Haruka YoshitomeHannah Wuzel

Haruka YoshitomeHannah Wuzel

Historical OverviewHistorical Overview

Three tribes: Tutsi (“rich in cattle”), Hutu (“servant) and Twa (marginalized minority group)

Scramble for Africa - Rwanda becomes part of German East-Africa in the late 19th century

1916: Belgian occupation, creation of the mandate Ruanda-Urundi

1945: United Nations trust territory

Up from 1959: revolts by Hutu population, killing of large number of Tutsis

1962: independence for Rwanda and Burundi

Three tribes: Tutsi (“rich in cattle”), Hutu (“servant) and Twa (marginalized minority group)

Scramble for Africa - Rwanda becomes part of German East-Africa in the late 19th century

1916: Belgian occupation, creation of the mandate Ruanda-Urundi

1945: United Nations trust territory

Up from 1959: revolts by Hutu population, killing of large number of Tutsis

1962: independence for Rwanda and Burundi

Post-independence: Election of Hutu-dominated represen-tative government led by President Grégoire Kayibanda

1973: ethnic unrest and violence heightens - Juvénal Habyarimana, (Hutu) and his party, the MRND, seize power; totalitarian order

1990, October: Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), made up of Tutsi refugees and led by Paul Kagame, invades the country outbreak of civil war (regime: backed by France and francophone Africa, RPF: backed by Uganda)

1993, August: Arusha Accords power sharing agreement between Hutu-dominated government and Tutsi rebel group

1993, October - 1996, March: UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda under Jacques-Roger Booh-Booh and force commander Lieutenant-General Roméo Dallaire

1994, April 6: assassination of Habyarimana, triggering the genocide in the course of which hundreds of thousands Tutsi and moderate Hutu are massacred

Post-independence: Election of Hutu-dominated represen-tative government led by President Grégoire Kayibanda

1973: ethnic unrest and violence heightens - Juvénal Habyarimana, (Hutu) and his party, the MRND, seize power; totalitarian order

1990, October: Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), made up of Tutsi refugees and led by Paul Kagame, invades the country outbreak of civil war (regime: backed by France and francophone Africa, RPF: backed by Uganda)

1993, August: Arusha Accords power sharing agreement between Hutu-dominated government and Tutsi rebel group

1993, October - 1996, March: UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda under Jacques-Roger Booh-Booh and force commander Lieutenant-General Roméo Dallaire

1994, April 6: assassination of Habyarimana, triggering the genocide in the course of which hundreds of thousands Tutsi and moderate Hutu are massacred

The 1994 Genocide

The 1994 Genocide

Human Rights Watch: over

500,000 people massacred over the course of 100 days;

other estimates:more than 1 million

dead

Human Rights Watch: over

500,000 people massacred over the course of 100 days;

other estimates:more than 1 million

dead

Media/radio

propaganda urging

the Hutus to eliminate

all Tutsis and

moderate Hutus

Media/radio

propaganda urging

the Hutus to eliminate

all Tutsis and

moderate Hutus

Desperate requests

for reinforcement and

permission to actively

halt the genocide

made by UNAMIR

commanders were

refused by Security

Council

Desperate requests

for reinforcement and

permission to actively

halt the genocide

made by UNAMIR

commanders were

refused by Security

Council

Genocide led by extremist groups Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi

Genocide led by extremist groups Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi

April 11:

Assassination of PM

and her Belgian

peacekeeping

guards leads to

Belgium

withdrawing its

troops from

Rwanda

April 11:

Assassination of PM

and her Belgian

peacekeeping

guards leads to

Belgium

withdrawing its

troops from

Rwanda

„Why do we hate the Tutsis? They

are cockroaches. Rwanda is

Hutuland. We are the majority.

Tutsis are the minority. Hutus must

kill all the Tutsis. Stay alert - watch

your neighbours.“

„Why do we hate the Tutsis? They

are cockroaches. Rwanda is

Hutuland. We are the majority.

Tutsis are the minority. Hutus must

kill all the Tutsis. Stay alert - watch

your neighbours.“

10,000 10,000 murdered every murdered every day, 400 every day, 400 every hour, 7 every hour, 7 every

minuteminute

10,000 10,000 murdered every murdered every day, 400 every day, 400 every hour, 7 every hour, 7 every

minuteminute

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQtMlxUqy4g

Actions Taken by the International Community

Actions Taken by the International Community

The UN is preoccupied with Bosnia and Somalia. 2 days before discussing about sending troops into Rwanda, 18 US peacekeepers were killed in Somalia.

USA - We can not support this.African States - You have to help!

UNAMIR is created but with limited funds and sources

January 11th - UN General Dallaire informs DPKO and requests armed forces, however, this request is declined repeatedly

The UN is preoccupied with Bosnia and Somalia. 2 days before discussing about sending troops into Rwanda, 18 US peacekeepers were killed in Somalia.

USA - We can not support this.African States - You have to help!

UNAMIR is created but with limited funds and sources

January 11th - UN General Dallaire informs DPKO and requests armed forces, however, this request is declined repeatedly

a day before the genocide begins, the Security Council meets up to discuss whether UNAMIR’s mission should be renewed or not.

USA - mission should end unless transitional government (under the framework of the Arusha Accords) is created now

Other members - give them more time. Additional UN forces should be provided

April 5th: Resolution 909, pulling out in 6 weeks unless transitional government forms

• Criticism: non-permanent members are not sufficiently supplied with information on the situation, for example the requests made by Dallaire

• WHY...

a day before the genocide begins, the Security Council meets up to discuss whether UNAMIR’s mission should be renewed or not.

USA - mission should end unless transitional government (under the framework of the Arusha Accords) is created now

Other members - give them more time. Additional UN forces should be provided

April 5th: Resolution 909, pulling out in 6 weeks unless transitional government forms

• Criticism: non-permanent members are not sufficiently supplied with information on the situation, for example the requests made by Dallaire

• WHY...

April 10th :Dallaire is told to prepare for withdrawal

April 12th : Belgium withdraws from UNAMIR.

UNAMIR’s current mission fails in terms of its present mandate. Soldiers are being exposed to unacceptable risks.

3 Alternatives for UNAMIR1. Massive deployment of troops and a change of

mandate to bring ceasefire, law and order and end to the killings.

2. Scale down the UNAMIR to a size of around 270 troops, charging negotiations and humanitarian relief assistance

3. Complete withdrawal of UNAMIR

*non-permanent members were reliant on the council for information

April 20th :Unanimous agreement for Alternative #2.

(Resolution 912)

“one of the most ignominious actions of the international

community in general and security council in particular”

-Adelman

April 28th, 29th: Abundant media coverage pressures the

reconsideration of the UNAMIR mandate and the UN’s

responsibility.

April 30th: Reconsideration of Resolution 912 because it

does not give UNAMIR the mandate to protect civilians.

May 17th: Security Council announces “acts of

genocide may have been committed.” (5,500 troops are

authorized under Resolution 918)

May 25th: USA states they have no vital interests in

Rwanda (also: PDD25)

May 31st: UNAMIR 2 will deploy with or without a

ceasefire because it is officially a genocide.

June 8th: Resolution 925 extends the mandate of

UNAMIR.

May take up to another 3 months to fulfill its

mandate

Operation TurquoiseGiven the situation of UNAMIR, France offers a multinational rescue mission until UNAMIR 2 fully deploys.

June 22nd : Resolution 929 allows France to set up humanitarian mission to protect Tutsis.

Questionable motives for the operation.

Mid-July, before OT is replaced by UNAMIR II, RPF ends the killings and has control over most of the country.

1993, August: Arusha Accords

1993, August: Arusha Accords

1994, April 5th: Reso-lution 909

1994, April 5th: Reso-lution 909

April 12th:Belgian

Withdrawal

April 12th:Belgian

Withdrawal

April 20th:Resolution 912

April 20th:Resolution 912

June 8th:Resolutio

n 925

June 8th:Resolutio

n 925

June 22nd:Resolution 929

„Operation Turquoise“

June 22nd:Resolution 929

„Operation Turquoise“

August:UNAMIR takesover from OT

August:UNAMIR takesover from OT

1996, March:

UNAMIR leavesRwanda, having

failed its priority mission

1996, March:

UNAMIR leavesRwanda, having

failed its priority mission

October 5th:UNAMIR

October 5th:UNAMIR

May 17th:Resolution 918

May 17th:Resolution 918

Failures IFailures I

Arusha Accords: unintended consequences to an act of preventive diplomacy

Flawed mandate of UNAMIR: no contribution by International Community to actually enforce the implementation of the Accords, resulting in failure

UNAMIR is in the country to keep peace, not make peace - what peace?

USA: refusal to classify the situation as a genocide, which would oblige them to intervene under the 1948 Genocide Convention

Arusha Accords: unintended consequences to an act of preventive diplomacy

Flawed mandate of UNAMIR: no contribution by International Community to actually enforce the implementation of the Accords, resulting in failure

UNAMIR is in the country to keep peace, not make peace - what peace?

USA: refusal to classify the situation as a genocide, which would oblige them to intervene under the 1948 Genocide Convention

... where do we start.... where do we start.

Failures IIFailures II

France: the country that should and could have, at an early point, halted the violence, hesitates for far too long and initially only “intervenes“ to evacuate expatriates and allies

Security Council: lack of circulation of information / communication within SC, no specific interest held by neither power to get involved in the cause

Even after Resolution was 925 is passed and troops are authorized to be sent to Rwanda, bureaucracy and delay in response caused them to arrive only months after the mass killings have ceased - slow process

France: the country that should and could have, at an early point, halted the violence, hesitates for far too long and initially only “intervenes“ to evacuate expatriates and allies

Security Council: lack of circulation of information / communication within SC, no specific interest held by neither power to get involved in the cause

Even after Resolution was 925 is passed and troops are authorized to be sent to Rwanda, bureaucracy and delay in response caused them to arrive only months after the mass killings have ceased - slow process

Great Lakes Refugee CrisisGreat Lakes Refugee Crisis

The genocide ends when RPF defeated the national army and established a government of national unity.

2 million Hutu refugees flee into surrounding countries for fear of persecution (mainly Zaire, Burundi, Tanzania)

UN sets up refugee camps; initially: great international support

Extremist militarization takes place in camps, used as a base for attacks and invasions by extremist Hutus into Rwanda

The genocide ends when RPF defeated the national army and established a government of national unity.

2 million Hutu refugees flee into surrounding countries for fear of persecution (mainly Zaire, Burundi, Tanzania)

UN sets up refugee camps; initially: great international support

Extremist militarization takes place in camps, used as a base for attacks and invasions by extremist Hutus into Rwanda

Great Lakes Refugee CrisisGreat Lakes Refugee Crisis RPF criticizes UN for indirectly making such a

development and new mobilization possible

Many relief agencies abandon aid efforts as they feel

their efforts are being exploited

Conflict expands into Zaire, triggering the First Congo

War (1996) and the Second Congo War (1998), that

Rwanda is heavily involved in

Refugee camps, for example in Tanzania, dissolved

Evaluation - UNAMIR (II)Evaluation - UNAMIR (II)

Humanitarian intention - O

Humanitarian justification - O

Legality - O

Selectivity - O

Just cause - O

Use of force as last resort -

O

Proportionality - X

High probability of positive

outcome – O

Evaluation - Operation TurquoiseEvaluation - Operation Turquoise

Humanitarian motivation - X

Humanitarian justification -O

Legality - O

Selectivity - X

Just cause – △

Use of force as last resort

- △

Proportionality – X/△

High probability of

positive outcome - △

• November 1994 : The ICTR, an

international court to judge people

responsible for the Genocide is

established.

•the tribunal has finished 50 trials

•convicted 29 accused persons

•another 11 trials are in progress

•14 individuals are awaiting trial in

detention

Establishment of Gacaca courts.

-this is a village court system based on Rwandan

traditions.

Rwanda NowRwanda Now

2003, August : Kagame is elected President in the nation’s first popular vote.

2009 :Rwanda and DRC (former Zaire) stage a joint military operation to rout out the Hutu extremist insurgency, restoring diplomatic relations between and Kigali and Kinshasa.

Infant mortality rates : 62.51 deaths/1,000 live births

(Japan: 2.21 deaths/1,000 live births)

2003, August : Kagame is elected President in the nation’s first popular vote.

2009 :Rwanda and DRC (former Zaire) stage a joint military operation to rout out the Hutu extremist insurgency, restoring diplomatic relations between and Kigali and Kinshasa.

Infant mortality rates : 62.51 deaths/1,000 live births

(Japan: 2.21 deaths/1,000 live births)

Improving economy: poverty rate reduced from 57 to 45%

Low corruption.

“Singapore of Africa” –The Economist

Questionable democracy (93% of votes for Kagame in the presidential election)

“Not Free” –Freedom House WatchOpposition leader sentenced to prison for 8 years.(2012)