also apply Rule 17 when interferenceoccurs. The Referee shall, stopping play if it has not alreadystopped, apply an appropriate penalty if:


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(G12) 12.12.1 the player madesignificant or deliberate physical contact withthe opponent;

12.12.2 the player endangered the opponentwith an excessive swing.

13. LETS

In addition to lets allowed under other rules, the Referee may or shall allowlets in certain other cases. A player should request a let by saying "Let please".The Referee, if uncertain of the reason for an appeal, may ask the player foran explanation.

13.1 The Referee may allow a let if:

13.1.1 the ball in play touches any articlelying on the floor (see Rule 15.3);

(G7) 13.1.2 the striker refrainsfrom hitting the ball onto any of the wallsincluding the back wall owing to a reasonablefear of injuring the opponent;

13.1.3 the Referee determines that anoccurrence on or off the court distracted eitherplayer. A player appealing for distraction mustdo so immediately the distraction occurs.Notwithstanding the above the Referee may

award a stroke to a player who has beendistracted if that player could have played awinning return but for the distraction;

13.1.4 the Referee determines that a changein court conditions affected the result of therally.

13.2 The Referee shall allow a let if:

13.2.1 the receiver is not ready and does notattempt to return the service;

13.2.2 the ball breaks during play;

13.2.3 the Referee is unable to decide anappeal;

13.2.4 a player makes an otherwise goodreturn but either the ball lodges in any part ofthe playing surface of the court, preventing it


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from bouncing more than once on the floor, orthe ball goes out after its first bounce.

13.3 If the striker appeals for a let under Rules 13.1.1 to13.1.4, the Referee shall allow a let only if the striker canmake a good return. For a non-striker appeal under Rules

13.1.1, 13.1.3 and 13.1.4 this is not a requirement.

13.4 If the striker attempts to play the ball, the Refereemay still allow a let under Rules 13.1.1, 13.1.3, 13.1.4 and13.2.2.

13.5 The appeals requirements of Rule 13 are:

13.5.1 a players appeal is necessary for theReferee to allow a let under Rules 13.1.2(striker only), 13.1.3, 13.2.1 (receiver only)and 13.2.3;

13.5.2 a players appeal or Refereeintervention without appeal is applicable toRules 13.1.1, 13.1.4, 13.2.2 and 13.2.4.

14. THE BALL

14.1 At any time, when the ball is not in actual play, eitherplayer or the Referee may examine the ball. The Referee maysubstitute another ball by mutual consent of the players, or onappeal by either player.

14.2 If a ball breaks during play, the Referee, afterconfirming it is broken, shall replace it promptly with anotherball.

14.3 If the ball breaks during play without being noticedduring the rally, the Referee shall allow a let for the rally inwhich the ball broke, if the server appeals prior to the nextservice or if the receiver appeals prior to attempting to returnthat service.

(G13) 14.3.1 If the receiver appealsprior to attempting to return service and the

Referee decides the ball broke during thatservice, the Referee shall allow a let for thatrally only, but if uncertain shall allow a let forthe previous rally.

14.4 The provisions of Rule 14.3 do not apply to the finalrally of a game. In that case a player must appeal immediatelyafter the rally.


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14.5 If a player stops during a rally to appeal that the ball isbroken, only to find subsequently that the ball is not broken,then that player shall lose the rally.

14.6 The ball shall remain within the court at all times,unless the Referee permits its removal.

14.7 When the Referee has substituted another ball or whenthe players resume a match after some delay, the Referee shallallow the players to warm the ball to playing condition. Playshall then resume on the direction of the Referee, or by mutualconsent of the players, whichever is earlier.

15. DUTIES OF THE PLAYERS

15.1 The players must observe all the Rules and the spirit ofthe game. Failure to do so could bring the game into disreputeand Rule 17 may be applied.

15.2 Players must be ready to commence play at theannounced starting time of the match.

15.3 Players are not permitted to place within the court anyobject(s), clothing or equipment.

15.4 Players are not permitted to leave the court during agame without the permission of the Referee. If they do theReferee may apply Rule 17.

15.5 Players are not permitted to request a change ofMarker or Referee.

15.6 A player must not deliberately distract the opponent.If this occurs the Referee shall apply Rule 17.

15.7 Players should preface appeals by saying "Let please" or"Appeal please" according to the circumstances. Pointing withthe finger or racket, other gestures, raised eyebrows or othereye activity are not universally recognised methods of appeal.

15.8 Players must comply with any additional competitionregulations (e.g. the clothing requirements of the tournament),as well as those contained in the Rules.

(G14) 16. BLEEDING, ILLNESS, DISABILITY AND INJURY (see flowchart in Appendix 4.2)

16.1 Bleeding: The Referee shall immediately stop playwhen any player has visible bleeding, an open wound or blood-


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stained clothing. Before allowing play to continue the Refereeshall require that the bleeding be stopped, the wound coveredand any blood-stained clothing changed, allowing such time asis reasonable and necessary and is available on the tournamentschedule.

If the bleeding was caused solely by the opponent, the Refereeshall immediately award the match to the player.

16.1.1 Recurrence of bleeding: If the bleedingrecurs, for which recovery time has alreadybeen allowed, the Referee shall allow nofurther recovery time except that the playermay concede the game in progress and use the90 second interval between games forrecovery. If the visible bleeding continues atthe end of this 90 second interval the playershall concede the match. A player may onlyconcede one game for one 90 second interval.

If the covering of the bleeding woundfalls off or is removed during the match,thereby exposing the wound, the Referee shallconsider this to be a recurrence of thebleeding, unless all sign of bleeding has ceased.

16.2 Illness or Disability: A player suffering illness ordisability not involving bleeding has the following options:

16.2.1 resuming play without delay;

16.2.2 conceding the game in progress, accepting the 90second interval, or

16.2.3 conceding the match.

Symptoms of tiredness, alleged illness, or disability notreasonably evident to the Referee, or recurrence of pre-existing ailments, including injuries sustained earlier in thematch, shall be dealt with under this Rule 16.2. This includescramps of any kind, actual or impending nausea andbreathlessness, including asthma. The Referee shall inform theplayers of the decision and the requirements of the rules.

16.3 Injury:

16.3.1 If a player claims that an injury hasoccurred, the Referee must be satisfied thatthe injury is genuine and, if so, decide thecategory of injury, informing the players of thedecision and of the requirements of the rules.The player is only entitled to recovery timeimmediately after the injury occurred.


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The categories are:

16.3.1.1 self-inflicted,where the opponent did notcontribute to the injury;

16.3.1.2 contributed,where the opponentaccidentally contributed to oraccidentally caused the injury.The Referee shall not interpretthe words "accidentallycontributed to or accidentallycaused by" to include thesituation where a player iscrowding the opponent;

16.3.1.3 opponent-inflicted, where the opponent

solely caused the injury.

16.3.2 If the injury involves bleeding, Rule16.1 shall apply until the bleeding has stopped.Subsequently Rule 16.3.3 applies.

16.3.3 If bleeding is not involved the following rules shallapply:

16.3.3.1 for a self-inflicted injury (Rule 16.3.1.1)the Referee shall allow 3minutes for the injured playerto recover. The Referee shallcall "Time" at the end of the 3minute period after giving a 15second warning. If the playerrequests additional recoverytime beyond 3 minutes, theReferee shall require theinjured player to concede onegame, accept the 90 secondtime interval between gamesand then resume play orconcede the match. If theinjured player has not returned

to the court when "Time" iscalled, the Referee shall awardthe match to the opponent;

16.3.3.2 for acontributed injury (Rule16.3.1.2) the Referee shallallow one hour for the injuredplayer to recover and such


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additional time as the time-schedule of the competitionpermits. The Referee shall call"Time" at the end of anyrecovery time allowed. Theinjured player must, by the end

of this period, resume play orconcede the match. If theinjured player resumes play,the score at the conclusion ofthe rally in which the injuryoccurred shall stand;

16.3.3.3 for anopponent-inflicted injury (Rule16.3.1.3) the Referee shallapply Rule 17 and if the injuredplayer requires time torecover, the Referee shall

award the match to the injuredplayer.

16.4 If an injured player, having been granted a period ofrecovery time, wishes to resume play prior to the expiry of thattime, the Referee shall permit the opponent sufficient time toprepare to resume play.

16.5 If a player claims injury and the Referee is not satisfiedthat an injury has occurred, the Referee shall require theplayer to resume play; or concede one game, accept the timeinterval available and then either resume play or concede thematch.

16.6 If conceding the game, the player shall retain anypoints already scored and at the conclusion of the 90 secondinterval between games shall either resume play or concedethe match.

17. CONDUCT ON COURT

17.1 If the Referee considers that a players behaviour isdisruptive, intimidating or offensive to the opponent, anofficial or a spectator, or could in any way bring the game intodisrepute, the Referee shall penalise the player.

(G15) 17.2 Offences with which the Referee shall dealunder this rule include audible and visible obscenities, verbaland physical abuse, dissent to Marker or Referee, abuse ofracket, ball or court and coaching, other than during theinterval between games. Other offences include significant or


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deliberate physical contact (Rule 12.12.1), excessive racketswing (Rule 12.4), unfair warm-up (Rule 3.2), late back oncourt (Rule 7.4), dangerous play or action (Rule 16.3.1.3) andtime-wasting (Rule 7.6).

(G16) 17.3 The Referee shall apply one of the following

penalties for these and any other offences.

Warning (called a Conduct Warning).

Stroke awarded to opponent (called a ConductStroke).

Game awarded to opponent (called a ConductGame).

Match awarded to opponent (called a ConductMatch).

17.3.1 If the Referee stops play to give aConduct Warning, the Referee shall allow a let.

17.3.2 During a rally, if an incident occurswarranting the award of a Conduct Stroke, theReferee shall stop play, if it has not alreadyceased, and award a stroke. Application of theConduct Stroke becomes the result of the rally.

17.3.3 If the Referee awards a Conduct Strokeas a result of an incident between rallies, theresult of the completed rally stands and the

Conduct Stroke award is additional to the scorebut without further change of service box.

17.3.4 If the Referee awards a Conduct Game,that game shall be the one in progress or thenext game if one is not in progress. In thelatter case the interval between games shallnot apply. The offending player shall retain anypoints already scored in the game awarded.

18. CONTROL OF A MATCH

(G17) 18.1 A Referee, assisted by a Marker, normallycontrols a match. Although the Referee may undertake theduties of the Marker as well, the WSF recommends thatseparate officials carry out the two roles.

18.2 The correct location for the Referee and Marker is atthe centre of the back wall, as close to that wall as possible,


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above the out line on the back wall and preferably withseating.

19. DUTIES OF A MARKER

(G18) 19.1 The Marker shall call the play, followed by thescore, with the server's score called first. The Marker shall callservices and returns which are not good using the recognisedcalls of "Fault", "Foot-fault", "Not up", "Down", "Out", "Hand-out"and "Stop" (see Appendix 3.1) as appropriate and shall repeatthe Referee's decisions.

19.2 At the end of the rally the Marker shall call the scorewithout delay and after the Referee has decided any appeals.

19.3 If the Marker makes a call, the rally shall cease.

19.4 The Marker, if unsighted or uncertain, shall make nocall.

19.5 If play ceases without the Marker having made a call,the Marker, if unsighted or uncertain, shall advise the playersand the Referee shall make the relevant decision. If alsouncertain, the Referee shall allow a let.

19.6 The Marker shall keep a written record of the scoreand the correct side for service.

(G19) 20. DUTIES OF A REFEREE

20.1 The Referee shall rule on all appeals, make decisionswhere the Rules call for them and shall decide all appealsagainst the Marker's calls or lack of calls. The decision of theReferee shall be final.

The Referee must announce all decisions to the players on thecourt and must make all calls in a voice loud enough to beheard on the court and in the gallery.

20.2 The Referee shall exercise control:

20.2.1 when one of the players appeals,including an appeal against any specification;

20.2.2 to ensure that all relevant rules areapplied correctly;


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20.2.3 when the behaviour of any spectator,official, manager or coach is disruptive to theplay or offensive to the players, officials orspectators. The Referee shall suspend play untilthe disruption has ceased and, if necessary,shall require the offending person(s) to leave

the court area.

20.3 The Referee shall not intervene in the Marker's callingof the score unless the Referee decides that the Marker hascalled the score incorrectly. In that case the Referee shallcorrect the score and the Marker shall repeat the correctedscore.

The Referee shall not intervene in the Marker's calling of the play unless theReferee decides that the Marker has made an error in stopping play or allowingplay to continue, in which case the Referee shall immediately rule accordingly.

20.5 The Referee shall enforce all Rules relating to time.

20.6 The Referee shall keep a written record of the scoreand the correct side for service.

20.7 The Referee is responsible for ensuring that courtconditions are satisfactory for play.

20.8 The Referee may award a match to a player whoseopponent is not present on court, ready to play, within tenminutes after the announced time of play.

APPENDIXES

APPENDIX 1 - GUIDELINES ON RULES INTERPRETATIONS

Guideline numbers are referenced in the rules

INTRODUCTION

The over-riding principle governing the Rules of Squash and their interpretation is to allow afair result to each match. This requires that the Referee implement the rules fairly for bothplayers throughout the match.

The Guidelines should be read in conjunction with the Rules and have been approved by theWorld Squash Federation.


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G1. CHANGE OF EQUIPMENT

In order to prevent one player from gaining an unfair rest interval through achange of equipment, the Referee, before allowing a player to leave the courtto make the change, shall be satisfied that there has indeed been a materialdeterioration of the equipment.

The preference for another racket, or a different pair of shoes where nophysical deterioration is evident, is not sufficient reason for the player tochange that equipment. The player may leave the court to effect the change asquickly as possible and must do so within 90 seconds.

If a player's glasses break or a player loses a contact lens, that player ispermitted 90 seconds, after which the player must resume play.

If a player is unable to resume play because of lack of alternative equipment,the Referee shall award the match to the opponent.

G2. TIME-WASTING

Time-wasting is an attempt by one player to gain an unfair advantage over theopponent. Prolonged discussion with the Referee and slow preparation to serveor receive service are examples. The Referee shall apply Rule 17 when thisoccurs.

While excessive ball-bouncing prior to service is time-wasting, it does notconstitute serving the hand out.

Players should be aware that during the 90 second intervals, the Referee's callof "Fifteen seconds" is advice for them to return to court. A player who is notready to resume play on the call of "Time" is gaining an unfair advantage and

the Referee shall apply Rule 17.

G3. FALLEN OBJECT

Rule 7.7 makes it clear that, if any object falls (or is thrown) to the floor of thecourt, play must cease. Since an injury may occur if a player treads on anyobject of significant size or texture, the Referee or Marker shall halt play withthe word "Stop", or the player(s) may stop and appeal. If the fallen object isunnoticed by players and Officials until the end of the rally and the Refereejudges there has been no effect on the outcome of the rally, the result of therally shall stand (Rule 7.7.6).

Players are responsible for retaining their equipment. As a general rule, aplayer who drops or throws a piece of equipment will lose a stroke. Exceptionsare equipment falling as a result of a collision when the Referee may allow alet or award a stroke depending on whether the player has hit a winningreturn. If the collision results in an appeal for interference, Rule 12 will takeprecedence.


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If a player drops a racket without colliding with the opponent, the Refereeshall allow the rally to continue under most circumstances. It is considered thatthe player is already at a significant disadvantage, as the player must pick upthe racket to remain in the rally.

The Referee shall deal with a players deliberate dropping or throwing of an

object to the floor of the court under Rule 17.

G4. PLAYER HIT BY THE BALL INCLUDING TURNING AND FURTHER ATTEMPT

If the ball hits the non-striker the Referee shall make a decision in all cases andthe Marker's call is not required until after the Referee has made this decision.

If the ball, coming from the front wall, hits the non-striker withoutinterference occurring, the non-striker loses a stroke unless further attemptapplies (Rule 10). The definition of "Attempt" makes it clear that even a fakeswing of the racket or feint at the ball is an attempt, but racket preparationcomprising only backswing with no racket movement towards the ball is not anattempt.

Rules 9 and 10 cover the various situations in which the ball going to the frontwall hits the non-striker.

If the ball hits the striker (without interference) the striker loses the rally andthe Marker shall call "Not up", because the striker has not struck the ballcorrectly. The Referee need not make a decision unless the Marker fails tomake a call.

When the ball strikes either player and interference occurred, the Refereeshall apply Rule 12.

In deciding to play the ball on turning, a player must ensure that the returnwill not hit the opponent. If the player does hit the opponent with the ballafter turning, the Referee shall award a stroke to the opponent, unless theopponent made a deliberate movement to prevent a good return reaching thefront wall, in which case the Referee shall award a stroke to the striker.

G5. INTERFERENCE ON TURNING OR A FURTHER ATTEMPT

When a player turns or makes a further attempt to play the ball, the opponentstill has an obligation to make every effort to provide the player with freedomto sight the ball and to get to and play the ball as provided for in Rule 12.

However, the act of turning or of recovering for a further attempt is often soquick that the opponent does not have a reasonable opportunity to clear beforethe interference occurs. In such cases, the Referee shall allow a let.Conversely, if the opponent had ample time to clear but made no effort to doso, or deliberately moved thereby creating the interference, the Referee shallaward a stroke to the player.

When a player shapes to play the ball on one side and then brings the racketacross the body to take the ball on the other side, it is neither turning nor


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making a further attempt and, if interference occurs, Rule 12 applies. Thisposition frequently occurs after the ball has hit the side wall and the front wallsimultaneously and then rebounds into the middle of the court.

G6. MAKING EVERY EFFORT AND MINIMAL INTERFERENCE

The opponent must make every effort to clear the ball after playing a return.The opponents route should allow the player unobstructed direct access to theball, provided the player has not moved in to play the ball so quickly as toblock the opponents exit. In the latter case the Referee shall allow a let,unless the player could not have made a good return, in which case theReferee shall not allow a let.

However, it is equally important for the player to make every effort to get toand play the ball. If the player does not make every effort to get to and playthe ball, that is a significant factor in the Referee's assessment of whether ornot that player could have reached the ball and made a good return.

The Referee shall decide the degree of effort that the player should make todemonstrate "making every effort". This does not give the player the right toabuse the opponent physically and the Referee shall penalise significant ordeliberate physical contact under Rule 12 or Rule 17.

When a player appeals for a let, having encountered some interference, theReferee, when deciding that the interference had no effect on that playerssighting of the ball and freedom to get to and play the ball, shall not allow alet. This is minimal interference and includes situations in which: the opponentcrossed the flight of the ball very early in its trajectory from the front wall butstill allowed the player time to sight the ball; the player brushed past theopponent on the way to the ball without affecting the players direct access;and the racket swing brushed the opponent, the opponents clothing or racketwithout affecting the rackets swing.

However, when interference has occurred, the Referee shall not refuse a let insituations in which the player was clearly making every effort (albeit short ofphysical contact with the opponent) to get to and play the ball and haddemonstrated to the Referee the ability to reach the ball.

G7. INTERFERENCE WITH THE STRIKERS SWING AND REASONABLE FEAROF HITTING THE OPPONENT

Rule 12.2.3 allows the striker "freedom to hit the ball with a reasonable swing".If the striker stops play because of the opponent not granting this freedom andappeals, the Referee shall consider following options:

1. If the opponent is too close and has prevented thestrikers reasonable swing and is hit or would have been hitwith the racket, the Referee shall award a stroke to thestriker.


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If the striker stops play as a result of slight racket contact with the opponent, whois making every effort to clear, the Referee shall allow a let. This is differentfrom the minimal interference described in G6. The amount of contact must besufficient to affect the players swing, but insufficient to prevent it.

If the striker stops play for fear of hitting the opponent and the opponent, though

close to, does not prevent the strikers reasonable swing, the Referee shallallow a let under rule 13.1.2 - reasonable fear of injury. As long as theopponent does not prevent a reasonable swing, a let is the appropriatedecision.

If the striker stops play for fear of hitting the opponent and the opponent is wellclear of the reasonable swing, the Referee shall not allow a let, as the strikerhas judged the opponents position incorrectly.

G8. METHOD OF APPEAL

The correct method of appeal when interference or Rule 13 instances haveoccurred is to say "Let please" and for other occurrences under Rule 11 is to say"Appeal please".

Players sometimes use other forms of appeal including a raised hand or racket,especially when communication between players and Referee is difficult. AReferee accepting any form of appeal other than the standard "Let please" or"Appeal please" must be satisfied that the player is actually making an appeal.

G9. TIMING OF APPEALS

The timing of an appeal on interference is important.

In the case of an appeal concerning fair view and freedom to hit the balldirectly to the front wall (commonly known as "crossing the flight"), theReferee shall consider the situation at the time the player could have hit theball.

In the case of interference on backswing, the appeal must be immediate andbefore the player makes any attempt to play the ball. Any attempt to hit theball after backswing interference has occurred indicates that the striker hasaccepted the interference and thus forfeits the right of appeal.

If there is interference in the act of playing the ball, which includes areasonable backswing, hit and reasonable follow-through, an appeal isjustified. The Referee shall consider whether the opponent was crowding andnot allowing freedom to play the ball in deciding whether to allow a let or toaward a stroke.

If a player appeals for not being ready to receive service, the Referee shallallow a let, unless deciding the player delayed play unnecessarily. In the lattercase the Referee could apply Rule 17.


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G10. EARLY APPEAL

If a player makes an appeal for interference before the result of theopponents return is known, this is regarded as an early appeal. If a playermakes an early appeal and the opponents return subsequently goes down orout, the Referee shall allow the result of the rally to stand, the player winningthe rally.

When the opponent appeals for a let for interference before the player hascompleted a reasonable follow through, this is also regarded as an earlyappeal. In this case the opponent has no right of appeal and the Referee shallnot award a let.

G11. CREATED INTERFERENCE

At all times an opponent must allow the player unobstructed direct access toplay the ball.

However, sometimes the situation arises in which the opponent has caused nointerference (i.e. the opponent has clearly provided the required direct access)but the player takes an indirect route to the ball which takes the playertowards, or very close to, the opponent's position. The player then appeals fora let because of being "obstructed" in access to the ball.

If there is no genuine reason for this indirect route, the player has created the

interference where none otherwise existed and, if the player appeals, theReferee shall not allow a let. Whether the player could make a good return isnot a consideration - in order to remain in the rally the player must get to andplay the ball.

This is different from two situations in which a player, in attempting to recoverfrom a position of disadvantage, does not have direct access to the ball. In thefirst situation the player is "wrong-footed" and anticipates the opponent hittingthe ball one way, starts moving that way, but having guessed wrongly, changesdirection to find the opponent in the way. In this situation the Referee shallallow the player a let on appeal if the recovery is sufficient to demonstrate theplayer would have made a good return. In fact, if the opponent prevents theincoming player from playing a winning return, the Referee shall award a

stroke to that player.

Secondly, if a player plays a poor return that gives the opponent a position ofadvantage, the Referee shall allow the player a let only if, in taking the directline to the ball for the next return, the Referee determines that, but for theinterference, that player would have been able to get to and play the ball.


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G12. SIGNIFICANT OR DELIBERATE PHYSICAL CONTACT

Significant or deliberate physical contact is both detrimental to the game andpotentially dangerous. In blatant cases the Referee shall stop the rally andaward the appropriate penalty. Where the player "pushes off" the opponent andthis has no significant effect on the opponent, the Referee shall allow the rally

to continue and give a warning to that player at the end of the rally. Wherethere is a significant effect, the Referee shall stop play and apply Rule 17.

G13. BROKEN BALL

When the receiver, without attempting to return the service, appeals that theball is broken, the Referee will normally allow a let for that rally. However, ifthe Referee considers that the ball broke in the previous rally, the Refereeshall allow a let for the previous rally. This also applies if the service is notgood.

G14. BLEEDING, ILLNESS, DISABILITY or INJURY

1. If a player has visible bleeding, the Referee shallrequire the player to leave the court immediately. The Refereeshall not permit play to resume while the bleeding is visible.The Referee shall permit recovery time for bleeding accordingto Rule 16.1. A player, unable to stop bleeding within the totaltime the Referee permits, shall either concede one game togain a further 90 seconds and then continue play withoutbleeding, or concede the match.

If a player's clothing has become blood-stained as a result ofthe injury, the player shall change that clothing beforeresuming play.

If the bleeding recurs after recovery time has been allowed,the Referee shall allow no further recovery time, except thatthe player may concede the game in progress and use theinterval between games to recover.

2. A player suffering illness or disability on court has theoption, except where blood is visible, of completing the gamein progress or of conceding that game or the match.

A player who does not wish to concede the match, but whorequires recovery time or who needs to leave the court, shallconcede the game. After informing the Referee, the playershall take the 90 second interval between games for recovery,then be ready to play; or concede the match. The player mayconcede only one game.


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If a player vomits or otherwise makes the court unplayable, theReferee shall award the match to the opponent, irrespective ofwhether the sick player is able to resume play (Rule 17.). TheReferee's decision with regard to court conditions is final.

In the case of symptoms of tiredness, alleged injuries not

reasonably evident to the Referee or pre-existing ailments, theReferee shall not permit recovery time (except that theReferee shall allow the player concerned the option ofconceding one game to take the 90 second interval betweengames and then resume play). Included in this category arecramps, whether abdominal pains or muscle cramps, actual orimpending nausea and breathlessness including asthmaticconditions.

3. If a player is injured the Referee, after confirming thatthe injury is genuine, shall advise the players of therequirements of the Rules, inform the players of the categoryof the injury and shall ascertain the player's intentions

regarding a resumption of play.

When a player suffers a self-inflicted injury, i.e. an injurywhich clearly does not involve the opponent as described inRule 16.3.1.1, the Referee shall allow the recovery timepermitted in Rule 16.3.3.1. Such an injury could be the resultof a blow, especially to the face or head, as a result of theplayer colliding with the walls or floor, or a possible muscletear or sprained joint causing the player to stop suddenly.

It is the responsibility of the injured player to be back at thecourt when the Referee calls "Time", either to resume play, orto request an extension of recovery time, if required, in the

case of an injury which is still bleeding. If the player is notpresent when "Time" is called the Referee shall award thematch to the opponent.

The player shall make the decision to resume play. TheReferee's role is to decide whether an injury exists, to applyand monitor time-intervals and to apply the Rules when thetotal allocated recovery time has elapsed.

G15. COACHING

Coaching of players is permitted only during the interval between games.Coaching does not include brief comments of encouragement between ralliesthat clearly have no effect on the continuity of play. The Referee shall decidewhether comments are permissible encouragement or improper coaching.

The use of external communication aids is prohibited.


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The Referee may penalise coaching in any form during play by applying Rule 17to the player being coached.

G16. PROGRESSION OF PENALTIES

The penalties available to the Referee under Rule 17 are:

Warning (called a Conduct Warning).

Stroke awarded to opponent (called a Conduct Stroke).

Game awarded to opponent (called a Conduct Game).

Match awarded to opponent (called a Conduct Match).

The guidelines for applying the penalties are as follows:

When the Referee imposes the first penalty for a particular offence, it shouldbe a warning, stroke, game or match depending on the seriousness of theoffence. However, any subsequent penalty for the same type of offence for thesame player should not be less severe than the previous penalty for thatoffence. Thus the Referee may award more than one warning or stroke for thesame type of offence if the Referee decides that the offence does not warranta more severe penalty.

When issuing penalties the Referee shall use the following terminology:

Conduct warning (player or team's name) for (Offence).

Conduct stroke (player or team's name) for (Offence), stroke to (opponentor opposing team's name).

Conduct game (player or team's name) for (Offence), game to (opponentor opposing team's name).

Conduct match (player or team's name) for (Offence), match to (opponentor opposing team's name).

The Marker shall repeat only that part of the Referee's decision that affects thescore.

G17. SINGLE OFFICIAL

If it is not possible to have two Officials for a match, a single Official acts asMarker and Referee. The Official calls the play and the score as Marker andanswers appeals as Referee.


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When there is a single Official, the decisions which the Referee normally makesdirectly - such as when the ball strikes a player or answering appeals underRule 12 - present no problems. However, there are limitations in the appealsprocess related to the Markers decisions. Specifically a Marker making anaffirmative call (e.g. "Out") is unlikely, as Referee, to reverse that decision onappeal. On the other hand, in the event of the Markers failure to call (e.g. a

suspected service fault) an appeal may be worthwhile because the Referee'sresponse shall be either "Good" or "Uncertain". In the latter case the Refereeshall allow a let.

G18. MARKER'S GUIDELINES

The Marker shall call services and returns that are not good as soon as theyoccur using the appropriate call, thereby stopping the rally.

The correct order of calls is:

1. Anything affecting the score.

2. The score with the server's score always called first.

3. Comments on the score:

Examples are:

"Not up, hand-out, 4-3."

"Down, 8-all, set one, game ball."

"Out, 8-all, set two."

"Yes let, 3-4."

"No let, hand-out, 5-7."

"Stroke to Jones, 8-2, match ball."

"Foot fault, hand-out, love-all."

"Fault" (appeal by server, Referee uncertain). "Yes let, 8-3,game ball."

Match introduction:

"Smith serving, Jones receiving, best of 5 games, love-all."

End of a game:

"9-7, game to Smith. Smith leads one game to love."


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"10-9, game to Smith. Smith leads two games to love."

"9-3, game to Jones. Smith leads two games to one."

"9-4, game to Jones, two games all."

"10-8, match to Smith, 9-7, 10-9, 3-9, 4-9, 10-8."

Start of subsequent game:

"Smith leads one game to love, love-all."

"Smith leads two games to one, Jones to serve, Love-all"

"Two games all, Smith to serve, love-all."

After award of Conduct penalty:

"Stroke to Smith, 7-2".

"9-7, game to Jones, two games all".

G19. REFEREES GUIDELINES

Addressing the players:Officials should use the players

surname/family name, ratherthan the given name, whenaddressing players. Thiseliminates any appearance offamiliarity that players orspectators could interpret asfavouritism.

Documents

Rules of World Singles Squash 2001