Ruy Lopez - Opening

4/7/2015 RuyLopezWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_Lopez 1/20

RuyLopez

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Moves 1.e4e52.Nf3Nc63.Bb5

ECO C60C99

Origin Gttingenmanuscript,1490

Namedafter

RuyLpezdeSegura,LibrodelAjedrez,1561

Parent OpenGame

Synonym(s) SpanishOpeningSpanishGameSpanishTorture[colloquial]

Contents

1History2Basics3MorphyDefence:3...a6

3.1MorphyDefence:alternativestoClosedDefence3.1.1ExchangeVariation:4.Bxc63.1.2NorwegianDefence:4.Ba4b55.Bb3Na53.1.3Variationscombining3...a6and...Bc5

RuyLopezFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TheRuyLopez(Spanishpronunciation:[rwilope/lopes]),alsocalledtheSpanishOpeningorSpanishGame,isachessopeningcharacterisedbythemoves:

1.e4e52.Nf3Nc63.Bb5

TheRuyLopezisnamedafter16thcenturySpanishpriestRuyLpezdeSegura.Itisoneofthemostpopularopenings,withsuchavastnumberofvariationsthatintheEncyclopaediaofChessOpenings(ECO)allcodesfromC60toC99areassignedtothem.



3.1.4SteinitzDefenceDeferred:4.Ba4d63.1.5SchliemannDefenceDeferred:4.Ba4f53.1.6ArkhangelskDefence:4.Ba4Nf65.00b56.Bb3Bb73.1.7RussianDefence:4.Ba4Nf65.00d63.1.8OpenDefence:4.Ba4Nf65.00Nxe4

3.2ClosedDefence4.Ba4Nf65.00Be7:alternativestoMainline3.2.1DelayedExchangeVariationDeferred:6.Bxc63.2.2CentreAttack:6.d43.2.3WorrallAttack:6.Qe23.2.4AverbakhVariation:6.Re1d63.2.5TrajkoviVariation:6.Re1b57.Bb3Bb73.2.67...00

3.2.6.1MarshallAttack:7...008.c3d53.3Mainline:4.Ba4Nf65.00Be76.Re1b57.Bb3d68.c300

3.3.1PilnikVariation:9.d33.3.2YatesVariationandBogoljubowVariation:9.d43.3.3ChigorinVariation:9.h3Na53.3.4BreyerVariation:9.h3Nb83.3.5ZaitsevVariation:9.h3Bb73.3.6KarpovVariation:9.h3Nd73.3.7KholmovVariation:9.h3Be63.3.8SmyslovVariation:9.h3h63.3.9SmyslovVariation:9.h3Qd7

4Blackdefencesotherthan3...a64.1CozioDefence:3...Nge74.2SmyslovDefence:3...g64.3Bird'sDefence:3...Nd44.4SteinitzDefence:3...d64.5SchliemannDefence:3...f54.6ClassicalDefence:3...Bc54.7BerlinDefence:3...Nf64.8Other

5Seealso6References7Furtherreading8Externallinks



History

Theopeningisnamedafterthe16thcenturySpanishpriestRuyLpezdeSegura,whomadeasystematicstudyofthisandotheropeningsinthe150pagebookonchessLibrodelAjedrezwrittenin1561.Althoughitbearshisname,thisparticularopeningwasincludedintheGttingenmanuscript,whichdatesfromc.1490.PopularuseoftheRuyLopezopeningdidnotdevelop,however,untilthemid19thcenturywhenCarlJaenisch,aRussiantheoretician,"rediscovered"itspotential.Theopeningremainsthemostcommonlyusedamongsttheopengamesinmasterplayithasbeenadoptedbyalmostallplayersduringtheircareers,manyofwhomhaveplayeditwithbothcolours.DuetothedifficultyforBlacktoachieveequality,[1]andthefactthatLopezwasapriestduringtheInquisition,acommonnicknamefortheopeningis"TheSpanishTorture".

InaChessNotesfeaturearticle,EdwardWinterprovidedacollectionofhistoricalanalyticalarticles(1840s1930s)focusedontheBerlinDefence.[2]

Basics

Atthemostbasiclevel,White'sthirdmoveattackstheknightwhichdefendsthee5pawnfromtheattackbythef3knight.White'sapparentthreattowinBlack'sepawnwith4.Bxc6dxc65.Nxe5isillusoryBlackcanrespondwith5...Qd4,forkingtheknightande4pawn,or5...Qg5,forkingtheknightandg2pawn,bothofwhichwinbackthematerialwithagoodposition.White's3.Bb5isstillagoodmoveitdevelopsapiece,preparescastling,andsetsupapotentialpinagainstBlack'sking.However,sinceWhite'sthirdmovecarriesnoimmediatethreat,Blackcanrespondinawidevarietyofways.

Traditionally,White'sobjectiveinplayingtheRuyLopezistospoilBlack'spawnstructureeitherwayBlackrecapturesfollowingtheexchangeonc6willhavenegativefeaturesforhim,thoughhetherebygainsthebishoppair.[3]Whitedoesnotalwaysexchangebishopforknightonc6,however,butusuallyinthevariousformsoftheExchangeVariation(ECOC68C69).

ThetheoryoftheRuyLopezisthemostextensivelydevelopedofallopengames,withsomelineshavingbeenanalysedwellbeyondmovethirty.Atnearlyeverymovetherearemanyreasonablealternatives,andmosthavebeendeeplyexplored.ItisconvenienttodividethepossibilitiesintotwogroupsbasedonwhetherornotBlackrespondswith(3...a6),whichisnamedtheMorphyDefenceafterPaulMorphy,althoughhewasnottheoriginatoroftheline.[4]ThevariationswithBlackmovesotherthan3...a6areolderandgenerallysimpler,buttheMorphyDefencelinesaremorecommonlyplayed.

MorphyDefence:3...a6

ByfarthemostcommonlyplayedBlackthirdmoveistheMorphyDefence,3...a6,which"putsthequestion"tothewhitebishop.Themainpointto3...a6isthatafterthecommonretreat4.Ba4,Blackwillhavethepossibilityofbreakingtheeventualpinonhisqueen'sknightbyplaying...b5.WhitemusttakesomecarenottofallintotheNoah'sArkTrap,inwhichBlacktrapsWhite'skingbishopontheb3squarewitha...a6,...b5,and...c4pawnadvanceonthequeenside.ErcoledelRio,inhis1750treatiseSoprailgiuocodegliScacchi,Osservazionipratichedell'anonimoModenese(OnthegameofChess,practical



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MorphyDefence3...a6

ObservationsbyananonymousModenese),wasthefirstauthortomention3...a6.[5]However,themovebecamepopularafteritwasplayedbyPaulMorphy,anditisnamedforhim.Steinitzdidnotapproveofthemovein1889,hewrote,"onprinciplethisoughttobedisadvantageousasitdrivesthebishopwhereitwantstogo".Steinitz'opiniondidnotprevail,howevertoday,3...a6isplayedinover75percentofallgamesbeginningwiththeRuyLopez.

MorphyDefence:alternativestoClosedDefence

After3...a6,themostcommonlyplayedlineistheClosedDefence,whichgoes4.Ba4Nf65.00Be7,discussedinthetwofollowingsections.AlternativestotheClosedDefencedescribedinthissectionare:

4.Bxc6(ExchangeVariation)4.Ba4

4...b55.Bb3Na5(NorwegianVariation)4...b55.Bb3Bc5(GrazDefence)4...b55.Bb3Bb74...Bc5(ClassicalDefenceDeferred)4...d6(SteinitzDefenceDeferred)4...f5(SchliemannDefenceDeferred)4...Nge7(CozioDefenceDeferred)4...Nf65.00b56.Bb3Bb7(ArkhangelskDefence)4...Nf65.00b56.Bb3Bc5(ModernArchangelDefence)4...Nf65.00Bc5(MllerDefence)4...Nf65.00d6(RussianDefence)4...Nf65.00Nxe4(OpenDefence)4...Nf65.d44...Nf65.Qe2(WormaldAttack)4...Nf65.d3(AnderssenVariation)

ExchangeVariation:4.Bxc6

IntheExchangeVariation,4.Bxc6,(ECOC68C69)WhitedamagesBlack'spawnstructure,givinghimareadymadelongtermplanofplayingd4...exd4Qxd4,followedbyexchangingallthepiecesandwinningthepurepawnending.Blackgainsgoodcompensation,however,intheformofthebishoppair,andthevariationisnotconsideredWhite'smostambitious,thoughformerworldchampionsEmanuelLaskerandBobbyFischeremployeditwithsuccess.



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ExchangeVariationafter4...dxc6

After4.Bxc6,Blackalmostalwaysresponds4...dxc6,although4...bxc6isplayable.Itisnotusuallyplayedduetothereply5.d4exd46.Qxd4andWhiteisincontrolofthecentre.After4...dxc6,theobvious5.Nxe5?isweak,since5...Qd4!6.Nf3Qxe4+7.Qe2Qxe2+leavesWhitewithnocompensationforBlack'sbishoppair.Therearetwoprincipallinesafter4.Bxc6dxc6.Inthelate19thandearly20thcenturies,Laskerhadgreatsuccesswith5.d4exd46.Qxd4Qxd47.Nxd4.Sincethen,betterdefencesforBlackhavebeendeveloped,andthislineisconsideredtoslightlyfavourBlack.JonJacobswroteintheJuly2005ChessLife(p.21):"Adatabasesearch(limitedtogameslongerthan20moves,bothplayersFIDE2300+)revealsthepositionafter7.Nxd4wasreached20timesfrom19852002.White'sresultswereabysmal:+07=13."MaxEuwegivesthepurepawnendinginthispositionasawinforWhite.[6]

Theflexible5.00issometimescalledtheBarendregtVariation,butitwasFischerwhodevelopeditintoaseriousweaponinthe1960s.Unlike5.d4,itforcesBlacktodefendhisepawn,whichheusuallydoeswith5...f6,5...Bg4,5...Qd6(thesharpestline,preparingqueensidecastling),5...Qe7,5...Qf6or5...Bd6.Ararebutplayablemoveis5...Be6(or5...Be7),theideabeingthatifWhiteplays6.Nxe5,Blackplays6...Qd4,forkingtheknightandthee4pawn.Themove...Qd4,regainingthepawnate4,isusuallyimpossibleinthesevariationsonceWhitehascastled,duetotheopenefile.

Whitemayalsodelaytheexchangeforamoveortwo:4.Ba4Nf65.Bxc6or5.00Be76.Bxc6(theDelayedExchangeDeferred),forexampleatfirstglancethisseemsawasteoftime,butBlackhavingplayed...Nf6rulesoutdefendingthepawnwith...f6,andthebishopalreadybeingone7meansthat...Bd6wouldbealossoftempo.

NorwegianDefence:4.Ba4b55.Bb3Na5

TheNorwegianVariation(alsocalledtheWingVariation)(ECOC70),3...a64.Ba4b55.Bb3Na5aimstoeliminatethewhitebishopbutisgenerallyconsideredtootimeconsumingforBlack.Theusualcontinuationis6.00d67.d4Nxb3,butthespeculativesacrifice6.Bxf7+?!Kxf77.Nxe5+,whichdrivestheblackkingout,hasbeenplayed.However,withaccurateplay,Blackissupposedtobeabletoconsolidatehisextrapiece.

Thisdefencehasbeenknownsincethe1880sandwasreintroducedin1901byCarlSchlechter.Inthe1950s,MarkTaimanovplayeditwithsomesuccess,thoughitremainedasideline,asithastothisday.TheNorwegianconnectionwasfirstintroducedbySveinJohannessenwhoplayedthelinefrom1957andlaterstrengthenedwhenSimenAgdesteinandsomeotherNorwegianplayersadoptedthevariation.In1995JonathanTisdallpublishedthearticle"RuyLopez.TheNorwegianVariation"inNewinChessYearbook37.

Variationscombining3...a6and...Bc5



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MllerDefence5...Bc5

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SteinitzDefenceDeferred4...d6

TheGrazDefence,ClassicalDefenceDeferred,andMllerDefencecombine3...a6withtheactivemove...Bc5.ForacenturyitwasbelievedthatitwassaferforBlacktoplacethebishopone7,butitismuchmoreactiveonc5.Whitecangaintimeafterplayingd4astheblackbishopwillhavetomove,butthisdoesnotalwaysseemtobeasimportantaswasoncethought.[7]

TheMllerDefence,3...a64.Ba4Nf65.00Bc5wasalreadyanoldlinein1903whenDaneJrgenMller(18731944)analyseditinTidsskriftfrSchack.AlexanderAlekhineplayedthisforBlackintheearlyportionofhiscareerdespitehisadvocacy,itneverachievedgreatpopularity,andevenheeventuallycametoconsideritdubious.

TheGrazDefence,3...a64.Ba4b55.Bb3Bc5,wasanalysedbyAloisFink(b.1910)insterreichischeSchachzeitungin1956andinWienerSchachNachrichtenin1979,althoughitdidnotbecomepopularuntilthe1990s.

SteinitzDefenceDeferred:4.Ba4d6

IntheSteinitzDefenceDeferred(alsocalledtheModernSteinitzDefenceortheNeoSteinitzDefence)(ECOC71C76),Blackinterpolates3...a64.Ba4beforeplaying4...d6,whichwasfrequentlyplayedbyAlexanderAlekhine,JosRalCapablancaandPaulKeres.Thepossibilityofbreakingthepinwithatimely...b5givesBlackmorelatitudethanintheOldSteinitzDefenceinparticular,intheOldSteinitz,WhitecanpracticallyforceBlacktogiveuphisstrongpointate5,butintheSteinitzDeferred,Blackisabletomaintainhiscentre.MostplausibleWhitemovesareplayablehere,including5.c3,5.c4,5.Bxc6,5.d4,and5.00.ThesharpSiestaVariationarisesafter5.c3f5,whileamanoeuvringgameresultsfromthecalmer5.c3Bd76.d4.Thegameisalsosharpafter5.Bxc6+bxc66.d4(ECOC73)or5.00Bg46.h3h5(ECOC72).Theolderlinesstartingwith5.c4and5.d4arenotregardedastestingforBlack,thoughthelatteroffersatrickygambit.TherearesixECOclassificationsfortheModernSteinitz.White'sresponses5.d4,5.Nc3,and5.c4areincludedinC71,while5.00isC72.Thedelayedexchange5.Bxc6+bxc66.d4isC73.C74C76allbeginwith5.c3.C74covers5...Nf6,butprimarilyfocuseson5...f56.exf5Bxf5with7.d4or7.00.C75'smaincontinuationis5...Bd76.d4Nge7,theRubinsteinVariation.C76ischaracterisedbytheBlackkingsidefianchetto5...Bd76.d4g6.

SchliemannDefenceDeferred:4.Ba4f5

TheSchliemannDefenceDeferred,3...a64.Ba4f5,israrelyseen,withpracticallyitsonlytoplevelappearancebeinginthe1974CandidatesFinal,whenViktorKorchnoiadopteditversusAnatolyKarpov.ItisconsideredinferiortotheregularSchliemann,sinceWhitecananswereffectivelywith5.d4!exd46.e5.

ArkhangelskDefence:4.Ba4Nf65.00b56.Bb3Bb7



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ArkhangelskDefence6...Bb7

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RussianDefence5...d6

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OpenDefenceafter8...Be6

TheArkhangelskDefence(orArchangelDefence)(ECOC78)wasinventedbySoviettheoreticiansinthecityofArkhangelsk.Thevariationbegins3...a64.Ba4Nf65.00b56.Bb3Bb7.ThislineoftenleadstosharppositionsinwhichBlackwagersthatthefianchettoedbishop'sinfluenceonthecentreandkingsidewilloffsetBlack'sdelayincastling.Whitehasseveraloptions,includingattemptingtobuildanidealpawncentrewithc3andd4,defendingtheepawnwithRe1orsimplydeveloping.TheArkhangelskDefenceistacticallyjustifiedbyBlack'sabilitytomeet7.Ng5with7...d58.exd5Nd4!(not8...Nxd5,whenWhitegetstheadvantagewith9.Qh5g610.Qf3).

RussianDefence:4.Ba4Nf65.00d6

TheRussianDefence(ECOC79)canbeconsideredadelayedSteinitzDefenceDeferred.Withthemoveorder3...a64.Ba4Nf65.00d6,BlackwaitsuntilWhitecastlesbeforeplaying...d6.ThiscanenableBlacktoavoidsomelinesintheSteinitzDefenceDeferredinwhichWhitecastlesqueensidealthoughthepositionoftheknightonf6alsoprecludesBlackfromsupportingthecentrewithf7f6.Thesenuancesseemtohavelittleimportancetoday,asneithertheSteinitzDefenceDeferrednortheRussianDefencehavebeenpopularformanyyears.

ChigorinplayedtheRussianDefenceinthe1890s,andlateritwasadoptedbyRubinsteinandAlekhine.ThelastsignificantuseoftheRussianDefencewasinthe1950swhenitwasplayedbysomeRussianmasters.

OpenDefence:4.Ba4Nf65.00Nxe4

IntheOpenDefence,3...a64.Ba4Nf65.00Nxe4,BlacktriestomakeuseofthetimeWhitewilltaketoregainthepawntogainafootholdinthecentre,withplayusuallycontinuing6.d4b57.Bb3d58.dxe5Be6.Here8.Nxe5,onceadoptedbyFischer,ismuchlessoftenseen,andBlackshouldequaliseaftertheaccurate8...Nxe59.dxe5c6,whichavoidsprematurelycommittingthelightsquaredbishopandsolidlydefendsd5,oftenaproblemintheOpen.TheRigaVariation,6...exd4,isconsideredinferiorthemainlineruns7.Re1d58.Nxd4Bd6!9.Nxc6Bxh2+!10.Kh1!(10.Kxh2Qh4+11.Kg1Qxf2+drawsbyperpetualcheck.)Qh411.Rxe4+!dxe412.Qd8+!Qxd813.Nxd8+Kxd814.Kxh2Be6(14...f5??15.Bg5#!)andnowtheendgameisconsideredtofavourWhiteafter15.Be3orNd2(butnot15.Nc3c5!,playingtotrapthebishop).

Whitehasavarietyofoptionsatmovenine,including9.c3,9.Be3,9.Qe2and9.Nbd2.



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ClosedDefenceafter5...Be7

Theclassicallinestartswith9.c3whenBlackmaychoosefrom9...Na5,9...Be7(themainline),andtheaggressive9...Bc5.

After9.c3Bc510.Nbd20011.Bc2,Blackmustmeettheattackone4,withthefollowingpossibilitiesfromwhichtochoose:11...f5,11...Bf5,bothofwhichaimtomaintainthestrongpointone4,ortheforcingline11...Nxf2,introducedbytheEnglishamateurVernonDilworth.

Today,9.Be3Be710.c3isoftenusedtotransposeintothemainline,9.c3,whileobviatingtheoptionoftheDilworth.

Anoldcontinuationis11...f5,whenafter12.Nb3Ba713.Nfd4Nxd414.Nxd4Bxd4WhitecangainsomeadvantagewithBogoljubov's15.Qxd4.Instead,theverysharpLaGrandeVariantecontinues15.cxd4f416.f3Ng317.hxg3fxg318.Qd3Bf519.Qxf5Rxf520.Bxf5Qh421.Bh3Qxd4+22.Kh1Qxe5,withunclearconsequences.PerhapsthemostfamousgameinthisvariationisSmyslovReshevsky,1945USSRUSARadioMatch.AnanalysisofthelinehadjustbeenpublishedinaRussianchessmagazine,andSmyslovwasabletofollowittoquicklyobtainawinningposition.Reshevskyhadnotseentheanalysisandhestruggledinvaintosolvethepositionovertheboardwithhischessclockrunning.TheDilworthVariation(orAttack),11...Nxf212.Rxf2f613.exf6Bxf2+14.Kxf2Qxf6hasscoredwellforBlack,withmanytrapsfortheillpreparedWhiteplayer.Themainlineleadstounbalancedendgameswhicharedifficulttoplayforbothsides,thoughwithastrongdrawingtendency.YusupovisoneofthefewgrandmasterstooftenadopttheDilworth.

IntheHowellAttack(ECOC81),9.Qe2,Whiteaimsforplayagainstd5afterRd1.Thegameusuallycontinues9...Be710.Rd1followedby10...Nc5or10...00.Keresplayedthislineseveraltimesinthelate1940s,anditissometimesnamedafterhim.

Karpov'smove,9.Nbd2,limitsBlack'soptions.Inthe1978KarpovKorchnoiWorldChessChampionshipmatch,following9.Nbd2Nc510.c3d4(10...Be7isanoldmovethatremainspopular)Karpovintroducedthesurprising11.Ng5!?,amovesuggestedbyhistrainer,IgorZaitsev.IfBlacktakestheknightwith11...Qxg5Whiteregainsthematerialwith12.Qf3.ThisvariationplayedadecisiveroleinalaterWorldChampionshipmatch,KasparovAnand1995,whenAnandwasunabletosuccessfullydefendasBlack.

ClosedDefence4.Ba4Nf65.00Be7:alternativestoMainline

Inthemainline,Whitenormallyretreatshisbishopwith4.Ba4,whentheusualcontinuationis4...Nf65.00Be7.Blacknowthreatenstowinapawnwith6...b5followedby7...Nxe4,soWhitemustrespond.UsuallyWhitedefendstheepawnwith6.Re1which,inturn,threatensBlackwiththelossofapawnafter7.Bxc6and8.Nxe5.Blackmostcommonlyavertsthisthreatbydrivingawaythewhitebishopwith6...b57.Bb3,althoughitisalsopossibletodefendthepawnwith6...d6.

After4...Nf65.00Be7,themostfrequentlyseencontinuationis6.Re1b57.Bb3d68.c300,discussedinthenextsection.Examinedinthissectionarethealternativestothemainline:

6.Bxc6(DelayedExchangeVariationDeferred)



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WorrallAttack6.Qe2

6.d4(CentreAttack)6.Qe2(WorrallAttack)6.Re1d6(AverbakhVariation)6.Re1b57.Bb3

7...Bb7(TrajkoviVariation)7...008.c3d5(MarshallAttack)

DelayedExchangeVariationDeferred:6.Bxc6

TheDelayedExchangeVariationDeferred(orExchangeVariationDoublyDeferred)(ECOC85),6.Bxc6,losesatempocomparedtotheExchangeVariation,thoughincompensation,theblackknightonf6andbishopone7areawkwardlyplaced.Theknightonf6preventsBlackfromsupportingtheepawnwithf7f6,andthebishopissomewhatpassivelypostedone7.

CentreAttack:6.d4

TheCentreAttack(orCentreVariation)(ECOC84),6.d4,leadstosharpplay.Blackcanholdthebalance,butitiseasytomakeamisstep.

WorrallAttack:6.Qe2

IntheWorrallAttack(ECOC86),Whitesubstitutes6.Qe2for6.Re1.Theideaisthatthequeenwillsupporttheepawnleavingtherookfreetomovetod1tosupporttheadvanceofthedpawn,althoughthereisn'talwaystimeforthis.Playnormallycontinues6...b57.Bb3followedby7...008.c3and8...d5or8...d6.

PaulKeresplayedthelineseveraltimes.Morerecently,SergeiTiviakovhasplayedit,ashasNigelShort,whoplayedittwiceinhis1992matchagainstAnatolyKarpovandwonbothgames.

AverbakhVariation:6.Re1d6

IntheAverbakhVariation(C87),namedforYuriAverbakh,Blackdefendsthethreatenedepawnwith6...d6insteadofdrivingawaythewhitebishopwiththemorecommon6...b5.ThisdefencesharessomesimilaritieswiththeModernSteinitzandRussianDefencesasBlackavoidsthe...b5advancethatweakensthequeenside.Whitecanreplywitheither7.Bxc6bxc68.d4or7.c3Bg4(itistoolateforBlacktotransposeintothemoreusuallinesoftheClosedDefence,because7...b5wouldallow8.Bc2,savingWhiteatempooverthetwomovesequenceBb3c2foundinothervariations).Thepintemporarilyprevents



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AverbakhVariation6...d6

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MarshallAttackafter11...c6,themostcommonmoveinmodernplay.[8]In1918Marshallplayed11...Nf6.[9]

Whitefromplayingd2d4.Inresponse,Whitecaneitherforced4with8.h3Bh59.Bxc6bxc610.d4,orpostponed4forthetimebeingandplay8.d3followedbymanoeuveringthequeenknighttothekingsidewithNbd2f1g3.

TrajkoviVariation:6.Re1b57.Bb3Bb7

Analternativeto7...d6is7...Bb7.ThisisknownastheTrajkoviVariation.Blackmaysacrificeapawnwith8.c3d59.exd5Nxd510.Nxe5Nxe511.Rxe5Nf4.

7...00

After6.Re1b57.Bb3,Blackoftenplays7...00.HereWhitecanplay8.c3,buthehasothermoves.Alternativesare8.a4,8.h3,8.d4,and8.d3,whichareoftencalled"antiMarshall"moves.Whitecanalsoplay8.Nc3withtheideaofplaying9.Nd5later.

InthecaseWhitedoesplay8.c3,Blackcanandoftendoesplay8...d6,whichisjustthemainlineinanotherorder.Buthecanalsoplay8...d5fortheMarshallAttack.

MarshallAttack:7...008.c3d5

OneofBlack'smoreaggressivealternativesistheMarshallAttack:after3...a64.Ba4Nf65.00Be76.Re1b57.Bb3008.c3Blackplaysthegambit8...d5,sacrificingapawn.Themainlinebeginswith9.exd5Nxd5(9...e4?!,theHermanSteinervariation,isconsideredweaker)10.Nxe5Nxe511.Rxe5c6(Marshall'soriginalmoves,11...Nf6,and11...Bb7areconsideredinferior,buthavealsoyieldedgoodresultsattoplevelsofplayforBlack.GMJoelBenjaminsuggeststhat11...Bb7isinferiordueto12.Qf3).BlackwillattackandforceweaknessesinWhite'skingsidewhichhasbeenstrippedofdefenders.White'sfirstdecisioniswhethertoplay12.d3or12.d4.Ineithercaseitisapparentthatthemove8.c3isnolongerhelpfultoWhite.TheBlackattackcanbequitetreacherousforWhite.SinceBlack'scompensationisbasedonpositionalratherthantacticalconsiderations,itisdifficultorperhapsimpossibletofindarefutation,andvariationshavebeenanalyzedverydeeply(sometimesbeyondmove30)withoutcomingtoadefinitedeterminationoverthesoundnessofBlack'sgambit.TheMarshallAttackisaverysharpopeningsysteminwhichagreatamountoftheoreticalknowledgeisvital,andmanyWhiteplayers,includingGarryKasparov,avoiditbyplayingoneoftheantiMarshallsystems,8.d4,8.a4or8.h3insteadof8.c3.[8]



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Mainlineafter8...00

ThisgambitbecamefamouswhenFrankJamesMarshalluseditasapreparedvariationagainstJosRalCapablancain1918neverthelessCapablancafoundawaythroughthecomplicationsandwon.[9]ItisoftensaidthatMarshallhadkeptthisgambitasecretforuseagainstCapablancasincehisdefeatintheir1909match.[10]ThemostcommoncounterclaimisthatMarshallhadusedasimilarapproachin1917againstWalterFrere,[11]HoweverEdwardWinterfound:noclearevidenceofthedateforFrerevsMarshallseveralgamesbetween1910and1918whereMarshallpassedupopportunitiestousetheMarshallAttackagainstCapablancaandan1893gamethatusedthesamelineasinFrerevsMarshall.[12]

ImprovementstoBlack'splaywerefound(Marshallplayed11...Nf6!?originally,butlaterdiscovered11...c6!)andtheMarshallAttackwasadoptedbytopplayersincludingBorisSpassky,JohnNunnandmorerecentlyMichaelAdams.IntheClassicalWorldChessChampionship2004,challengerPeterLekousedtheMarshalltowinanimportantgameagainstWorldChampionVladimirKramnik.Currently,ArmenianGrandmasterLevonAronianisoneofthemainadvocatesfortheMarshallAttack.[13]

Mainline:4.Ba4Nf65.00Be76.Re1b57.Bb3d68.c300

ThemainlinesoftheClosedRuyLopezcontinue6.Re1b57.Bb3d68.c300.Whitecannowplay9.d3or9.d4,butbyfarthemostcommonmoveis9.h3whichpreparesd4whilepreventingtheawkwardpin...Bg4.Thiscanbeconsideredthemainlineoftheopeningasawholeandthousandsoftoplevelgameshavereachedthisposition.Whiteaimstoplayd4followedbyNbd2f1g3,whichwouldfirmlysupporte4withthebishopsonopendiagonalsandbothknightsthreateningBlack'skingside.Blackwilltrytopreventthisknightmanoeuverbyexpandingonthequeenside,takingactioninthecentre,orputtingpressureone4.

After6.Re1b57.Bb3d68.c300,wehave:

9.d3(PilnikVariation)9.d4Bg4(BogoljubowVariation)9.h3

9...Na5(ChigorinVariation)9...Nb8(BreyerVariation)9...Bb7(ZaitsevVariation)9...Nd7(KarpovVariation)9...Be6(KholmovVariation)9...h6(SmyslovVariation)9...Qd7(SmyslovVariation)

PilnikVariation:9.d3



a b c d e f g h8 8

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1a b c d e f g h

ChigorinVariationafter11.d4Qc7

a b c d e f g h8 8

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1a b c d e f g h

BreyerVariation9...Nb8

ThePilnikVariation,namedforHermanPilnik,isalsoknownastheTeichmannVariationfromthegameTeichmannSchlechter,Carlsbad1911.Whiteplays9.d3intendingtolateradvancetod4underfavourablecircumstances.Althoughd2d3d4appearstoloseatempocomparedtod2d4,Whitemaybeabletoomith3regainingthetempo,especiallyifBlackplays...Bb7.

YatesVariationandBogoljubowVariation:9.d4

Whiteusuallyplays9.h3insteadof9.d4(theYatesVariation)becauseafter9.d4Bg4(theBogoljobowVariation),thepinofthewhitekingknightistroublesome.ThevariationtakesitsnamefromthegameCapablancaBogoljubow,London1922.

ChigorinVariation:9.h3Na5

TheChigorinVariationwasrefinedbyMikhailChigorinaroundtheturnofthe20thcenturyandbecametheprimaryBlackdefencetotheRuyLopezformorethanfiftyyears.With9...Na5Blackchasesthewhitebishopfromthea2g8diagonalandfreesthecpawnforqueensideexpansion.After10.Bc2c511.d4theclassicalBlackfollowupis11...Qc7,reinforcinge5andplacingthequeenonthecfilewhichmaylaterbecomeopenafter...cxd4.OtherBlackmovesinthispositionare11...Bb7and11...Nd7thelatterwasadoptedbyKeresafewtimesinthe1960s.TheChigorinVariationhasdeclinedinpopularitybecauseBlackmustspendsometimebringinghisoffsideknightona5backintothegame.

TheChigorinisdividedintofourECOclassifications.InC96,BlackorWhitedeviateafter10.Bc2,anddonotreachtheclassicalmainlineposition10...c511.d4Qc7.InC97,Whiteproceedsfromthediagramwith12.a4,12.d5,12.b4,orthemainline12.Nbd2whenBlackrespondswith...Be6,...Rd8,...Re8,...Bb7or...Bd7.TheC98classificationcovers12.Nbd2Nc6,whileC99covers12.Nbd2cxd413.cxd4.

BreyerVariation:9.h3Nb8

TheBreyerVariationwasrecommendedbyGyulaBreyerasearlyas1911,[14]buttherearenoknowngamerecordsinwhichBreyeremployedthisline.TheBreyerVariationdidnotbecomepopularuntilthe1960swhenitwasadoptedbyBorisSpasskyandothers.Inparticular,Spassky'sbacktobackwinsoverMikhailTalatTbilisiin1965didmuchtoenhanceitsreputation,andSpasskyhasacareerplusscorewiththeBreyer.ThevariationisthechoiceofmanytoplevelplayerstodayasWhitehashadtroubleprovinganadvantageagainstit.

With9...Nb8Blackfreesthecpawnandintendstoroutetheknighttod7whereitsupportse5.IfWhitefortifiesthecentrewith10.d3theopeningisclassifiedECOcodeC94.Themorecommoncontinuation,10.d4,isECOC95.Themainlinecontinues10.d4



a b c d e f g h8 8

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1a b c d e f g h

ZaitsevVariation9...Bb7

Nbd711.Nbd2Bb712.Bc2Re813.Nf1Bf8.Blackisthreateningtowinthee4pawnvia...exd4uncoveringanattackonthepawn,soWhiteplays14.Ng3.Blackgenerallyplays14...g6tostopWhite'sknightfromgoingtof5.WhitethenusuallytriestoattacktheBlackqueensidevia16.a4.Blackseekscounterplayinthecentrevia16...c5.Whitecanattackeitherthekingsideorthequeenside.Thisforcesresolutionofthecentrevia17.d5.Blackcanexploittheweaksquaresonthequeensidevia17...c4.Whitewilltrytoattackonthekingsidevia18.Bg5,movinghisforcestothekingside.Blackwillkickthebishopwith18...h6.Thelogicalretreatis19.Be3,whichismetby19...Nc5.Whiteplays20.Qd2,forcing20...h5.ThepointofthismanoeuverwastoweakenBlack'skingside.

ZaitsevVariation:9.h3Bb7

TheZaitsevVariation(alsocalledtheFlohrZaitsevVariation)wasadvocatedbyIgorZaitsev,whowasoneofKarpov'strainersformanyyears.AKarpovfavourite,theZaitsevremainsoneofthemostimportantvariationsoftheRuyLopez.With9...Bb7Blackpreparestoputmorepressureone4after10.d4Re811.Nbd2Bf8whenplaycanbecomeverysharpandtactical.OnedrawbackofthislineisthatWhitecanforceBlacktochooseadifferentdefenceorallowadrawbyrepetitionofpositionwith11.Ng5Rf812.Nf3.

KarpovVariation:9.h3Nd7

Karpovtried9...Nd7severaltimesinthe1990WorldChampionshipmatch,butKasparovachievedasignificantadvantageagainstitinthe18thgame.Itissolidbutslightlypassive.Confusingly9...Nd7isalsocalledtheChigorinVariationsotherearetwovariationsoftheRuyLopezwiththatname,but9...Na5isthemovemorecommonlyassociatedwithChigorin.ThisdefenseisalsoknownastheKeresVariation,aftertheformerWorldChampionPaulKeres.

KholmovVariation:9.h3Be6

TheKholmovVariation,9...Be6,waspopularinthe1980sbutisnowrarelyplayed.Themainlineruns10.d4Bxb311.axb3(11.Qxb3isanotheroption)exd412.cxd4d513.e5Ne414.Nc3f515.exf6Bxf616.Nxe4dxe417.Rxe4Qd518.Rg4,whenithasbeenshownthatWhite'sextrapawnismorevaluablethanBlack'smoreactiveandharmonisedpieces.

SmyslovVariation:9.h3h6

TheSmyslovVariation(ECOC93)isaplansimilartothatoftheZaitsevVariation.With9...h6Blackpreparestoplay10...Re8and11...Bf8withoutfearof10.Ng5.Thelossofatempowith9...h6givesWhiteenoughtimetocompletetheNbd2f1g3manoeuver,andthepawnmovecanalsoweakenBlack's



a b c d e f g h8 8

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1a b c d e f g h

CozioDefence3...Nge7

a b c d e f g h8 8

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1a b c d e f g h

SmyslovDefence3...g6

kingside.TheZaitsevcanbeconsideredtobeanimprovedSmyslovinwhichBlacktriestosaveatempobyomitting...h6.

KasparovplayedtheSmyslovVariationinalosstotheDeepBluechesscomputerinGame2oftheir1997match.SvetozarGligorihasbeenthemostprolificC93player.[15]

SmyslovVariation:9.h3Qd7

9...Qd7isanothervariationbySmyslov.

Blackdefencesotherthan3...a6

Ofthevariationsinthissection,theBerlinandSchliemannDefencesarethemostpopulartoday,followedbytheClassicalDefence.[16]

3...Nge7(CozioDefence)3...g6(SmyslovDefence)3...Nd4(Bird'sDefence)3...d6(SteinitzDefence)3...f5!?(SchliemannDefence)3...Bc5(ClassicalorCordelDefence)3...Nf6(BerlinDefence)

CozioDefence:3...Nge7

TheCozioDefence(partofECOC60),3...Nge7,isdistinctlyoldfashioned,andtheleastpopularofthedefencesatBlack'sthirdmove.AlthoughBentLarsenuseditoccasionallywithsuccess,itremainsoneoftheleastexploredvariationsoftheRuyLopez.

SmyslovDefence:3...g6

TheSmyslovDefence,FianchettoDefence,BarnesDefence,orPillsburyDefence(partofECOC60),3...g6,isaquietpositionalsystemplayedoccasionallybyVasilySmyslovandBorisSpassky,becomingpopularinthe1980swhenitwasshownthat4.c3a6!givesBlackagoodgame.



a b c d e f g h8 8

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1a b c d e f g h

Bird'sDefence3...Nd4

a b c d e f g h8 8

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1a b c d e f g h

SteinitzDefence3...d6

Itwaslaterdiscoveredthat4.d4exd45.Bg5givesWhitetheadvantage,andassuchthevariationisrarelyplayedtoday.Aninterestinggambitline4.d4exd45.c3hasalsobeenrecommendedbyAlexanderKhalifman,althoughsomeoftheresultingpositionshaveyettobeextensivelytested.

Bird'sDefence:3...Nd4

Bird'sDefence(ECOC61),3...Nd4,isanuncommonvariationinmodernpraxis.WithcarefulplayWhiteisheldtogainanadvantage.

Thisdefencewaspublishedin1843inPaulRudolfvonBilguer'sHandbuchdesSchachspielsandexploredbyHenryBirdinthelate19thcentury.BirdplayeditasBlackatleast25times,scoring+9=313(ninewins,threedraws,thirteenlosses).[17]Bird'sDefencewaslaterusedafewtimesintournamentplaybySiegbertTarrasch,BorisSpassky,andAlexanderKhalifman.Althoughitisstillsometimesseenasasurpriseweapon,nostrongmastersinceBirdhasadopteditregularly.[18]TheWorldChampionMagnusCarlsenplayeditasblackinthe2014ChessOlympiadagainstIvanariandlost.[19]

SteinitzDefence:3...d6

TheSteinitzDefence(alsocalledtheOldSteinitzDefence)(ECOC62),3...d6,issolidbutpassiveandcramped.AlthoughthefavouriteofthefirstworldchampionWilhelmSteinitz,andoftenplayedbyworldchampionsandexpertdefensiveplayersEmanuelLasker,JosCapablanca,andoccasionallybyVasilySmyslov,itlargelyfellintodisuseafterWorldWarI,asitsinherentpassivityspurredasearchformoreactivemeansofdefendingtheSpanish.WhitecanforceBlacktoconcedethestrongpointate5(seeTarraschTrap),asignificantbutnotfatalconcession.

Thedeferredvariantofthisdefence(3...a64.Ba4d6)offersBlackafreerpositionandismorepopular.

SchliemannDefence:3...f5

TheSchliemann'sDefenceorSchliemannJaenischGambit(ECOC63),3...f5!?,isasharplineinwhichBlackplaysforakingsideattack,frequentlysacrificingoneortwopawns.Consideredbymanytobesomewhatdubious,



a b c d e f g h

8 8

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

a b c d e f g h

SchliemannDefence3...f5!?

a b c d e f g h

8 8

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

a b c d e f g h

ClassicalDefence3...Bc5

itisoccasionallyusedintoplevelplayasasurpriseweapon.ThisvariationwasoriginatedbyCarlJaenischin1847andissometimesnamedafterhim.AlthoughlaternamedforGermanlawyerAdolfKarlWilhelmSchliemann(181772),thelineSchliemannactuallyplayedinthe1860swasagambitvariationoftheCordelDefence(3...Bc54.c3f5).ThemostcommonresponsesforWhiteto3...f5!?are4.d3or4.Nc3,withplayafter4.Nc3fxe45.Nxe4going5...d5,withgreatcomplicationstofollow,or5...Nf6,whichgenerallyleadstoquieterplay.

ClassicalDefence:3...Bc5

TheClassicalDefenceorCordelDefence(ECOC64),3...Bc5,ispossiblytheoldestdefencetotheRuyLopez,andhasbeenplayedoccasionallybyformerworldchampionBorisSpasskyandBorisGulko.White'smostcommonreplyis4.c3,whenBlackmaychoosetoplay4...f5,theCordelGambit,leadingtosharpplay,afterwhich5.d4isconsideredthestrongestreply.MoresolidforBlackisinstead,4...Nf6,when5.00006.d4Bb6leadstotheBeneluxVariation.White'sprincipalalternativeto4.c3is4.00,whenBlackcantransposetotheClassicalBerlinwith4...Nf6orplay4...Nd4whichisn'tsobadforBlack.

AnalternativeforWhiteistheforktrick4.Nxe5.Fewgameshavebeenplayedwiththisline,butthereisnoclearrefutationforBlack.ThenamederivesfromWhite'splayifBlackcapturestheknight:4...Nxe55.d4.

BerlinDefence:3...Nf6

TheBerlinDefence,3...Nf6,haslonghadareputationforsolidityanddrawishnessandissometimescalled"theBerlinWall".[20]TheBerlinDefencewasplayedinthelate19thcenturyandearly20thcenturybyEmanuelLaskerandothers,whotypicallyanswered4.00with4...d6inthestyleoftheSteinitzVariation.Thisapproachultimatelyfelloutoffavour,ashadtheoldformoftheSteinitz,duetoitspassivity,andtheentirevariationbecamerare.ArthurBisguierplayedtheBerlinfordecades,butalwayschosethevariation4.00Nxe4.Thenin2000,VladimirKramnikusedthelineasadrawingweaponagainstGarryKasparovinClassicalWorldChessChampionship2000,followingwhichtheBerlinhasexperiencedaremarkablerenaissance:evenplayerswithadynamicstylesuchasAlexeiShirov,VeselinTopalov,andKasparov



a b c d e f g h

8 8

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

a b c d e f g h

BerlinDefence3...Nf6

himselfhavetriedit,andMagnusCarlsenandViswanathanAnandbothusedit(Carlsenextensivelyso)duringthe2013WorldChessChampionshipand2014WorldChessChampionship.

SinceBlack'sthirdmovedoesnotthreatentowintheepawnifBlackcapturesit,Whitewillwinbackthepawnone5(Seirawan2003:52)Whiteusuallycastles.After4.00,Blackcanplayeitherthesolid4...Nxe4(theOpenVariation)orthemorecombative4...Bc5(theBerlinClassicalVariation).After4...Nxe45.d4(5.Re1Nd66.Nxe5isalsoreasonable)Nd6(5...Be7istheRiodeJaneiroVariation)6.Bxc6dxc67.dxe5Nf58.Qxd8+Kxd8WhiteisconsideredtohaveasmalladvantageinlightofhissomewhatbetterpawnstructureandBlack'sawkwardlyplacedking.Black,bywayofcompensation,possessesthebishoppairandhispositionhasnoweaknesses,soitisdifficultforWhitetoexploithisstructuralsuperioritywithoutopeningthegameforBlack'sbishopsallfourofthegamesintheKasparovKramnikmatchinwhichthislinewasemployedendedindraws.AnalternativeforBlack,thoughseldomseensincethe1890s,is6...bxc67.dxe5Nb7,althoughWhitekeepsanadvantagedespiteBlack'stwobishops,asitisdifficultforhimtogainactivecounterplay.

White'smove4.Nc3transposestotheFourKnightsGame,SpanishVariation.

AnotherpossibletryforWhiteis4.d3.Thisis"Steinitz'smove,withwhichhescoredmanyspectacularsuccessesduringhislongreignasWorldChampion".[21]ThemainrepliesforBlackare4...d6and4...Bc5.Inbothcases,Whitecommonlyplays5.c3.Anuncommonanddubiousreplyis4...Ne7,whichtriestosetuptheMortimerTrap.

TheBerlinisassignedECOcodesC6567.CodeC65coversalternativesto4.00aswellas4.00Bc5.CodeC66covers4.00d6,whileC67is4.00Nxe4.

Other

LesscommonthirdmovesforBlack:

3...Bb4(AlapinDefence)3...Qf63...f6(NurembergDefence)3...Qe7(VinogradovVariation)3...Na5(Pollock'sDefence)3...g5(BrentanoDefence)3...Bd63...b6?(RotaryDefenceorAlbanyDefence)



3...d5?(Sawyer'sGambit)3...Be7(LucenaDefence)3...a5(BulgarianVariation)

Seealso

ListofchessopeningsListofchessopeningsnamedafterpeople

References

1. Taulbut,Shaun(1996).UnderstandingtheSpanishGame.Batsford.ISBN0713476338.2. EdwardWinter,"TheBerlinDefence(RuyLpez)(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/berlin.html)",

ChessNotes3. Lane,Gary(2006).TheRuyLopezExplained.Batsford.ISBN0713489782.4. Morphyplayed3...a6inthesecond(adraw)andfourth(awinforMorphy)gamesofhis1858matchwithAdolf

Anderssen.PhilipW.Sergeant,Morphy'sGamesofChess,Dover,1957,pp.10608,11012.ISBN0486203867.Themovehadbeenplayedmuchearlier,however.CharlesHenryStanleyplayed3...a6twiceinhis1845match,heldinMorphy'shometownofNewOrleans,againstEugneRousseaufortheUnitedStatesChessChampionship.Stanleylostbothgames,althoughhewonthematch.AndySoltisandGeneMcCormick,"TheMorphyDefense",ChessLife,August1984,pp.2627.HowardStauntonalsomentioned3...a6inhisChessPlayer'sHandbook,firstpublishedin1847.HowardStaunton,TheChessPlayer'sHandbook(2nded.1848),HenryC.Bohn,pp.147,149.

5. HarryGolombek,Chess:AHistory,G.P.Putnam'sSons,1976,pp.11718.6. Mller&Lamprecht,pp.147487. MCO14,p.548. Silman,J.(2004)."MarshallAttack"(http://www.jeremysilman.com/book_reviews_js/js_marshall_attack.html).

Retrieved20090601.9. Fine,R.(1952)."Capablanca".TheWorld'sGreatChessGames.AndrDeutsch(nowaspaperbackfrom

Dover).pp.109121.ISBN0679130462.10. "TheTotalMarshall"(http://www.scottishcca.co.uk/books/marshall.html).15April2002.Retrieved20090601.11. "FrerevsMarshall,NewYork,1917"(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1095017).

chessgames.com.Retrieved20090601.12. Winter,E.G."TheMarshallGambit"(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/marshallgambit.html).Retrieved

20090601.13. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/moresports/chess/CarlsenstopsIvanchukAnand

held/articleshow/10205728.cms14. Barden(1963),pp.151615. OnlineChessDatabaseandCommunity(http://www.chessgames.com/)16. NewinChessBase(http://www.newinchess.com/NICBase/Default.aspx?PageID=400)17. BirdDefencegamesplayedbyBird(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?



TheWikibookChessOpeningTheoryhasapageonthetopicof:RuyLopez

Bibliography

Mller,KarstenLamprecht,Frank(2007).SecretsofPawnEndings.GambitPublications.ISBN9781904600886.Barden,Leonard(1963).TheRuyLopezWinningChesswith1PK4.PergamonPress.ISBN0080099971.

Furtherreading

Burgess,Graham(2000).TheMammothBookofChess.Carroll&Graf.ISBN0786707259.DeFirmian,Nick(1999).ModernChessOpenings:MCO14.RandomHousePuzzles&Games.ISBN0812930843.Hooper,DavidWhyld,Kenneth(1996).TheOxfordCompaniontoChess.OxfordUniversity.ISBN0192800493.Kasparov,GarryKeene,Raymond(1994)[1989].BatsfordChessOpenings2.HenryHolt.ISBN0805034099.Nunn,John(1999).Nunn'sChessOpenings.EverymanChess.ISBN1857442210.Seirawan,Yasser(2003).WinningChessOpenings.EverymanChess.ISBN1857443497.Shaw,John(2003).StartingOut:TheRuyLopez.EverymanChess.ISBN1857443217.Tseitlin,Mikhail(1991).WinningwiththeSchliemann.MaxwellMacmillanChess.ISBN185744017X.Lalic,Bogdan(2003).TheMarshallAttack.EverymanChess.ISBN9781857442441.Lane,Gary(2006).TheRuyLopezExplained.Batsford.ISBN0713489782.Marin,Mihail(2007).ASpanishOpeningRepertoireforBlack.QualityChess.ISBN9197600504.Wall,Bill(1986).500RuyLopezMiniatures.Chessco.ISBN9780931462566.Flear,Glen(2000).OpenRuyLopez.EverymanChess.ISBN9781857442618.Pavlovic,Milos(2009).FightingTheRuyLopez.GlobePequot.ISBN1857445902.Cox,John(2008).TheBerlinWall.QualityChess.ISBN9789185779024.deFirmian,Nick(2000).Batsford'sModernChessOpenings.Batsford.ISBN9780713486568.

Externallinks

OpeningReport.MarshallCounterattack:1.e4e52.Nf3Nc63.Bb5a64.Ba4Nf65.00Be76.Re1b57.Bb3008.c3d5

yearcomp=exactly&year=&playercomp=black&pid=&player=Bird&pid2=&player2=&movescomp=exactly&moves=&opening=&eco=C61&result=).ChessGames.com.Retrievedon20090129.

18. Shaw,John,StartingOut:TheRuyLopez,p.3619. IvanSaricvsMagnusCarlsen,ChessOlympiad2014(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?

gid=1770820)20. Emmett,Ryan(20080809)."TheBerlinWallGrowsHigherInSochi"(http://www.chess.com/news/theberlin

wallgrowshigherinsochi).Chess,com.Retrieved20090322.21. HorowitzandReinfeld1954,p.59



(6074games)(http://studimonetari.org/edg/marshall3.html)RuyLopezanalysisvideo(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41rPFNY_CAY)

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