Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences

“Research Institute for Biology and Physiology of Microorganisms named after G.K. Skriabin” of the Russian Academy of Sciences

“Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Member of academy N.F. Gamalei” of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences

FSI “All-Russian State Center for Quality Control and standardization of Animal Medications and Feeds” of Federal Veterinary And Phytosanitary Monitoring Service

Limited Liability Company “Research and Production Company “Sovremennyje Biotekhnologii”

“SCIENTIFIC BASE ELABORATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF RESOURCE SAVING TECHNOLOGY FOR RISE IN PROFITABILITY OF

MEAT AND DAIRY FARMING AND BROILER POULTRY”

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1. Urgency of agricultural animals and poultry productivity improvement. 2. Product specification.3. Application of SАТ-SОМ product in animal farming.

4. Animals’ physiological state upon application of Sat-Som product.

5. Meat bioavailability indicators upon application of Sat-Som product.

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The issues of productivity improvement of animal and poultry farming have gained strategic significance within the recent years with regard to the urge to provide economic independence of national farming. The use of traditional methods based on application of antibiotics and hormonal muscle pills in animal feeding cause growing rejection in consumers and objections of medical and sanitation departments.

Therefore, the search for alternative solutions to improve productivity of cattle and other farm animals’ feeding is an urgent and actual task.

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In the middle of the 90s of the XX century Russian researchers suggested an original solution of animal feeding productivity improvement based on a possibility of endogenous regulation of biologically active peptides level and the digestive tract enzymes activity. The attention of the Russian scientists was drawn by somatostatin – a biologically active tetradecapeptide that is produced in hypothalamus and digestive tract of animals. Somatostatin, having strong inhibiting effect on a range of hormones (somatotropin, thyrotropin, insulin, glucagon), initiates oppression of release of digestive enzymes, pancreas and small intestine, reduces digestive tract activity and evacuation of its content. Wide range of effects that somatostatin has on the factors responsible for food disposal became the grounds for exploration of possibility of its use for the purposes of animal feeding process optimization in order to mitigate economic costs.

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In the USA, Canada and Great Britain, active immunization of animals (cattle, sheep, pigs) against somatostatin was performed over thirty years ago. The authors of research notice, that the immunized animals overtopped the control ones with regard to weight gain in the same conditions by 20-30%, with high concentration of somatotropin found in their blood. In the course of research, reduction of feeding terms and, subsequently, mitigation of operating costs was discovered.

However wide application of active animal immunization method against endogenous somatostatin was impossible due to its expensiveness, because the basic means of peptide generation is chemical synthesis, which prevented us economically from practical realization of this approach.

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In 1993-1995. our native researchers created genetically engineered race of colon bacillus capable of synthesizing immunologically active somatostatin-containing protein, which can be easily extracted and cleaned and has sufficient level of immune capacity regarding somatostatine, for practical use for farm animals’ productivity improvement. Subsequently, somatostatin-containing protein biosynthesis and cleaning technologies were elaborated, and the product was created and tested. Similar works were performed abroad, however, immune capacity of the received products was insufficient.

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The product (polypeptide) for farm animals’ productivity improvement contains carrier protein, somatostatin and adjuvant. Polypeptide is formed in the colon bacillus cells transformed by plasmid DNA containing the fragment of DNA encoding the part of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase without ten C-terminal amino acids with attached sequence encoding somatostatin-14 with an amino acidic stop codon, inducing synthesis of somatostatin-specific antibodies.

Product specification

Promoter CAT SD CAT Som Terminator

pCATSom

Promoter CAT SD CATdel Som Terminator

pCATdelSom

Promoter T5 SD CATdel Som Terminator

pCATdelSomT5

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The product’s mechanism is based on generation of antibodies against somatostatin in the animals’ bodies, reduction of its concentration in blood and tissues and, as a result, increase of endogenous somatotropine level and activity of some enzymes in the digestive tract which leads to beef and dairy productivity stimulation.

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Product application

In 1994. on the grounds of positive consideration of normative and technical documentation by Veterinary Department of Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, permission for a large-scale industrial experiment in farming practice was obtained.

The product was applied by way of five intradermal injections (according to the scheme). 4-8 weeks after the first injection, animals’ daily average live weight gain increased by approximately 10% compared to the similar exponents in the control group and remained at the same level during the entire feed cycle. Single protein doze that was injected amounts to 50mkg per 1kg of an animal’s live weight.

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In 2003 all the required documentation for SAT-SOM product underwent an examination at the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation and the product was permitted for use on the territory of the Russian Federation, and since 2005 – on the territory of the Republic of Belarus. In 2006 the product was registered on the territory of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.

Within 2003-2005 pork producing agricultural enterprises in Belgorod, Kaluga, Novgorod and Tomsk regions, as well as the Republic of Belarus, received the following results due to implementation of SAT-SOM product in pig growing technologies:

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- Bred sow preservation increase up to10%

- Newborn pigs mass increase by 5 -10 %%

- Sucker pigs and weaned pigs loss decrease

by 3 – 20 %%

- Animals’ intensive growth and live weight gain increase

up to 12 %

- Reduction of feeding period to 2 weeks with feed efficiency increase; - Increase of sows’ milkability and full-value condition of milk; - Increase of animals’ resistibility; - Mitigation of economic costs on animal feeding.

Now let us briefly comment on basic results of SAT-SOM use in animal and poultry farms.

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Results of Sat-Som application at farms of Pestovskij region of Novgorod oblast.

Name of farm Quantity of cows, stock

Calf crop, % Service-period, days

Milk production per cow, kg

Total Incl. with SAT-SOM



Without product application

With product application

Collective farm “Smena”

75 50 91 95 91 90 2982 3242

Collective farm “Krasnoje Znamia”

175 114 73 100 87 75 3403 3621

Collective farm “Krasnaja Zvezda”

80 32 75 89 93 70 2581 2868

Collective farm “Progress”

165 98 66 95 87 75 3463 3806

Collective farm “Za Mir” 103 86 88 100 75 70 2815 3163

Collective farm “Put Lenina”

87 25 100 100 65 60 3504 3728

Peasant (farm) holding “Bojtsovoj”

106 75 74 100 70 53 3473 3735

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Sat-Som efficacy in young fat stock feeding

№ Farms Quantity of animals in groups, stock

Animals’ initial age, months

Daily average weight gain

Animal’s average live weight upon delivery

Additional product gain in live weight versus control, kg

g % kg % to control

1 Agroindustrial firm “Doronichi”, Leninskij region of Kirov oblast

150-experiment

3.0 620 112.3 296 112.5 4950

150-control 3.0 552 100.0 263 100.0 -

2 Work-study unit of VSACA “Chistyje Prudy”, Leninskij region of Kirov oblast

105-experiment

2.0 677 109.4 398 107.6 2940

105-control 2.0 619 100.0 370 100.0 -

3 Collective farm named after M.A. Gurjanov, Zhukovskij rergion of Kaluga oblast

180-experiment

2.5 852 112.1 365 112.3 7200

180-control 2.5 760 100.0 325 100.0 -

4 Farms of Babyninskij region of Kaluga oblast

280-experiment

3.0 702 108.7 301 108.2 6440

280-control 3.0 646 100.0 278 100.0 -

5 Collective farm named after Frunze, Belgorod region of Belgorod oblast

30-experiment

5.5 (calfs) 969 109.6 174 109.4 450

30-control 5.5 (calfs) 884 100.0 159 100.0 -

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Exponents Unit of account

Experimental group of animals

Control group of animals

Group exponents versus control ratio, %

Bred sows quantity Stock 713 551 -

Young pigs received, total/among them weak Stock 7058/78 5299/81 1.1/1.5

Young pigs per sow Stock 9.9 9.6 103.1

Young pig’s average weight at birth Kg 1.41 1.29 102.9

Young pigs for completion of growing Stock, % 6493/92 4617/87 5.0

Average weight of a young pig on completion of growing

Kg 7.94 7.61 104.3

Daily average weight gain on completion of growing

g 352 303 116.2

Pigs for stall-feed Stock 5519/85 3614/78 7.0

Stall-feed head weight Kg 36.9 34.2 107.9

Pigs for slaughter Stock, % 5243/95 3317/92 3.0

Pig’s average preslaughter weight Kg 104.5 96.2 108.6

Daily average weight gain on stall-feed g 551 502 109.7

Total production in live weight t 547.8 324.3

Total production in live weight per 1000 heads t 104.4 96.2 108.5

Total pork per 1000 heads on stall-feed t 51.05 45.2 112.9

Results of SAT-SOM application for feeder swine productivity increase (Belgorod oblast, “Gubkinskij Agricultural Holding”, Novgorod oblast, “Novgorod Bacon”).

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Several exponents of animals’ physiological state were explored during application of SAT-SOM at pig complexes “Cossak Holding Company” (Ilovlya, Volgograd oblast) and “Gubkinskij” (Belgorog oblast). The basic average results are set out below.

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The experiment was carried out on 255 bred sows of Large White breed with 65 days pregnancy period of third-fifth farrowing with live weight of 185-230 kg. Experimental sows received intradermal injections of SAT-SOM twice on 65th and 80th of pregnancy, control group (129 heads) received the same doze of adjuvant.

The exponents of the product’s impact on multifetation were terms of farrowing, quantity of young pigs born, among them alive, including “marketable”, “minus-variative” and stillborn. The data collected are set out in the table.

Impact of SAT-SOM on pregnancy, farrowing, puerperal period and brood quality.

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Impact of SAT-SOM on pregnancy, farrowing, puerperal period and brood quality.

Exponents SАТ-SОМ Control

Sows in group, heads 126 129

Farrowed within technological terms, heads 108 84

including % 85.7 65.1

Pigs born, total 1026 789

Among them alive, heads 1014 765

in % 98.8 96.9

“Marketable”, heads 904 637

in % 88.2 79.8

“Minus variants”, heads 110 128

в % 10.7 16.2

Stillborn, heads 12 24

in % 1.1 3.0

As per 1 sow, heads 9.4 9.1

“Marketable”, heads 8.37 7.58

“Minus variants”, heads 1.01 1.52

Stillborn, heads 0.11 0.28

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It was established that SAT-SOM application did not have any material effect on pregnancy term, which equaled to 114±1.28 days in experimental group and 114±1.15 days in control group. Application of SAT-SOM led to increase of the number of sows farrowing within technological terms by 20.6% compared to control group. The number of pigs born alive in the experimental group overtopped the control group by 1.9% and by 8.4 % of “marketable” pigs. Moreover, the number of “minus variants” and the stillborn was lower in the experimental group than in control group by 5.5 % and 1.9 % accordingly. As per bred sow against SAT-SOM application the birth rates were higher for multifetation – by 0.3 heads, “marketable” pigs – by 0.79 heads and lower for “minus variants” – by 0.51 and the stillborn – by 0.17 heads.

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Therefore, the obtained results evidence, that the product does not impair gestation and labour course and helps improve brood quality.

The prophylactic impact of the product with regard to sows’ puerperal morbidity rate is reflected in the table.

SАТ-SОМ impact on sows’ puerperal morbidity rate.

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10

9.3

20.4 5

50

10

84

25

29.7 15

60

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Exponent

SАТ-SОМ 108 10 9.3 20.4 5 50 10

Control group 84 25 29.7 - 15 60 -

Sows in groups,total

Among them sick in the

puerperal period

Sick sowspercentage

Compared tocontrol, %

Among

sickwith MMA syndrome

Sick with MMA percentage

Compared to

control, %

As we can see from the table, the percentage of sows sick in the puerperal period in the control group was almost 3.2 times higher. The percentage of sows sick with MMA syndrome was even higher (17.9% against 4.6; or by 3.9 times). The rate of sows sick with MMA out of total number of sick sows was higher by 10%. This suggests that somatostatin blocking had positive effect on the sows’ resistibility against this widespread puerperal disease. After application of the product the exponents of sows’ reproductive function restoration during puerperal period were also taken into account. It was established that the number of sows delivered to breeding site amounted to 95.4% against 94.0% in control group. The number of sows not blissoming within terms against SAT-SOM application was by 3.4.% lower that in control group. Farrowing of bred sows according to U/S data amounted to 93.0% against SAT-SOM application, which is by 1.1% higher than in control group.

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Blood proteins support permanent osmotic pressure and blood pH and play an important role in formation of complexes with hormones, carbohydrates, lipids and other substances. Also they play a significant part in the body’s protective mechanism, water metabolism, transportation of nutrients and metabolic products and hemostasis. Proteins are the key biologically active substances, and their level in blood to a certain extent determines the intensity of protein exchange in the body. Blood proteins, first of all, albumins, are the source of formation of proteins of various organs and tissues. Therefore, the intensity of protein exchange in the organism of experimental animals can be assessed on the basis of variation of crude protein and protein fractions content in blood serum.

In the course of research, some exponents of protein exchange, glucose and lactic acid content and concentration of vitamins in animals’ blood plasma was analyzed. The results are set out in the tables.

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The research established that SAT-SOM has a positive effect on protein exchange of young pigs on completion of growing and stall-feed. Animals of experimental group at the age of 4 months overtopped the control group with regard to crude protein content in blood serum by 8.2%, and by 7.97% at the age of 8 months.

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Age-dependent dynamics of crude protein content in blood serum of experimental animals, g/l (n = 12).

0

50

100

Age, months

Control group 66.81 74.9 77.4

Experimental group 67.4 81.05 83.57

2 4 8

66.81

74.9

77.4

67.4

81.05

83.57

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Glucose and lactic acid content in blood of 8-month-old pigs. (n = 12).

4.3

1

8.4

84.4

3

7.5

8

0

5

10

Exponent

Control group4.31 8.48

Experimentalgroup 4.43 7.58

Glucose, mM/l Lactic acid, mg%

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The results of research indicate that glucose content in the blood of 8 month old pigs compared to that of control group was higher by 2.8% and while lactic acid concentration in the blood serum was lower by 10.61% accordingly. Therefore, carbohydrate metabolism of experimental pigs increased under the influence of SAT-SOM.

Vitamin E participates in protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism. It promotes assimilation of Vitamin A and carotene. E-hypovitaminosis results in amyotrophia, impaired synthesis and carotene phosphorylation, slowed down acetylization reactions and inadequate oxidizing processes, as well as mineral metabolism, especially calcium and phosphorus, and reduced glycogen and vitamin A content in the liver.

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Content of vitamin metabolism components in blood serum of 8-month-old pigs (n = 12).

29

.59 0.3

1

0.6

9

30

.47 0.3

9

0.8

1

0

10

20

30

40

Exponent


Experimental group

30.47 0.39 0.81

Vitamin А, mkg% Vitamin Е, mg% Vitamin С, mg%

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Our research shows that differences in vitamin A content in the blood serum of experimental pigs were insignificant. At the same time vitamin E concentration in the blood serum of experimental animals overtopped the same exponent of control group by 25.81%. 8-month-old animals of experimental group overtopped pigs in control group with regard to vitamin C content by 17.39%.

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Slaughter and pork-making qualities of experimental pigs (n=12).

10

1.8

1

64

.9

63

.75

62

.43

61

.31

2.4

7

30

.82

29

.3

10

7.6

1

69

.92

64

.97

67

.11

62

.36

2.8

1

30

.95

30

.46

0

50

100

150

Exponent

Control group101.81 64.9 63.75 62.43 61.31 2.47 30.82 29.3

Experimental group 107.61 69.92 64.97 67.11 62.36 2.81 30.95 30.46

Preslaughter live weight, kg,

Slaughter weight, kg

Slaughter outcome, %

Fresh carcass weight, kg

Carcass outcome %

Inner fat Weight, kg

Fat thicknessat the level of 6-7dorsal vertebras,mm

“Muscle bud” square, cm2

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The control slaughter data indicate that preslaughter live weight of experimental pigs overtopped that of control group animals by 5.70%.

The research also established that young pigs of experimental group overtopped control group in slaughter weight by 7.73%. The same regularity was observed with regard to fresh carcass weight. The advantage of experimental group over control group on this exponent amounted to 7.50%.

With regard to slaughter outcome, experimental pigs overtopped young pigs of control group by 1.22%.Moreover, the advantage of experimental pigs regarding “muscle bud” square was established. The “muscle bud” square of these animals overtopped that of control group pigs by 3.96%.

Therefore, SAT-SOM injection has had a positive effect on growth and development of young pigs, which was vividly reflected in the results of control slaughter.

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Meat is the aggregate of tissues which constitute the carcass or half-carcass obtained after slaughter. It contains the following basic tissues: muscle, connective, bone and cartilaginous tissue. The chemical composition of meat, its nutritive value and processing properties directly depend on the proportion of constituent tissues. The proportion of tissues in meat is, in its turn, influenced by the type, breed, age, fatness, feeding type and a range of other factors. Deboning of carcasses of pigs from control and experimental groups allowed establishing the absolute and relative amount of their bodies’ basic tissues. The results of deboning are reflected in the table.

The research established that experimental pigs overtopped control group animals in chilled carcass weight by 7.28 %, and 9.19% in meat weight accordingly.

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Morphological composition of experimental pigs’ carcasses (n=12)

61

.24 34

.81

56

.84

19

.7 32

.17

7.1

6

11

.69

65

.7 38

.01

57

.85

20

.48 3

1.1

7

7.5

11

.42

0

20

40

60

80

Exponent

Control group 61.24 34.81 56.84 19.7 32.17 7.16 11.69

Experimentalgroup 65.7 38.01 57.85 20.48 31.17 7.5 11.42

Chilled Carcass weight, kg

Meat weight, kg Meat outcome, % Lard weight, kg Lard outcome, % Bones weight, kgBones outcome,

%

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Compared to young pigs of control group, the advantage of experimental pigs with regard to carcass meat outcome amounted to 1.01% accordingly.

Experimental animals’ carcasses had smaller lard outcome and came short of this exponent compared to control group animals by 1.01% accordingly.

Therefore, we can conclude that SAT-SOM injection to experimental pigs significantly improved pork production exponent compared to that of control group.

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Bioavailability of pork.

Bioavailability of meat is to a certain degree determined by complete proteins content – the background of the entire range of amino acids and, in particular, their biological marker, tryptophane. The amount of imperfect albumins (partial proteins) is represented by oxyproline. The high index of protein quality exponent (PQE) which characterizes tryptophane versus oxyproline ratio, evidences the good nutritive value of pork. The higher the PQE, the better the biological full-value of pork.

The data regarding bioavailability of experimental animals’ meat are set out in the table.

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Bioavailability of experimental pigs’ meat (n = 12)

408.5 49.16 8.31

420.3 47.65 8.82

0

100

200

300

400

500

Exponent

Control group408.5 49.16 8.31

Experimentalgroup

420.3 47.65 8.82

Tryptophane, mg% Oxyproline, mg%Protein quality exponent

Average sample

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Bioavailability of experimental pigs’ meat (n = 12)

Rib eye

425.7 48.15

8.84

438.1 46.51

9.42

0

100

200

300

400

500

Exponent


Experimentalgroup 438.1 46.51 9.42

Tryptophane, mg% Oxyproline, mg% Protein quality exponent

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Our research established that the average meat sample of experimental pigs that received SAT-SOM injections overtopped control group in tryptophane content by 2.9% and came short in oxyproline by 3.7%. Protein quality exponent of average carcass flesh sample of experimental group was higher than that of control group by 6.14%.

This indicates that the meat obtained from experimental animals had higher biological full-value than that of control group.

The research established that the rib eye of experimental pigs contained more tryptophane than that of the control group by 2.91% accordingly. The content of oxyproline was higher in the rib eye of control animals. They overtopped the experimental group with regard to this exponent by 3.41%. Protein quality exponent (PQE) of the rib eye of experimental group pigs exceeded that of control group by 6.56%.

Therefore, application of SAT-SOM product significantly influences the protein formation of muscle tissue.

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Zootechnic exponents of broiler farming using SAT-SOM product.

Exponent Groups

control experimental

Conservation, % 98.55 100.0

Live weight gain per day, g 42.0 42.0

Live weight gain in 21 days, g 874.6 883.95

% versus control 100.0 101.1

Live weight gain in 28 days, g 1405.5 1481.6


Live weight gain in 38 days, g 2188 2382


Feed required per 1 head for entire period, kg

4.085 4.325

Feed required per 1 kg of gain, kg

1.870 1.815


Daily average live weight gain, g

56.49 61.60


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In accordance with the Resolution of Russian Federation Government

№ 221 dated on 10/03/2009, this scientific development is announced

to be among the winners of the Russian Federation Government Award

in the sphere of Science and Technics.

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Documents

Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences