Russia!

A Brief History and Political Examination

Just a Bit of Just a Bit of Background….Background…. Russia is about 1.8 times the size of United States, about 17 million Russia is about 1.8 times the size of United States, about 17 million

square milessquare miles The capital city is MoscowThe capital city is Moscow Russia’s 141.9 million citizens descend from more than 100 ethnic Russia’s 141.9 million citizens descend from more than 100 ethnic

groups. Russian is the official language of Russia and is one of the groups. Russian is the official language of Russia and is one of the six official languages of the United Nations.six official languages of the United Nations.

Natural resources: Petroleum, natural gas, timber, furs, precious Natural resources: Petroleum, natural gas, timber, furs, precious and nonferrous metals.and nonferrous metals.

Education (total pop.): Education (total pop.): LiteracyLiteracy--99.4%.--99.4%.Health: Health: Life expectancy Life expectancy (2007 est.)--67.5 average; 61.4 yrs. men, (2007 est.)--67.5 average; 61.4 yrs. men, 73.9 yrs. women.73.9 yrs. women.

Industry: Industry: TypesTypes--Complete range of manufactures: automobiles, --Complete range of manufactures: automobiles, trucks, trains, agricultural equipment, advanced aircraft, aerospace, trucks, trains, agricultural equipment, advanced aircraft, aerospace, machine and equipment products; mining and extractive industry; machine and equipment products; mining and extractive industry; medical and scientific instruments; construction equipment.medical and scientific instruments; construction equipment.

Some Vocab Terms Some Vocab Terms that May Interest that May Interest You……You…… BolsheviksBolsheviks: Lenin’s faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party; later came to mean anyone who followed his views : Lenin’s faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party; later came to mean anyone who followed his views

and/or organization. and/or organization. Brezhnev, LeonidBrezhnev, Leonid: General secretary of the CPSU from 1964 until 1982. Largely responsible for the stagnation of the : General secretary of the CPSU from 1964 until 1982. Largely responsible for the stagnation of the

USSR. USSR. Central CommitteeCentral Committee: Supposedly the most important body in a communist party; its influence declined as it grew in : Supposedly the most important body in a communist party; its influence declined as it grew in

size and the party needed daily leadership. size and the party needed daily leadership. ChekaCheka: The Soviet Union’s first secret police. : The Soviet Union’s first secret police. Chernomyrdin, ViktorChernomyrdin, Viktor: Prime minister of Russia, 1993–98.: Prime minister of Russia, 1993–98. CominternComintern: The interwar coalition of communist parties directed from Moscow. : The interwar coalition of communist parties directed from Moscow. Communist Party of the Russian FederationCommunist Party of the Russian Federation: The new incarnation of the CPSU for Russia.: The new incarnation of the CPSU for Russia. Communist Party of the Soviet UnionCommunist Party of the Soviet Union: The party that ran the Soviet Union until its collapse in 1991. : The party that ran the Soviet Union until its collapse in 1991. CPSUCPSU: Communist Party of the Soviet Union: Communist Party of the Soviet Union Democratic centralismDemocratic centralism: The Leninist organizational structure that concentrates power in the hands of the party elite. : The Leninist organizational structure that concentrates power in the hands of the party elite. Fatherland–All RussiaFatherland–All Russia: One of the leading opposition parties in Russia in the 1999 Duma elections. : One of the leading opposition parties in Russia in the 1999 Duma elections. Federation CouncilFederation Council: The largely powerless upper house of the Russian parliament. : The largely powerless upper house of the Russian parliament. Five-year planFive-year plan: In the former Soviet Union and other communist countries, the period for which Gosplan developed : In the former Soviet Union and other communist countries, the period for which Gosplan developed

goals and quotas. goals and quotas. Gaidar, YegorGaidar, Yegor: Reformist politician and acting prime minister of Russia in 1993. : Reformist politician and acting prime minister of Russia in 1993. GlasnostGlasnost: Under Gorbachev, Soviet policies that opened up the political system and allowed for freedom of expression. : Under Gorbachev, Soviet policies that opened up the political system and allowed for freedom of expression. Gorbachev, MikhailGorbachev, Mikhail: Head of the CPSU and last president of the Soviet Union. : Head of the CPSU and last president of the Soviet Union. GosplanGosplan: The Soviet central planning agency. : The Soviet central planning agency.

More TermsMore Terms KGBKGB: Soviet secret police : Soviet secret police Khodorkovsky, MikhailKhodorkovsky, Mikhail: Russian tycoon arrested on corruption and tax evasion charges in 2003. : Russian tycoon arrested on corruption and tax evasion charges in 2003. Khrushchev, NikitaKhrushchev, Nikita: Successor of Josef Stalin as head of CPSU and Soviet Union from 1953 until he : Successor of Josef Stalin as head of CPSU and Soviet Union from 1953 until he

was ousted in 1964.was ousted in 1964. Lenin, V. ILenin, V. I.: Architect of the Bolshevik revolution and first leader of the Soviet Union..: Architect of the Bolshevik revolution and first leader of the Soviet Union. Liberal Democratic PartyLiberal Democratic Party: In Britain, the number-three party and in some ways the most radical; in : In Britain, the number-three party and in some ways the most radical; in

Japan, the dominant party since the 1950s; in Russia, the neofascist and racist opposition party led by Japan, the dominant party since the 1950s; in Russia, the neofascist and racist opposition party led by Vladimir Zhirinovsky. Vladimir Zhirinovsky.

MensheviksMensheviks: The smaller and more moderate faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party before : The smaller and more moderate faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party before World War I. World War I.

Near abroadNear abroad: Russian term to describe the other fourteen republics of the former Soviet Union. : Russian term to describe the other fourteen republics of the former Soviet Union. NEPNEP: New Economic Policy in USSR : New Economic Policy in USSR NomenklaturaNomenklatura:: The Soviet system of lists that facilitated the CPSU’s appointment of trusted people The Soviet system of lists that facilitated the CPSU’s appointment of trusted people

to key positions. Adopted by other communist regimes. to key positions. Adopted by other communist regimes. OligarchOligarch: Business and political leaders with what some think is undue influence in Russia.: Business and political leaders with what some think is undue influence in Russia. Our Home Is RussiaOur Home Is Russia: New political party chaired by former prime minister Viktor Chernomyrdin. : New political party chaired by former prime minister Viktor Chernomyrdin. PerestroikaPerestroika: Ill-fated program to reform the Soviet economy in the late 1980s. : Ill-fated program to reform the Soviet economy in the late 1980s. PolitburoPolitburo: Generic term used to describe the leadership of communist parties. : Generic term used to describe the leadership of communist parties. Power ministriesPower ministries: The most important departments in the Russian government. : The most important departments in the Russian government. PrivatizationPrivatization: The selling off of state-owned companies. : The selling off of state-owned companies.

Even More TermsEven More Terms Provisional governmentProvisional government: Generic term used to describe temporary governments until a new constitution is : Generic term used to describe temporary governments until a new constitution is

written; also the government in Russia between the two 1917 revolutions. written; also the government in Russia between the two 1917 revolutions. PurgePurge: The systematic removal of people from party, state, or other office; especially common in communist : The systematic removal of people from party, state, or other office; especially common in communist

systems. systems. Putin, VladimirPutin, Vladimir: President of Russia since 2000. : President of Russia since 2000. RSFSRRSFSR: Official title of the Russian Federation of the old Soviet Union : Official title of the Russian Federation of the old Soviet Union Russian FederationRussian Federation: Formal name of Russia.: Formal name of Russia. Secret speech Given by Khrushchev in 1957, seen as the start of the “thaw.”. Secret speech Given by Khrushchev in 1957, seen as the start of the “thaw.”. SecretariatSecretariat: Generic term used to describe the bureaucratic leaders of a communist party.: Generic term used to describe the bureaucratic leaders of a communist party. Shock therapyShock therapy: Policies in formerly communist countries that envisage as rapid a shift to a market economy : Policies in formerly communist countries that envisage as rapid a shift to a market economy

as possible. as possible. Stalin, JosephStalin, Joseph: Leader of the CPSU and Soviet Union, 1924–53. : Leader of the CPSU and Soviet Union, 1924–53. State DumaState Duma: The lower house of the Russian parliament. : The lower house of the Russian parliament. State Security CouncilState Security Council: The leading ministers of the Russian government. : The leading ministers of the Russian government. Third InternationalThird International: Moscow-dominated organization of communist parties around the world between the two : Moscow-dominated organization of communist parties around the world between the two

world wars. world wars. Twentieth Party CongressTwentieth Party Congress: Occasion of Khrushchev’s “secret speech” launching de-Stalinization. : Occasion of Khrushchev’s “secret speech” launching de-Stalinization. United RussiaUnited Russia: The political party led by Russian president Vladimir Putin. : The political party led by Russian president Vladimir Putin. YabolokoYaboloko: One of the leading reformist parties in Russia. : One of the leading reformist parties in Russia. Yeltsin, BorisYeltsin, Boris: Former reformist communist leader and president of Russia, 1991–2000.: Former reformist communist leader and president of Russia, 1991–2000. Zhirinovsky, VladimirZhirinovsky, Vladimir: Leader of the right-wing and racist Liberal Democratic Party in Russia. : Leader of the right-wing and racist Liberal Democratic Party in Russia. Zyuganov, GennadyZyuganov, Gennady: Head of the Russian Communist Party. : Head of the Russian Communist Party.

Russia’s Early YearsRussia’s Early Years

The first lineal predecessor of the modern Russian state was founded in 862. The The first lineal predecessor of the modern Russian state was founded in 862. The political entity known as Kievan Rus was established in Kiev in 962 and lasted until the political entity known as Kievan Rus was established in Kiev in 962 and lasted until the 12th century. Byzantine culture predominated, as is evident in much of Russia's 12th century. Byzantine culture predominated, as is evident in much of Russia's architectural, musical, and artistic heritage. Mongols under Batu Khan destroyed the architectural, musical, and artistic heritage. Mongols under Batu Khan destroyed the main population centers except for Novgorod and Pskov in the 13th century and main population centers except for Novgorod and Pskov in the 13th century and prevailed over the region until 1480..prevailed over the region until 1480..

Ivan III (1462-1505) referred to his empire as "the Third Rome" and considered it heir to Ivan III (1462-1505) referred to his empire as "the Third Rome" and considered it heir to the Byzantine tradition. Ivan IV (the Terrible) (1530-1584) was the first Russian ruler to the Byzantine tradition. Ivan IV (the Terrible) (1530-1584) was the first Russian ruler to call himself tsar. He pushed Russian eastward with his conquests but his later reign was call himself tsar. He pushed Russian eastward with his conquests but his later reign was marked by the cruelty that earned him his familiar epithet. He was succeeded by Boris marked by the cruelty that earned him his familiar epithet. He was succeeded by Boris Godunov, whose reign commenced the so-called Time of Troubles. Relative stability was Godunov, whose reign commenced the so-called Time of Troubles. Relative stability was achieved when Michael Romanov established the dynasty that bore his name in 1613.achieved when Michael Romanov established the dynasty that bore his name in 1613.

During the reign of Peter the Great (1689-1725), modernization and European During the reign of Peter the Great (1689-1725), modernization and European influences spread in Russia. Peter created Western-style military forces, subordinated influences spread in Russia. Peter created Western-style military forces, subordinated the Russian Orthodox Church hierarchy to the tsar, reformed the entire governmental the Russian Orthodox Church hierarchy to the tsar, reformed the entire governmental structure, and established the beginnings of a Western-style education system. He structure, and established the beginnings of a Western-style education system. He moved the capital westward from Moscow to St. Petersburg, his newly-established city moved the capital westward from Moscow to St. Petersburg, his newly-established city on the Baltic.on the Baltic.

Catherine the Great continued Peter's expansionist policies and established Russia as a Catherine the Great continued Peter's expansionist policies and established Russia as a European power. During her reign (1762-96), power was centralized in the monarchy, European power. During her reign (1762-96), power was centralized in the monarchy, and administrative reforms concentrated great wealth and privilege in the hands of the and administrative reforms concentrated great wealth and privilege in the hands of the Russian nobility.  Russian nobility.  

Early Years cont.Early Years cont.

Alexander I (1801-1825) began his reign as a reformer, but after Alexander I (1801-1825) began his reign as a reformer, but after defeating Napoleon's 1812 attempt to conquer Russia, he became defeating Napoleon's 1812 attempt to conquer Russia, he became much more conservative and rolled back many of his early reforms. much more conservative and rolled back many of his early reforms. During this era, Russia gained control of Georgia and much of the During this era, Russia gained control of Georgia and much of the Caucasus. Throughout the 19Caucasus. Throughout the 19thth century, the Russian Government century, the Russian Government sought to suppress repeated attempts at reform and attempts at sought to suppress repeated attempts at reform and attempts at liberation by various national movements, particularly under the reign liberation by various national movements, particularly under the reign of Nicholas I (1825-1855). Russia expanded into the rest of the of Nicholas I (1825-1855). Russia expanded into the rest of the Caucasus, Central Asia and across Siberia. The Trans-Siberian Railroad Caucasus, Central Asia and across Siberia. The Trans-Siberian Railroad opened vast frontiers to development late in the century. In the 19th opened vast frontiers to development late in the century. In the 19th century, Russian culture flourished as Russian artists made significant century, Russian culture flourished as Russian artists made significant contributions to world literature, visual arts, dance, and music. The contributions to world literature, visual arts, dance, and music. The names of Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy, Gogol, Repin, and Tchaikovsky names of Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy, Gogol, Repin, and Tchaikovsky became known to the world.became known to the world.

Alexander II (1855-1881), a relatively liberal tsar, emancipated the Alexander II (1855-1881), a relatively liberal tsar, emancipated the serfs. His 1881 assassination, however, prompted the reactionary rule serfs. His 1881 assassination, however, prompted the reactionary rule of Alexander III (1881-1894). At the turn of the century, imperial of Alexander III (1881-1894). At the turn of the century, imperial decline became evident. Russia was defeated in the unpopular Russo-decline became evident. Russia was defeated in the unpopular Russo-Japanese war in 1905. The Russian Revolution of 1905 forced Tsar Japanese war in 1905. The Russian Revolution of 1905 forced Tsar Nicholas II (1894-1917) to grant a constitution and introduce limited Nicholas II (1894-1917) to grant a constitution and introduce limited democratic reforms. democratic reforms.

U.S.S.R.U.S.S.R.

The ruinous effects of World War I, combined with internal pressures, sparked the The ruinous effects of World War I, combined with internal pressures, sparked the March 1917 uprising that led Tsar Nicholas II to abdicate the throne. A provisional March 1917 uprising that led Tsar Nicholas II to abdicate the throne. A provisional government came to power, headed by Aleksandr Kerenskiy. On November 7, government came to power, headed by Aleksandr Kerenskiy. On November 7, 1917, the Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, seized control and established 1917, the Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, seized control and established the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic. Civil war broke out in 1918 the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic. Civil war broke out in 1918 between Lenin's "Red" army and various "White" forces and lasted until 1920, between Lenin's "Red" army and various "White" forces and lasted until 1920, when, despite foreign interventions and a war with Poland, the Bolsheviks when, despite foreign interventions and a war with Poland, the Bolsheviks triumphed. After the Red army conquered Ukraine, Belarus, Azerbaijan, Georgia, triumphed. After the Red army conquered Ukraine, Belarus, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia, a new nation, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.), was and Armenia, a new nation, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.), was formed in 1922.formed in 1922.

First among its political figures was Lenin, leader of the Bolshevik Party and head First among its political figures was Lenin, leader of the Bolshevik Party and head of the first Soviet Government, who died in 1924. In the late 1920s, Josef Stalin of the first Soviet Government, who died in 1924. In the late 1920s, Josef Stalin emerged as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) emerged as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) amidst intra-party rivalries; he maintained complete control over Soviet domestic amidst intra-party rivalries; he maintained complete control over Soviet domestic and international policy until his death in 1953. In the 1930s, Stalin oversaw the and international policy until his death in 1953. In the 1930s, Stalin oversaw the forced collectivization of tens of millions of its citizens in state agricultural and forced collectivization of tens of millions of its citizens in state agricultural and industrial enterprises. Millions died in the process. Millions more died in political industrial enterprises. Millions died in the process. Millions more died in political purges, the vast penal and labor system, and in state-created famines. Initially purges, the vast penal and labor system, and in state-created famines. Initially allied to Nazi Germany, which resulted in significant territorial additions on its allied to Nazi Germany, which resulted in significant territorial additions on its western border, the U.S.S.R. was attacked by the Axis on June 22, 1941. Twenty western border, the U.S.S.R. was attacked by the Axis on June 22, 1941. Twenty million Soviet citizens died during World War II in the successful effort to defeat million Soviet citizens died during World War II in the successful effort to defeat the Axis, in addition to over two million Soviet Jews who perished in the the Axis, in addition to over two million Soviet Jews who perished in the Holocaust. After the war, the U.S.S.R. became one of the Permanent Members of Holocaust. After the war, the U.S.S.R. became one of the Permanent Members of the UN Security Council. In 1949, the U.S.S.R. developed its own nuclear arsenal.the UN Security Council. In 1949, the U.S.S.R. developed its own nuclear arsenal.

Marx and EngelsMarx and Engels

Karl Heinrich MarxKarl Heinrich Marx - - was a greatly was a greatly influential German philosopher, political influential German philosopher, political economist, and socialist revolutionaryeconomist, and socialist revolutionary

Friedrich Engels Friedrich Engels - was the nineteenth - was the nineteenth century German political philosopher and century German political philosopher and Karl Marx’s co-developer of communist Karl Marx’s co-developer of communist theory. theory.

Friedrich Engels became the editor and Friedrich Engels became the editor and translator of Marx’s writingstranslator of Marx’s writings

Principal Ideas of Principal Ideas of MarxismMarxism

ExploitationExploitation Ruling class must exploit the rest of the pop.Ruling class must exploit the rest of the pop.

AlienationAlienation Historical MaterialismHistorical Materialism

Progress occurs as a result of changes in the Progress occurs as a result of changes in the distribution of econimic powerdistribution of econimic power

Base and SuperstructureBase and Superstructure ClassClass

Progress occurs as a result of conflict between the classes Progress occurs as a result of conflict between the classes determined by who owns key institutionsdetermined by who owns key institutions

– ProletariatProletariat– BourgeoisieBourgeoisie

IdeologyIdeology Political EconomyPolitical Economy

MarxismMarxism

Society based on inequality = workers Society based on inequality = workers resent their exploitationresent their exploitation– Alienation & class consciousness enhanced by spread of Alienation & class consciousness enhanced by spread of

mass education and political freedoms of liberal mass education and political freedoms of liberal democracydemocracy

Significant political and economic progress Significant political and economic progress can only occur through Revolutioncan only occur through Revolution

Transitional PeriodTransitional Period CommunismCommunism

– Aka no need for superstructure because people would no Aka no need for superstructure because people would no longer be exploiting each oherlonger be exploiting each oher

Marxism-LeninismMarxism-Leninism

also known colloquially as Bolshevism also known colloquially as Bolshevism or simply communismor simply communism

originally coined by the CPSU in order originally coined by the CPSU in order to denote the ideology that Vladimir to denote the ideology that Vladimir Lenin had built upon the thought of Lenin had built upon the thought of Karl Marx.Karl Marx.

Democratic CentralismDemocratic Centralism

1854-19241854-1924

1927-19821927-1982

– Took power from other Took power from other contender’s, like Trotsky, Zimonev, contender’s, like Trotsky, Zimonev, and Kamenev after Lenin’s deathand Kamenev after Lenin’s death

Trotsky’s “left” faction charged that Trotsky’s “left” faction charged that the new economic Policy (NEP), which the new economic Policy (NEP), which was launched in 1921, was a retreat was launched in 1921, was a retreat from Socialism as it did not allow free from Socialism as it did not allow free enterprise and foreign investmententerprise and foreign investment

By 1929 Stalin’s power over the Soviet By 1929 Stalin’s power over the Soviet union remained unchallengedunion remained unchallenged

The Role of StalinThe Role of Stalin

More On StalinMore On Stalin Stalin believed that he could make a communist state Stalin believed that he could make a communist state

no matter whatno matter what Stalin and therefore The Soviet Union pushed other Stalin and therefore The Soviet Union pushed other

countries to make a communist state. He instituted the countries to make a communist state. He instituted the Cominterm, a document made to foment world Cominterm, a document made to foment world revolutionsrevolutions

– EconomicallyEconomically In tandem with the radical reconstruction of agriculture, In tandem with the radical reconstruction of agriculture,

Stalin sought to greatly expand the industrial capacityStalin sought to greatly expand the industrial capacity He devised five year plans that were to boost the He devised five year plans that were to boost the

backwardness of the Russian economy. They were backwardness of the Russian economy. They were accomplished at great cost to the common people.accomplished at great cost to the common people.

He also instituted mass purges. He eliminated his He also instituted mass purges. He eliminated his enemies, both real and imagined.enemies, both real and imagined.

What about What about Khrushchev?Khrushchev?

– Emerged after Stalin’s deathEmerged after Stalin’s death– Began a program of De-Stalinization, taking away the Began a program of De-Stalinization, taking away the

more dangerous programsmore dangerous programs– In 1954 Khrushchev had shown his determination to In 1954 Khrushchev had shown his determination to

be friendlier and more cooperative with other nations, be friendlier and more cooperative with other nations, by joining the United Nations International Labor by joining the United Nations International Labor organization (ILO) and the UNESCO (United Nations organization (ILO) and the UNESCO (United Nations Educational scientific and Cultural OrganizationEducational scientific and Cultural Organization

– Khrushchev even employed the “Secret Speech”, Khrushchev even employed the “Secret Speech”, during which he openly denounced Stalin and his during which he openly denounced Stalin and his programsprograms

– Visited the United States in an effort to instill peace Visited the United States in an effort to instill peace and harmony. He even invited vice-president Richard and harmony. He even invited vice-president Richard Nixon to come and talk to him in Russia in an effort to Nixon to come and talk to him in Russia in an effort to end hostilityend hostility

– In 1962 the United States and the Moscow came to a In 1962 the United States and the Moscow came to a head over the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Soviets head over the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Soviets deployed missiles carrying nuclear warheads to Cuba. deployed missiles carrying nuclear warheads to Cuba. Kennedy, having seen the nuclear sites from the Kennedy, having seen the nuclear sites from the aerial photos, condemned Russia for supplying the aerial photos, condemned Russia for supplying the weapons and ordered that all medium and long-range weapons and ordered that all medium and long-range missiles entering and residing in Cuba will be missiles entering and residing in Cuba will be dismantled.dismantled.

– Khrushchev offered two letters to Kennedy, both Khrushchev offered two letters to Kennedy, both broaching a compromise. eventually Khrushchev broaching a compromise. eventually Khrushchev wrote that he would dismantle the Cuban missileswrote that he would dismantle the Cuban missiles

– The communist governments of Russia and the The communist governments of Russia and the Chinese saw this statesmen’s like move as a yield to Chinese saw this statesmen’s like move as a yield to capitalist markets, and this as well as a mishandling capitalist markets, and this as well as a mishandling of some Sino-Soviet relations led to the fall of of some Sino-Soviet relations led to the fall of KhrushchevKhrushchev

Khrushchev cont.Khrushchev cont.

BrezhnevBrezhnev– Having ousted Khrushchev, the Russian state Having ousted Khrushchev, the Russian state

wanted a stable oligarchy, one that wasn’t as wanted a stable oligarchy, one that wasn’t as gregarious and unpredictable as that under gregarious and unpredictable as that under KhrushchevKhrushchev

– The men that replace Khrushchev quickly The men that replace Khrushchev quickly dismantled many of Khrushchev’s programs. They dismantled many of Khrushchev’s programs. They dismantled Khrushchev’s regional economic dismantled Khrushchev’s regional economic councils. Among other things they reversed the De-councils. Among other things they reversed the De-Stalinization programs and curbed public criticism of Stalinization programs and curbed public criticism of StalinStalin

– Brezhnev soon gained control of this new nation-Brezhnev soon gained control of this new nation-state. In his 18 year reign he turned the country into state. In his 18 year reign he turned the country into a military superpower with client states around the a military superpower with client states around the world.world.

Don’t Forget BrezhnevDon’t Forget Brezhnev

– His economic policy emphasized defense His economic policy emphasized defense production and heavy industryproduction and heavy industry

Also, he implemented stricter controls on artistic and Also, he implemented stricter controls on artistic and ideological controlsideological controls

He put his ideas out during the twenty-third CongressHe put his ideas out during the twenty-third Congress He and a few of top cronies were members of the He and a few of top cronies were members of the

PolitburoPolitburo– Economically, Brezhnev made two “first Economically, Brezhnev made two “first

priorities” when it came to resources, the priorities” when it came to resources, the military and agriculturemilitary and agriculture

The economy grew by a meager 2.3 percent every The economy grew by a meager 2.3 percent every year.year.

– Foreign policy was continued from Khrushchev’s Foreign policy was continued from Khrushchev’s peaceful coexistencepeaceful coexistence

– Likewise a nuclear test ban treaty was signed Likewise a nuclear test ban treaty was signed between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.

Brezhnev cont. Brezhnev cont.

The Fall of the U.S.S.R.The Fall of the U.S.S.R.

In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became the next (and In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became the next (and last) General Secretary of the CPSU. Gorbachev last) General Secretary of the CPSU. Gorbachev introduced policies of introduced policies of perestroika perestroika (restructuring) (restructuring) and and glasnostglasnost (openness). But his efforts to reform (openness). But his efforts to reform the creaky Communist system from within failed. the creaky Communist system from within failed. The people of the Soviet Union were not content The people of the Soviet Union were not content with half-freedoms granted by Moscow; they with half-freedoms granted by Moscow; they demanded more and the system collapsed. Boris demanded more and the system collapsed. Boris Yeltsin was elected the first president of the Yeltsin was elected the first president of the Russian Federation in 1991. Russia, Ukraine and Russian Federation in 1991. Russia, Ukraine and Belarus formed the Commonwealth of Independent Belarus formed the Commonwealth of Independent States in December 1991. Gorbachev resigned as States in December 1991. Gorbachev resigned as Soviet President on December 25, 1991. Eleven Soviet President on December 25, 1991. Eleven days later, the U.S.S.R. was formally dissolved.days later, the U.S.S.R. was formally dissolved.

1985-19911985-1991

The Chechnya The Chechnya ControversyControversy In a dramatic speech in September 1993, President Yeltsin dissolved the In a dramatic speech in September 1993, President Yeltsin dissolved the

Russian parliament and called for new national elections and a new constitution. Russian parliament and called for new national elections and a new constitution. In December 1993, voters elected a new parliament and approved a new In December 1993, voters elected a new parliament and approved a new constitution that had been drafted by the Yeltsin government. constitution that had been drafted by the Yeltsin government.

In late 1994, the Russian security forces launched a brutal operation in the In late 1994, the Russian security forces launched a brutal operation in the Republic of Chechnya against rebels who were intent on separation from Russia. Republic of Chechnya against rebels who were intent on separation from Russia. Along with their opponents, Russian forces committed numerous violations of Along with their opponents, Russian forces committed numerous violations of human rights. in August 1996 the Russian and Chechen authorities negotiated a human rights. in August 1996 the Russian and Chechen authorities negotiated a settlement that resulted in a complete withdrawal of Russian troops and the settlement that resulted in a complete withdrawal of Russian troops and the holding of elections in January 1997. A peace treaty was concluded in May 1997. holding of elections in January 1997. A peace treaty was concluded in May 1997. Following a number of terrorist incidents blamed on Chechen separatists, the Following a number of terrorist incidents blamed on Chechen separatists, the Russian government launched a new military campaign into Chechnya. By Russian government launched a new military campaign into Chechnya. By spring 2000, federal forces claimed control over Chechen territory, but fighting spring 2000, federal forces claimed control over Chechen territory, but fighting continues as rebel fighters regularly ambush Russian forces in the region. continues as rebel fighters regularly ambush Russian forces in the region.

Throughout 2002 and 2003, the ability of Chechen separatists to battle the Throughout 2002 and 2003, the ability of Chechen separatists to battle the Russian forces waned but they claimed responsibility for numerous terrorist Russian forces waned but they claimed responsibility for numerous terrorist acts. In 2005 and 2006, key separatist leaders were killed by Russian forces. acts. In 2005 and 2006, key separatist leaders were killed by Russian forces. The situation stabilized after Ramzan Kadyrov was confirmed as Chechen The situation stabilized after Ramzan Kadyrov was confirmed as Chechen President. In April 2009, the Russian Government announced the end of President. In April 2009, the Russian Government announced the end of counter-terrorism operations in Chechnya; however, small-scale fighting counter-terrorism operations in Chechnya; however, small-scale fighting continues between rebel forces and local law enforcement. continues between rebel forces and local law enforcement.

1991-20001991-2000

Russia in Recent YearsRussia in Recent Years

On December 31, 1999 Boris Yeltsin resigned, and Vladimir Putin was named Acting On December 31, 1999 Boris Yeltsin resigned, and Vladimir Putin was named Acting President. In March 2000, he won election in his own right as Russia's second President. In March 2000, he won election in his own right as Russia's second president with 53% of the vote. Putin moved quickly to reassert Moscow's control president with 53% of the vote. Putin moved quickly to reassert Moscow's control over the regions, whose governors had confidently ignored edicts from Boris Yeltsin. over the regions, whose governors had confidently ignored edicts from Boris Yeltsin. He sent his own "plenipotentiary representatives" (commonly called ‘polpred' in He sent his own "plenipotentiary representatives" (commonly called ‘polpred' in Russian) to ensure that Moscow's policies were followed in recalcitrant regions and Russian) to ensure that Moscow's policies were followed in recalcitrant regions and republics. He won enactment of liberal economic reforms that rescued a faltering republics. He won enactment of liberal economic reforms that rescued a faltering economy and stopped a spiral of hyperinflation. Putin achieved wide popularity by economy and stopped a spiral of hyperinflation. Putin achieved wide popularity by stabilizing the government, especially in marked contrast to what many Russians stabilizing the government, especially in marked contrast to what many Russians saw as the chaos of the latter Yeltsin years. saw as the chaos of the latter Yeltsin years.

The economy grew both because of rising oil prices and in part because Putin was The economy grew both because of rising oil prices and in part because Putin was able to achieve reforms in banking, labor, and private property. During this time, able to achieve reforms in banking, labor, and private property. During this time, Russia also moved closer to the U.S., especially after the terrorist attacks of Russia also moved closer to the U.S., especially after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. In 2002, the NATO-Russia Council was established, giving September 11, 2001. In 2002, the NATO-Russia Council was established, giving Russia a voice in NATO discussions. However, U.S.-Russian relations cooled over the Russia a voice in NATO discussions. However, U.S.-Russian relations cooled over the ensuing years given concerns over domestic developments in Russia, including ensuing years given concerns over domestic developments in Russia, including political freedoms and human rights, as well as over foreign policy differences. political freedoms and human rights, as well as over foreign policy differences.

Dmitriy Medvedev was elected President In March 2008 and inaugurated in May. Dmitriy Medvedev was elected President In March 2008 and inaugurated in May. Relations during the first few months of his presidency were affected by the August Relations during the first few months of his presidency were affected by the August 2008 Russia-Georgia war and subsequent decision by Russia to recognize the 2008 Russia-Georgia war and subsequent decision by Russia to recognize the territories of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. As a result, U.S.-Russian contact decreased territories of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. As a result, U.S.-Russian contact decreased significantly and the NATO-Russia Council was suspended temporarily. With the significantly and the NATO-Russia Council was suspended temporarily. With the change of U.S. administration in January 2009, U.S.-Russian relations have improved change of U.S. administration in January 2009, U.S.-Russian relations have improved as both sides seek to change the tone of the relationship and to cooperate in areas of as both sides seek to change the tone of the relationship and to cooperate in areas of mutual interest.mutual interest.

Tsar Nicholas II

1894 -1917

Vladimir Lenin

1917 - 1924

Josef Stalin

1924 - 1953

Leon Trotsky

Nikita Khrushchev

1953 -1964

Leonid Brezhnev

1964 - 1982

Mikhail Gorbachev

1985 - 1991

Ramzan Kadyrov

2007-

Boris Yeltsin

1991 -1999

Vladimir Putin

1999 - 2008

Dmitriy Medvedev

2008 -

Sovereignty, Sovereignty, Authority and Authority and

PowerPower

Sovereignty – having supreme Sovereignty – having supreme rank, power, or authority rank, power, or authority

Authority - the power to Authority - the power to determine, adjudicate, or determine, adjudicate, or otherwise settle issues or disputesotherwise settle issues or disputes

Power - political or national Power - political or national strength; great or marked ability strength; great or marked ability to do or actto do or act

Sources of PowerSources of Power

Governance - exercising management Governance - exercising management power and policy by the governmentpower and policy by the government

Political power – the type of power Political power – the type of power held by the government which allows held by the government which allows administration of some or all of public administration of some or all of public resourcesresources

Authority - refers to a claim of Authority - refers to a claim of legitimacy, the justification and right legitimacy, the justification and right to exercise that powerto exercise that power

""We must create a tradition of We must create a tradition of constitutional transition of power and constitutional transition of power and demonstrate to the country and the demonstrate to the country and the world that it is possible in Russia and world that it is possible in Russia and that this is not a catastrophe, but on that this is not a catastrophe, but on the contrary, our state is in some the contrary, our state is in some ways becoming stronger.”ways becoming stronger.”

V. V. PutinV. V. Putin

SubdivisionsSubdivisions

The Russian Federation consists of 83 The Russian Federation consists of 83 subjectssubjects – Each has 2 delegates represented in the Federation CouncilEach has 2 delegates represented in the Federation Council

21 21 republics autonomousrepublics autonomous, each has its own constitution, , each has its own constitution, president and parliament; home to a specific ethnic president and parliament; home to a specific ethnic minorityminority

4646 oblasts oblasts most common, regular administrative units most common, regular administrative units with federally appointed governor and locally elected with federally appointed governor and locally elected legislature. legislature.

9 9 kraiskrais extremely similar to oblasts extremely similar to oblasts 1 1 autonomous oblastsautonomous oblasts 4 4 autonomous okrugsautonomous okrugs more autonomous than oblasts more autonomous than oblasts

but less than republics; usually with substantial or but less than republics; usually with substantial or predominant ethnic minoritypredominant ethnic minority

2 2 federal citiesfederal cities major cities that function as separate major cities that function as separate regions.regions.

Declaration on State Declaration on State Sovereignty of the Sovereignty of the RSFSR RSFSR Began the constitutional reform in the Russian Began the constitutional reform in the Russian

Federation in 1990 Federation in 1990 Adopted by the Russian Soviet Federative Adopted by the Russian Soviet Federative

Socialist Republic, signed by Chairman Boris Socialist Republic, signed by Chairman Boris YeltsinYeltsin

It declared:It declared: The importance of the Constitution on the The importance of the Constitution on the

legislationlegislation Equality before the law Equality before the law The idea of separation of powersThe idea of separation of powers Federalism - expanding the rights of the Federalism - expanding the rights of the

autonomous republics, regions, districts, autonomous republics, regions, districts, territories of Russiaterritories of Russia

Issues with Sovereignty Issues with Sovereignty in Russiain Russia

The more liberal post-Soviet atmosphere allows more The more liberal post-Soviet atmosphere allows more freedom of opinionfreedom of opinion

Therefore, minorities were speaking out…Therefore, minorities were speaking out…– Some wanted union between peoples on both sides of an Some wanted union between peoples on both sides of an

internal or international border arbitrarily drawn by the internal or international border arbitrarily drawn by the tsars or by Soviet authoritiestsars or by Soviet authorities

– People can express their anger over Soviet political and People can express their anger over Soviet political and economic subjugation and Russification campaignseconomic subjugation and Russification campaigns

– Non-Russian nationalities that were exploited for their Non-Russian nationalities that were exploited for their resources for the benefit of Moscow want to be resources for the benefit of Moscow want to be compensatedcompensated

– The perceived failure to provide support and protection The perceived failure to provide support and protection of native schools and cultures by the government of native schools and cultures by the government

– The Russian government's monopolization and The Russian government's monopolization and censorship of the news media acquainted minority censorship of the news media acquainted minority groups with political trends, such as the spread of groups with political trends, such as the spread of nationalismnationalism

Political CulturePolitical Culture

Although the process of choosing a Although the process of choosing a leader has been democratized, the leader has been democratized, the process of governance remains a hybrid process of governance remains a hybrid of Soviet and Western practices. of Soviet and Western practices.

According to many analysts, the long-According to many analysts, the long-term well-being of Russia's political term well-being of Russia's political system will be determined by the next system will be determined by the next generation of political figures, who will generation of political figures, who will not be schooled on Soviet-style power not be schooled on Soviet-style power politics. politics.

Regime Types Regime Types

Socialist state – also referred to as a Socialist state – also referred to as a workers' stateworkers' state and in Marxist terms is and in Marxist terms is defined as a state that has abolished defined as a state that has abolished capitalism and is moving towards capitalism and is moving towards communism communism

Federation - type of sovereign state Federation - type of sovereign state characterized by a union of partially characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions united self-governing states or regions united by a central government. by a central government.

LegitimacyLegitimacy

The people must accept the right of the The people must accept the right of the authority figures to rule over them for a authority figures to rule over them for a nation to be successfulnation to be successful

The new democratic Russian Federation The new democratic Russian Federation has been difficult to adapt to based on has been difficult to adapt to based on expectations citizens had of the post-expectations citizens had of the post-Soviet Russian state, including public Soviet Russian state, including public order, economic security, welfare order, economic security, welfare guarantees, and checks on social guarantees, and checks on social inequality inequality

Russian Russian Political Political

InstitutionsInstitutions

The System of The System of GovernmentGovernment

– Federation consists of 21 autonomous republics, 49 Federation consists of 21 autonomous republics, 49 oblasts, 10 autonomous okrugs, and 1 autonomous oblasts, 10 autonomous okrugs, and 1 autonomous oblastoblast

Autonomous republics are corresponding to ethnic Autonomous republics are corresponding to ethnic enclaves within Russiaenclaves within Russia

OblastsOblasts are similar to provinces and are headed by are similar to provinces and are headed by governors, governors,

– traditionally selected through local electionstraditionally selected through local elections– since 2004, governors are appointed by presidentsince 2004, governors are appointed by president

Municipal and oblast legislatures are unicameral bodiesMunicipal and oblast legislatures are unicameral bodies

Local and National Local and National RelationsRelations Some parts have feudal roots, others are from the Some parts have feudal roots, others are from the

expansion of the Russian state 300-400 years ago, or expansion of the Russian state 300-400 years ago, or remnants of Soviet attempts to recognize local ethnic remnants of Soviet attempts to recognize local ethnic groupsgroups

Each subdivision has a unique status in relation to the Each subdivision has a unique status in relation to the Russian governmentRussian government

Some have become personalized “kingdoms” of local Some have become personalized “kingdoms” of local leadersleaders

Sometimes criminal bosses run many local areas Sometimes criminal bosses run many local areas – Led Putin to pass laws to reduce the power of the Led Putin to pass laws to reduce the power of the

Federal Council and create 7 federal districts Federal Council and create 7 federal districts Presidentially appointed governors head the new districtsPresidentially appointed governors head the new districts Russian president is now allowed to remove local leaders Russian president is now allowed to remove local leaders

if they are not following national lawif they are not following national law In 2005, local legislatures were given the power to In 2005, local legislatures were given the power to

nominate candidates for these appointments nominate candidates for these appointments

Russia’s ConstitutionRussia’s Constitution

The Beginning of a ConstitutionThe Beginning of a Constitution– As a result of the 1993 political collapse of the Soviet Union As a result of the 1993 political collapse of the Soviet Union

and growing economic crisis:and growing economic crisis: Yeltsin dissolved the legislature and called for new electionsYeltsin dissolved the legislature and called for new elections He proposed a referendum on a new constitution to following the He proposed a referendum on a new constitution to following the

new electionsnew elections

Constitution:Constitution:– a post-Soviet constitution, which was approved in a referendum held a post-Soviet constitution, which was approved in a referendum held

12 December 199312 December 1993– Constitutional democracy with 3 branches of government- executive, Constitutional democracy with 3 branches of government- executive,

legislative, and judiciallegislative, and judicial– Recognizes a separation of powers Recognizes a separation of powers – Describes the purposes of government Describes the purposes of government – Outlines the rights and responsibilities of citizensOutlines the rights and responsibilities of citizens– Defines the structure of public institutionsDefines the structure of public institutions– Establishes review of judicial legislationEstablishes review of judicial legislation

Realities of the Realities of the Russian GovernmentRussian Government In the political system established by the 1993 In the political system established by the 1993

constitution, the president wields considerable constitution, the president wields considerable executive power. There is no vice president, and executive power. There is no vice president, and the legislative branch is far weaker than the the legislative branch is far weaker than the executive.executive.

Basic liberties are not guaranteed Basic liberties are not guaranteed Country still under influence of the Nomenklatura Country still under influence of the Nomenklatura

systemsystem– NomenklaturaNomenklatura- If your file favorable enough your - If your file favorable enough your

name was place on a name was place on a nomenklaturanomenklatura list. It was the list. It was the Soviet system of lists that facilitated the CPSU’s Soviet system of lists that facilitated the CPSU’s appointment of trusted people to key positions. appointment of trusted people to key positions. Adopted by other communist regimesAdopted by other communist regimes

People running the institutions in Russia today People running the institutions in Russia today are products of this system. are products of this system.

Executive BranchExecutive Branch

The executive branch of the presidential administration The executive branch of the presidential administration consisted of three bodies: consisted of three bodies: – Administration of the President- Administration of the President- generally responsible for generally responsible for

domestic political issuesdomestic political issues prepares the president's bills for submission to the State Duma.prepares the president's bills for submission to the State Duma. coordinates all of the president's interactions with various political parties and coordinates all of the president's interactions with various political parties and

leaders, NGOs, nonprofit organizations, unions, and foreign governments. leaders, NGOs, nonprofit organizations, unions, and foreign governments.

– GovernmentGovernment-- usually in charge of economic development, usually in charge of economic development, – Security Council of the Russian Federation Security Council of the Russian Federation - chiefly - chiefly

responsible for the foreign policy, security and defense of the responsible for the foreign policy, security and defense of the country. country.

The The Security Council Security Council is responsible for national security, is responsible for national security, Security Council also advises the president on security issues.Security Council also advises the president on security issues.

– The responsibilities of the three centers in the executive branch The responsibilities of the three centers in the executive branch often overlap.often overlap.

Bureaucrats, not politicians, run most of these ministriesBureaucrats, not politicians, run most of these ministries Many bureaucrats are holdovers from the Soviet Regime and got Many bureaucrats are holdovers from the Soviet Regime and got

their positions through the nomenklatura/ patriot-client processtheir positions through the nomenklatura/ patriot-client process

Executive BranchExecutive Branch

Current President: Dmitriy MedvedevCurrent President: Dmitriy Medvedev– heads the Executive Branch—currently the president is heads the Executive Branch—currently the president is

the Head of State and the Supreme Commander in Chief the Head of State and the Supreme Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. of the Armed Forces.

– was elected to a four-year term as President on March 2, was elected to a four-year term as President on March 2, 20082008

– constitution does not allow presidents to serve more constitution does not allow presidents to serve more than two consecutive termsthan two consecutive terms

– During his presidency, Putin shifted the balance of During his presidency, Putin shifted the balance of power within the Executive Branch, to the President’s power within the Executive Branch, to the President’s AdministrationAdministration

Prime Minister: Vladimir PutinPrime Minister: Vladimir Putin

Executive BranchExecutive Branch

• Powers of the President:Powers of the President:– the president drafts and issues legal regulations the president drafts and issues legal regulations – settles disputessettles disputes– ensures that the constitution is observedensures that the constitution is observed– responsible for ensuring the state's mechanisms for protecting responsible for ensuring the state's mechanisms for protecting

and respecting citizen‘s rights and liberties. and respecting citizen‘s rights and liberties. – appoints the cabinet and other top government postsappoints the cabinet and other top government posts

The legislative power to reject the president’s nominee is limited The legislative power to reject the president’s nominee is limited If the Duma rejects the president’s choice three times, he can If the Duma rejects the president’s choice three times, he can

dissolve the Duma and call for new elections dissolve the Duma and call for new elections Can veto acts passed by the legislatureCan veto acts passed by the legislature The president can issue decrees that have the force of law The president can issue decrees that have the force of law

unless countermanded by the Duma and can declare a state of unless countermanded by the Duma and can declare a state of emergencyemergency

There are provisions for impeachment, but it is extremely There are provisions for impeachment, but it is extremely difficult to do sodifficult to do so

Legislative BranchLegislative BranchUpper house- Upper house- Federal Federal

Council Council (Soviet Federatsii) (Soviet Federatsii)

Represents the local governments.Represents the local governments. 178 seats; two for each of the 89 178 seats; two for each of the 89

unitsunits Has little power, except to delay Has little power, except to delay

legislation. legislation. responsibility is to confirm justices of responsibility is to confirm justices of

the Constitutional court, Supreme the Constitutional court, Supreme Court, and Superior Court of Court, and Superior Court of Arbitration.Arbitration.

Members are also local officials,thus Members are also local officials,thus have little time to do their legislative have little time to do their legislative duties.duties.

jurisdiction over issues affecting the jurisdiction over issues affecting the provinces, including border changes provinces, including border changes and the use of force within Russia. and the use of force within Russia.

handles the bills dealing with finance handles the bills dealing with finance and treaty ratifications.and treaty ratifications.

Lower house- Lower house- State Duma State Duma (Gosudarstvennaya (Gosudarstvennaya

Duma)Duma)

• 450 seats450 seats• Does not have much real power.Does not have much real power.• Cannot force the executive to Cannot force the executive to

enforce laws it passes and it has enforce laws it passes and it has limited influence over the budget. limited influence over the budget.

• In theory it has to approve In theory it has to approve presidential appointments, but the presidential appointments, but the president finds ways around this president finds ways around this requirement.requirement.

• Duma can reject the president’s Duma can reject the president’s candidate for the prime minister, candidate for the prime minister, but if it is done 3 times, the but if it is done 3 times, the president can dissolve the Duma president can dissolve the Duma and call for new elections and call for new elections

• handles all other billshandles all other bills

Judiciary BranchJudiciary Branch Three Branches:Three Branches:

11stst High Court of High Court of Arbitration & the Arbitration & the Constitutional CourtConstitutional Court

19 members are 19 members are appointed by the appointed by the president and approved president and approved by the Federation by the Federation Council.Council.

arbitrates any disputes arbitrates any disputes between the executive between the executive and legislative branches and legislative branches and determines and determines questions pertaining to questions pertaining to constitutional issuesconstitutional issues

22ndnd Supreme Court Supreme Court commercial court commercial court

system - final court of system - final court of appeal in criminal, civil, appeal in criminal, civil, and administrative casesand administrative cases

33rdrd General Jurisdiction General Jurisdiction CourtsCourts

Judges are named by the Judges are named by the president and the heads president and the heads of the two bodies of of the two bodies of parliamentparliament

There is a difficulty in There is a difficulty in retraining the entire retraining the entire legal profession and/or legal profession and/or recruiting a new recruiting a new generation of attorneysgeneration of attorneys

Military InfluenceMilitary Influence

With the collapse of the original Soviet Union With the collapse of the original Soviet Union in 1992, Russia established a separate in 1992, Russia established a separate Ministry of Defense and military establishment Ministry of Defense and military establishment upon the wreckage of the Soviet armed forcesupon the wreckage of the Soviet armed forces

Under the Soviet regime, the military was not Under the Soviet regime, the military was not actively involved in politics, but simply actively involved in politics, but simply received funding for its exploits.received funding for its exploits.

This has largely been true in post-Communist This has largely been true in post-Communist Russia as wellRussia as well

Many worry that the military might not stay Many worry that the military might not stay out of politics in the futureout of politics in the future

BureaucracyBureaucracy

• BureaucracyBureaucracy- a formal, hierarchical organization with many - a formal, hierarchical organization with many levels in which tasks, responsibilities, and authority are levels in which tasks, responsibilities, and authority are delegated among individuals, offices, or departments, held delegated among individuals, offices, or departments, held together by a central administration. together by a central administration.

• Under Stalin everything was decided in the centralized state Under Stalin everything was decided in the centralized state bureaucracy's interestsbureaucracy's interests

After the fall of the Soviet era, Yeltsin ‘s “perestroika" After the fall of the Soviet era, Yeltsin ‘s “perestroika" (rebuilding) intended to reduce the bureaucracy’s waste and (rebuilding) intended to reduce the bureaucracy’s waste and mismanagement mismanagement

He wished to remove the bureaucratic officials from the old He wished to remove the bureaucratic officials from the old Communist system, but could not because the country lacked Communist system, but could not because the country lacked the trained personnel to take their placethe trained personnel to take their place

Putin wanted to dramatically curb bureaucracy Putin wanted to dramatically curb bureaucracy

Political PartiesPolitical Parties Political parties are vehicles Political parties are vehicles

for individual leaders, for individual leaders, rather than political idealsrather than political ideals– (ex: United Russia and (ex: United Russia and

Putin)Putin) Between elections, most Between elections, most

parties are invisibleparties are invisible However, in every election, However, in every election,

ambitious politicians ambitious politicians organize new partiesorganize new parties– Exception- the Exception- the

Communist PartyCommunist Party Party politics are in a Party politics are in a

formative, ever-changing formative, ever-changing stagestage

In the Duma, politicians In the Duma, politicians appeal to popular appeal to popular dissatisfactions by criticizing dissatisfactions by criticizing the government the government

Parties that campaign for a Parties that campaign for a state controlled economy and state controlled economy and more secure social welfare more secure social welfare system- system- – like the Communist Partylike the Communist Party

Ultranationalist parties like Ultranationalist parties like Liberal Democrats promise Liberal Democrats promise glory and power for Russia as glory and power for Russia as in the old daysin the old days

Personalized parties are the Personalized parties are the most successfulmost successful• After one-party soviet rule After one-party soviet rule

many Russians hesitated many Russians hesitated to join political to join political organizationsorganizations

United RussiaUnited Russia

Communist PartyCommunist Party

Liberal Democratic Liberal Democratic PartyParty

ElectionsElectionsThe first opportunity to vote in a reasonably free The first opportunity to vote in a reasonably free

election- referendum occurred in 1993election- referendum occurred in 1993

Presidential ElectionsPresidential ElectionsTwo Ballot SystemTwo Ballot System

– Any number of Any number of candidates can run on candidates can run on the first ballotthe first ballot

– If no one wins the If no one wins the majority on the first majority on the first round, the top two have round, the top two have a runoff two weeks latera runoff two weeks later

Duma ElectionsDuma ElectionsHalf elected by Half elected by proportional proportional representationrepresentation

– Parties must win 5% of Parties must win 5% of the vote nationwidethe vote nationwide

Half in single member Half in single member districtsdistricts

– Whoever wins the most Whoever wins the most votes in a district wins votes in a district wins the seatthe seat

Interest GroupsInterest Groups

– Pluralism-Pluralism- acknowledges the diversity of interests, wants acknowledges the diversity of interests, wants members of society to accommodate their differences and members of society to accommodate their differences and engage in good-faith negotiation.engage in good-faith negotiation.

– CorporatistCorporatist- power is given to civic assemblies that represent - power is given to civic assemblies that represent economic, industrial, agrarian, social, cultural, and professional economic, industrial, agrarian, social, cultural, and professional groups. These civic assemblies are known as corporations.groups. These civic assemblies are known as corporations.

Legislators are usually influenced by the interests of business Legislators are usually influenced by the interests of business enterprises, employers' organizations, and industry trade enterprises, employers' organizations, and industry trade groups.groups.

In Russia security/intelligence, political, economic, In Russia security/intelligence, political, economic, informational and finance is being monopolized in the hands informational and finance is being monopolized in the hands of Corporation membersof Corporation members

– Single party system- Single party system- a single political party forms the a single political party forms the government and no other parties are permitted to run candidates government and no other parties are permitted to run candidates for election. for election.

During Soviet era, there was only the Communist PartyDuring Soviet era, there was only the Communist Party

Other PlayersOther Players Regional and business Regional and business

leaders have been key leaders have been key players in post-Soviet Russiaplayers in post-Soviet Russia

Corruption of the rule of law, Corruption of the rule of law, the lack of institutionalization the lack of institutionalization of the rules of power, and the of the rules of power, and the military threaten political military threaten political stabilitystability

Links among mafia, corrupt Links among mafia, corrupt bureaucrats, former red bureaucrats, former red directors (Soviet-era directors (Soviet-era managers of state managers of state enterprises), and private enterprises), and private bankers helped drain capital bankers helped drain capital into pockets of a select fewinto pockets of a select few

The oligarchs, a powerful The oligarchs, a powerful group of seven group of seven businessmen who had businessmen who had made personal fortunes made personal fortunes from privatization deals, from privatization deals, also influenced post-Soviet also influenced post-Soviet RussiaRussia– Boris Berezovsky Boris Berezovsky

declared in 1997 that declared in 1997 that he and six other he and six other businessmen controlled businessmen controlled over half of Russia’s over half of Russia’s GNPGNP

– Much wealth is gained Much wealth is gained through shady deals through shady deals

– Much of the wealth is Much of the wealth is sent abroadsent abroad

– Putin has had a bumpy Putin has had a bumpy relationship with themrelationship with them

Political and Political and Economic Economic ChangeChange

The Russian EconomyThe Russian Economy

In 1917 the Soviet Union was In 1917 the Soviet Union was established along with its “war established along with its “war economy”economy”

This economy was watched by This economy was watched by the Supreme Economic the Supreme Economic Committee and the Economic Committee and the Economic Council Council

Economy Cont’dEconomy Cont’d

Lenin began a new economic policy Lenin began a new economic policy because he saw that the wartime because he saw that the wartime economy would not hold forevereconomy would not hold forever

Under this plan the currency was Under this plan the currency was changed and many farmers had their changed and many farmers had their goods returned to them after their goods returned to them after their seizureseizure

There were three five year plans which There were three five year plans which were launched from 1928, 1933, and were launched from 1928, 1933, and 1938 however the third was interrupted 1938 however the third was interrupted by German invasionby German invasion

Economy Cont’dEconomy Cont’d

After the invasion many enterprises After the invasion many enterprises were destroyed and the government were destroyed and the government controlled finances to combat wartime controlled finances to combat wartime inflationinflation

In 1946 the fourth five year plan was In 1946 the fourth five year plan was started. started.

Once Khrushchev came into power he Once Khrushchev came into power he ended those plans and created a ended those plans and created a seven year planseven year plan

Economy Cont’dEconomy Cont’d

Brezhnev criticized Khrushchev for his Brezhnev criticized Khrushchev for his plans and made the rebirth of the five year plans and made the rebirth of the five year plans and created twoplans and created two

Perestroika came in and tried to attack the Perestroika came in and tried to attack the food supply in 1982 with a food program food supply in 1982 with a food program but the damage had been donebut the damage had been done

A twelfth five year plan was created in A twelfth five year plan was created in 1990 but the soviet union deteriorated 1990 but the soviet union deteriorated more and the Soviet Union collapsed in more and the Soviet Union collapsed in 19921992

Political ChangePolitical Change

Russia was a communist state Russia was a communist state until the collapse of the Soviet until the collapse of the Soviet Union and now the first Union and now the first opportunity to vote came in 1993opportunity to vote came in 1993

There was about a 50% There was about a 50% participation rateparticipation rate

In presidential races there is a In presidential races there is a two ballot systemtwo ballot system

Citizens, Citizens, Society, and Society, and

StateState

Cleavages and Cleavages and DivisionsDivisions

1.1. Ethnicity Ethnicity – More than 100 national minorities that More than 100 national minorities that

coexist uneasily with politically and coexist uneasily with politically and numerically predominant Russiansnumerically predominant Russians

– 82% of the population is Slavs (Russians, 82% of the population is Slavs (Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians) Ukrainians, and Belarusians)

– 3 other main ethnic groups that make up 3 other main ethnic groups that make up the minorities include: the minorities include:

Altaic group Altaic group Uralic groupUralic group Caucasus groupCaucasus group

Leaders of different republics/minorities Leaders of different republics/minorities have pressed the central government to have pressed the central government to grant measures of autonomy to grant measures of autonomy to indigenous groupsindigenous groups

Many republics want independenceMany republics want independence– Trade benefits with Russian government Trade benefits with Russian government

induce them to stay induce them to stay – Chechnya- Mostly Muslim region, very Chechnya- Mostly Muslim region, very

strong independence movementstrong independence movement If they succeed, others will try to If they succeed, others will try to

break away toobreak away too

22. Religion . Religion – Russia’s main religion is Russian Russia’s main religion is Russian

Orthodox Orthodox – Others: Judaism, Muslim, and Roman Others: Judaism, Muslim, and Roman

CatholicCatholic– Mostly nonreligious because religion was Mostly nonreligious because religion was

prohibited by communism prohibited by communism – Since the regime is new and political Since the regime is new and political

parties are uncertain, there are no clear parties are uncertain, there are no clear patterns that have emerged that patterns that have emerged that indicate political attitudes of religious indicate political attitudes of religious vs. nonreligious citizensvs. nonreligious citizens

Civil SocietyCivil Society

Historically- never has had a working Historically- never has had a working civil societycivil society

Efforts since 1990s made to establish a Efforts since 1990s made to establish a civil society similar to the Americascivil society similar to the Americas

Recent history- Citizens want to make Recent history- Citizens want to make a difference through non-profit a difference through non-profit organizations to improve their civil organizations to improve their civil societysociety– feel Putin is establishing roadblocks feel Putin is establishing roadblocks

Recent articles about Russia’s society Recent articles about Russia’s society claim Russia has a “managed democracy” claim Russia has a “managed democracy” in which Putin controls the laws and in which Putin controls the laws and constitution by manipulating the laws to constitution by manipulating the laws to benefit himself and business owners, while benefit himself and business owners, while diminishing the non-profit organizations diminishing the non-profit organizations that are establishedthat are established

““Managed Democracy” Managed Democracy”

- Citizens are gradually restricted - Citizens are gradually restricted from the decision-making processes from the decision-making processes which may have direct impacts on which may have direct impacts on their interests and society is their interests and society is deprived of opportunity to control deprived of opportunity to control governmental activitiesgovernmental activities

-Consequently- governments do not -Consequently- governments do not serve the public interest and are not serve the public interest and are not controlled by the public controlled by the public

Russia Civil Society Support Program Russia Civil Society Support Program (CSSP)(CSSP)

- 4 year USAID funded initiative aimed at - 4 year USAID funded initiative aimed at strengthening the nongovernmental (NGO) strengthening the nongovernmental (NGO) sector in Russia sector in Russia

-Promotes environment where the -Promotes environment where the government actively reaches out to government actively reaches out to involve NGOs in policy development, in involve NGOs in policy development, in turn, NGOs demonstrate skills and turn, NGOs demonstrate skills and capacity to advocate their positions in a capacity to advocate their positions in a constructive mannerconstructive manner

MediaMedia Soviet EraSoviet Era

– Media under full state controlMedia under full state control– Major newspapers: Pravada, Izvestiya, Major newspapers: Pravada, Izvestiya,

Krasnaya, ZvezdaKrasnaya, Zvezda ““official organs” of party and government official organs” of party and government

agencies agencies Post Soviet EraPost Soviet Era

– Played central role in forming public opinion Played central role in forming public opinion toward critical national concerns toward critical national concerns Such as: Chechnya conflict, economic Such as: Chechnya conflict, economic

crisis, and government policescrisis, and government polices

Effect? Effect? –Public figures (Boris Yeltson) Public figures (Boris Yeltson) and government actions and government actions received ruthless criticisms received ruthless criticisms

–Deterioration of environment, Deterioration of environment, public health, national defense, public health, national defense, and national economy has and national economy has been thoroughly exposed been thoroughly exposed

– AccuracyAccuracy Quality of Russian Journalism is lowQuality of Russian Journalism is low Journalists do not verify sources fully or Journalists do not verify sources fully or

are denied access to relevant individuals are denied access to relevant individuals Most newspapers make no clear Most newspapers make no clear

distinction between objective reports and distinction between objective reports and editorials editorials

Government exerts heavy pressure on Government exerts heavy pressure on media to alter coverage on certain issues media to alter coverage on certain issues – Mostly effective because media relies Mostly effective because media relies

on government for supporton government for support

Political ParticipationPolitical Participation

Participation levels are low, however, Participation levels are low, however, some citizens are active some citizens are active

Citizens did actually vote during Soviet Citizens did actually vote during Soviet rule in the 20rule in the 20ththcc– Close to 100% Close to 100% – Serious consequences if did not voteSerious consequences if did not vote– Elections not competitive- voted for Elections not competitive- voted for

handpicked candidates by handpicked candidates by Communist leaders Communist leaders

Since 1991 Elections- Voter turnout Since 1991 Elections- Voter turnout increasedincreased– Higher than U.S., lower than Britain and Higher than U.S., lower than Britain and

France France Voting rate has decreased since first Voting rate has decreased since first

democratic electiondemocratic election Lack of national pride since the fall of the Lack of national pride since the fall of the

Soviet UnionSoviet Union– Before = twin super power to the U.S. Before = twin super power to the U.S. – Now = struggling Now = struggling

It has been claimed: “ ‘true’ democracy It has been claimed: “ ‘true’ democracy has not yet taken hold in Russia because has not yet taken hold in Russia because the people themselves are ‘co-the people themselves are ‘co-conspirators’ in the rejection of democratic conspirators’ in the rejection of democratic values and practices” values and practices” – Because of historical experience, they Because of historical experience, they

do not posses the understanding of do not posses the understanding of democratic practicesdemocratic practices

– The traditional view of Soviet society The traditional view of Soviet society incorporated “enforced departicipation” incorporated “enforced departicipation”

Social MovementsSocial Movements ““Nashi” (Ours) Movement Nashi” (Ours) Movement

(2005)(2005)– Purported purpose is Purported purpose is

to combat fascism, but to combat fascism, but in reality it focuses on in reality it focuses on idolizing the Prime idolizing the Prime Minister and gaining Minister and gaining support for the United support for the United Russia Party during Russia Party during the 2007/2008 the 2007/2008 electionselections

– 10,000 strong 10,000 strong – Pro-Putin Pro-Putin – Special army Special army

exclusively for Nashi exclusively for Nashi – Since Putin won Since Putin won

election, not as election, not as important to him important to him anymoreanymore

Public PolicyPublic Policy

Public Policy in RussiaPublic Policy in Russia

Some of the main policy issues in Russia are foreign Some of the main policy issues in Russia are foreign policy, human rights issues, and terrorism.policy, human rights issues, and terrorism.

Although the government has recognized the Although the government has recognized the legitimacy of international human rights standards, the legitimacy of international human rights standards, the institutionalization of procedures to safeguard these institutionalization of procedures to safeguard these rights has lagged. There are, however, some indications rights has lagged. There are, however, some indications that the law is becoming an increasingly important tool that the law is becoming an increasingly important tool for those seeking to protect human rights.for those seeking to protect human rights.

Lengthy pretrial detention remains a serious problem. Lengthy pretrial detention remains a serious problem. Russia has one of the highest prison population rates in Russia has one of the highest prison population rates in the world, at 632 per 100,000. There are credible the world, at 632 per 100,000. There are credible reports of beating and torture of inmates and detainees reports of beating and torture of inmates and detainees by law enforcement and correctional officials, and by law enforcement and correctional officials, and brutality perpetrated by the prisoners themselves, brutality perpetrated by the prisoners themselves, some of whom are informally granted authority to some of whom are informally granted authority to enforce order within the prisons.enforce order within the prisons.

Chechen TerrorismChechen Terrorism

In the North Caucasus, there have been In the North Caucasus, there have been credible allegations of violations of credible allegations of violations of international human rights and international human rights and humanitarian law committed by Russian humanitarian law committed by Russian and pro-Moscow Chechen forces. Rebels and pro-Moscow Chechen forces. Rebels also have committed abuses and acts of also have committed abuses and acts of terrorism. Although the number of terrorism. Although the number of kidnappings and disappearances kidnappings and disappearances committed by government and rebel committed by government and rebel forces markedly declined in Chechnya in forces markedly declined in Chechnya in 2007 and 2008, similar incidents have 2007 and 2008, similar incidents have been reported in neighboring Ingushetiya been reported in neighboring Ingushetiya and Dagestan.and Dagestan.

Beslan School Hostage Beslan School Hostage CrisisCrisis 1,200 school children taken 1,200 school children taken

hostage by Chechen rebels on hostage by Chechen rebels on September 1, 2004September 1, 2004

334 civilians killed334 civilians killed Putin changed local elections so he Putin changed local elections so he

appointed local officials and had appointed local officials and had them approved by the Dumathem approved by the Duma

Critics were suspicious of Putin’s Critics were suspicious of Putin’s attempts to increase his powerattempts to increase his power

Poverty ProblemsPoverty Problems

Originally benefits such as free Originally benefits such as free transportation, medicine, and transportation, medicine, and utilities for poorutilities for poor

Putin switches to cash handouts Putin switches to cash handouts for poor- decreases popularityfor poor- decreases popularity

Large pension fund- increasingLarge pension fund- increasing Pensions for caring for childrenPensions for caring for children

Freedom of Speech?Freedom of Speech?

The constitution provides for freedom of speech and of The constitution provides for freedom of speech and of the press; however, in practice government pressure on the press; however, in practice government pressure on the media persists, resulting in numerous infringements the media persists, resulting in numerous infringements of these rights. The government uses direct ownership or of these rights. The government uses direct ownership or ownership by large private companies with links to the ownership by large private companies with links to the government to control or influence the major media government to control or influence the major media outlets, especially television, through direct control and outlets, especially television, through direct control and through self-censorship by editors and journalists. The through self-censorship by editors and journalists. The government uses its controlling ownership in major government uses its controlling ownership in major national television and radio stations, as well as the national television and radio stations, as well as the majority of influential regional ones, to restrict access to majority of influential regional ones, to restrict access to information about issues deemed sensitive, including information about issues deemed sensitive, including coverage of opposition political parties and movements. coverage of opposition political parties and movements. Unsolved murders of journalists, including the murder of Unsolved murders of journalists, including the murder of respected investigative reporter Anna Politkovskaya in respected investigative reporter Anna Politkovskaya in October 2006, have caused significant international October 2006, have caused significant international concern and increased the reluctance of journalists to concern and increased the reluctance of journalists to cover controversial subjects.cover controversial subjects.

Economic PolicyEconomic Policy

Two groups: Reformers wanted immediate change, Two groups: Reformers wanted immediate change, “shock therapy”, conservatives wanted slower approach“shock therapy”, conservatives wanted slower approach

Yeltsin started to emphasize privatiziation in 1991-1992Yeltsin started to emphasize privatiziation in 1991-1992

The Russian economy underwent tremendous stress in The Russian economy underwent tremendous stress in the 1990s as it moved from a centrally planned the 1990s as it moved from a centrally planned economy to a free market system. Difficulties in economy to a free market system. Difficulties in implementing fiscal reforms aimed at raising implementing fiscal reforms aimed at raising government revenues and a dependence on short-term government revenues and a dependence on short-term borrowing to finance budget deficits led to a serious borrowing to finance budget deficits led to a serious financial crisis in 1998. financial crisis in 1998.

The global economic crisis hit Russia hard, starting with The global economic crisis hit Russia hard, starting with heavy capital flight in September 2008, which caused a heavy capital flight in September 2008, which caused a crisis in its stock market. Several high-profile business crisis in its stock market. Several high-profile business disputes earlier in 2008 such as as the Georgian war disputes earlier in 2008 such as as the Georgian war helped drive capital out of Russia.helped drive capital out of Russia.

Economic Policy cont.Economic Policy cont. The CBR intervened to keep the ruble stable The CBR intervened to keep the ruble stable

during times of volatile international commodity during times of volatile international commodity prices and to manage inflation. In years of record prices and to manage inflation. In years of record high oil prices, the Central Bank typically high oil prices, the Central Bank typically purchased dollars to prevent real appreciation of purchased dollars to prevent real appreciation of the ruble. These interventions initially had limited the ruble. These interventions initially had limited effect on inflation, as they were mostly sterilized effect on inflation, as they were mostly sterilized by budget surpluses and demand for rubles grew by budget surpluses and demand for rubles grew in a robust era of economic growth. By 2007, in a robust era of economic growth. By 2007, fiscal policy and the balance of payments were fiscal policy and the balance of payments were the actual drivers of monetary policy, particularly the actual drivers of monetary policy, particularly as large capital inflows due to increased as large capital inflows due to increased borrowing by Russian banks and corporations borrowing by Russian banks and corporations caused the money supply to swell and added to caused the money supply to swell and added to inflationary pressures.inflationary pressures.

Trade in RussiaTrade in Russia

Russia is currently the 28th-largest export Russia is currently the 28th-largest export market for U.S. goods. Russian exports to the market for U.S. goods. Russian exports to the U.S. were fuel oil, inorganic chemicals, U.S. were fuel oil, inorganic chemicals, aluminum, and precious stones. U.S. exports to aluminum, and precious stones. U.S. exports to Russia were machinery, vehicles, meat (mostly Russia were machinery, vehicles, meat (mostly poultry), aircraft, electrical equipment, and high-poultry), aircraft, electrical equipment, and high-tech products.tech products.

Russia is in the process of negotiating terms of Russia is in the process of negotiating terms of accession to the World Trade Organization accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). The U.S. and Russia concluded a bilateral (WTO). The U.S. and Russia concluded a bilateral WTO accession agreement in late 2006, and WTO accession agreement in late 2006, and negotiations continue on meeting WTO negotiations continue on meeting WTO requirements for accession. Russia reports that it requirements for accession. Russia reports that it has yet to conclude a bilateral agreement with has yet to conclude a bilateral agreement with Georgia. Georgia.

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

In the years after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia took In the years after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia took important steps to become a full partner in the world's principal important steps to become a full partner in the world's principal political groupings. On December 27, 1991, Russia assumed the political groupings. On December 27, 1991, Russia assumed the permanent UN Security Council seat formerly held by the Soviet permanent UN Security Council seat formerly held by the Soviet Union. Russia also is a member of the Organization for Security Union. Russia also is a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the Euro-Atlantic and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC). Russia and the European Union (EU) Partnership Council (EAPC). Russia and the European Union (EU) signed a Partnership and Cooperation Agreement. It signed the signed a Partnership and Cooperation Agreement. It signed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Partnership for Peace North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Partnership for Peace initiative in 1994. The NATO-Russia Founding Act established the initiative in 1994. The NATO-Russia Founding Act established the Permanent Joint Council (PJC) in 1997, with the NATO-Russia Permanent Joint Council (PJC) in 1997, with the NATO-Russia Council superseding the PJC in 2002. Council superseding the PJC in 2002.

Russia, despite misgivings, did not actively oppose enlargement Russia, despite misgivings, did not actively oppose enlargement of NATO by members of the former Warsaw Pact and the Baltic of NATO by members of the former Warsaw Pact and the Baltic states, which had been forcibly integrated into the Soviet Union. states, which had been forcibly integrated into the Soviet Union. However, Russia has recently stressed its strong opposition to However, Russia has recently stressed its strong opposition to the membership aspirations of Ukraine and Georgia.the membership aspirations of Ukraine and Georgia.

U.S./Russian RelationsU.S./Russian Relations

The United States and Russia share common interests on a broad range of The United States and Russia share common interests on a broad range of issues, including counterterrorism and the drastic reduction of our strategic issues, including counterterrorism and the drastic reduction of our strategic arsenals. Russia shares our basic goal of stemming the proliferation of weapons arsenals. Russia shares our basic goal of stemming the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and the means to deliver them. The Cooperative Threat of mass destruction and the means to deliver them. The Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) program, launched in 1992 to facilitate dismantlement of Reduction (CTR) program, launched in 1992 to facilitate dismantlement of weapons of mass destruction in the former Soviet Union, was renewed in 2006 weapons of mass destruction in the former Soviet Union, was renewed in 2006 until 2013. At the 2006 G8 Summit in St. Petersburg, the U.S. and Russia until 2013. At the 2006 G8 Summit in St. Petersburg, the U.S. and Russia announced the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism to keep terrorists announced the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism to keep terrorists from acquiring nuclear materials. from acquiring nuclear materials.

We are working with Russia to bring Iran's nuclear programs into compliance with We are working with Russia to bring Iran's nuclear programs into compliance with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) rules and United Nations Security International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) rules and United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1737, 1747, and 1803. On North Korea, Russia is a Council Resolutions 1737, 1747, and 1803. On North Korea, Russia is a participant in the Six-Party Talks aimed at the verifiable denuclearization of the participant in the Six-Party Talks aimed at the verifiable denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. Russia also takes part in the Middle East Peace Process Korean Peninsula. Russia also takes part in the Middle East Peace Process "Quartet" (along with the UN and the EU). Russia now interacts with NATO "Quartet" (along with the UN and the EU). Russia now interacts with NATO members as an equal through the NATO-Russia Council but without veto power members as an equal through the NATO-Russia Council but without veto power over NATO decisions. During the past several years, over NATO decisions. During the past several years,

Russia has intensified its efforts to combat trafficking in persons. We are Russia has intensified its efforts to combat trafficking in persons. We are cooperating in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Despite this cooperation, there remain cooperating in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Despite this cooperation, there remain areas in which the U.S. and Russia disagree, including over Moscow’s recognition areas in which the U.S. and Russia disagree, including over Moscow’s recognition of the independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia and assertion of “privileged of the independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia and assertion of “privileged interests” in Eurasia. The Obama administration is seeking ways to improve our interests” in Eurasia. The Obama administration is seeking ways to improve our bilateral relations and enhance cooperation by focusing on areas of mutual bilateral relations and enhance cooperation by focusing on areas of mutual interest, while managing areas of disagreement.interest, while managing areas of disagreement.

Post 9/11 EraPost 9/11 Era

September 11September 11thth moved Russia and moved Russia and the U.S. closer togetherthe U.S. closer together– Al-Qaeda had worked alongside Al-Qaeda had worked alongside

Chechen rebels Chechen rebels

A Few Other Issues….A Few Other Issues….

As of the end of 2008, there were 461,754 HIV cases As of the end of 2008, there were 461,754 HIV cases officially registered in Russia, though experts believe officially registered in Russia, though experts believe the actual number may be as many as 1 million HIV the actual number may be as many as 1 million HIV cases. The government currently spends over $250 cases. The government currently spends over $250 million per year on HIV/AIDS treatment programs and million per year on HIV/AIDS treatment programs and has allocated over $42 million for the period of 2007-has allocated over $42 million for the period of 2007-2010 to support HIV/AIDS vaccine research.2010 to support HIV/AIDS vaccine research.

Russia has a body of conflicting, overlapping and Russia has a body of conflicting, overlapping and rapidly changing laws, decrees and regulations, which rapidly changing laws, decrees and regulations, which has resulted in an ad hoc and unpredictable approach has resulted in an ad hoc and unpredictable approach to doing business. Regional and local courts are often to doing business. Regional and local courts are often subject to political pressure, and corruption is subject to political pressure, and corruption is widespread. Russia's World Trade Organization (WTO) widespread. Russia's World Trade Organization (WTO) accession process is also helping to bring the accession process is also helping to bring the country's legal and regulatory regime in line with country's legal and regulatory regime in line with internationally accepted practices.internationally accepted practices.

New Defense PoliciesNew Defense Policies

The Russian Government has stated a desire to convert to a The Russian Government has stated a desire to convert to a professional army, but implementation has been progressing professional army, but implementation has been progressing slowly. In an effort to make military service more attractive, the slowly. In an effort to make military service more attractive, the tour of duty for conscripts was reduced to one year (from 18 tour of duty for conscripts was reduced to one year (from 18 months) beginning in 2008, and the military is offering months) beginning in 2008, and the military is offering increased pay and benefits to raise the number of professional increased pay and benefits to raise the number of professional servicemen.servicemen.

Despite recent increases in the budget, however, defense Despite recent increases in the budget, however, defense spending is still unable to sustain Russia's oversized military. spending is still unable to sustain Russia's oversized military. Current troop strength, estimated at 1.1 million, is large in Current troop strength, estimated at 1.1 million, is large in comparison to Russia's GDP and military budget, which comparison to Russia's GDP and military budget, which continues to make the process of transformation to a continues to make the process of transformation to a professional army difficult. This is the result of the Soviet legacy professional army difficult. This is the result of the Soviet legacy and military thinking that has changed little since the Cold War. and military thinking that has changed little since the Cold War. Senior Russian leaders continue to emphasize a reliance on a Senior Russian leaders continue to emphasize a reliance on a large strategic nuclear force capable of deterring a massive large strategic nuclear force capable of deterring a massive nuclear attack.nuclear attack.

Russia's efforts to transform its Soviet-legacy military into a Russia's efforts to transform its Soviet-legacy military into a smaller, lighter, and more mobile force continue to be smaller, lighter, and more mobile force continue to be hampered by an ossified military leadership, discipline problems hampered by an ossified military leadership, discipline problems and human rights violations, limited funding, and demographics.and human rights violations, limited funding, and demographics.

Russia in the MediaRussia in the Media

After Gorbachev came to power, After Gorbachev came to power, everyone began to say anything and everyone began to say anything and everything that was on their mindeverything that was on their mind

Starting in 1991, media passed into Starting in 1991, media passed into private handsprivate hands– Two leading networks run by Berezovsky Two leading networks run by Berezovsky

and Gusinskyand Gusinsky

Television is the main influenceTelevision is the main influence

Fewer than 5% population on InternetFewer than 5% population on Internet

Review Questions:Review Questions:To see if you were paying To see if you were paying attentionattention True or FalseTrue or False

– The 1993 Russian Constitution established 3 branches of government that are similar to that of the The 1993 Russian Constitution established 3 branches of government that are similar to that of the United StatesUnited States

Which party does Boris Yeltsin a member of? Which party does Boris Yeltsin a member of? – Liberal Democratic PartyLiberal Democratic Party– United RussiaUnited Russia– Agrarian Party of RussiaAgrarian Party of Russia– The Communist PartyThe Communist Party

How many consecutive terms is the president allowed to serve?How many consecutive terms is the president allowed to serve?– 11– 22– 33– 44

True or FalseTrue or False– Russia has reached the full stage of democracy Russia has reached the full stage of democracy

True or FalseTrue or False– Boris Yeltsin is effectively promoting civil society and is ineffectively promoting democracyBoris Yeltsin is effectively promoting civil society and is ineffectively promoting democracy

Which of the following make up Russia’s ethnic minoritiesWhich of the following make up Russia’s ethnic minorities– Altaic groupAltaic group– SlavsSlavs– Uralic group Uralic group – Both a and cBoth a and c