SPANISH AMERICAN WAR AND IMPERIALISM

MONROE DOCTRINE

President James MonroeUS does not want European

influence or colonization of the Americas

Granted amnesty to European nations who already had colonial holdings in the Caribbean.Inspired by recent success in South American and Mexican wars of Independence

DISCUSS

Why did the US feel a need to pass this doctrine?

http://www.iranreview.org/file/cms/files/imperialism1900.gif

WHITE BOARD

What nation seems to have the most territory?

WHY IMPERIALISM 3 REASONS

1) Economic: Desire for new markets and raw materials

2) Military: Desire for naval bases and coaling stations

3) Ideology: Desire to bring Christianity, western culture, and democracy to other people.Idea that European were superior and

had to “civilize” the world

U.S. SCRAMBLE FOR TERRITORY

• The United States entered the imperialist competition later than the European powers

• U.S. begins imperialist policies with Hawaii

TAKING OVER HAWAII Bayonet Constitution-

American business leaders forced the king of Hawaii to sign.Gave political control of

Hawaii to American sugar planters in Hawaii

For business owners in Hawaii to profit only option was to have Hawaii become part of the U.S.

Queen Liliuokalani surrenders Hawaii in 1893.

HAWAII

Sanford B. Dole becomes president of the Republic of Hawaii.

Hawaii was annexed in 1898 under President McKinley

WHITE BOARD

Which of the reasons for Imperialism pushed the US to want Hawaii?

Discuss your answer

THE US WANTED MORE TERRITORIES IN THE PACIFIC AND WOULD LIKE LATIN AMERICAN TERRITORIES

Needed justification for taking these lands

Spanish Territories: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

THE CUBAN FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE The Cuban people had a

long running fight against Spain to gain heir independence

This gave a moral cause to a war with Spain under Monroe DoctrineCould result in gaining

taking of their over seas territories

The Public and government had to be in favor of this fight.

SITUATION IN CUBACuban rebellions for independence

since 1868Was Violently crushed by Spanish

GovernmentBy 1890’s Spain had difficulties controlling

these Uprisings

SPANISH GOVERNMENT INCREASED BRUTALITY

General Valeriano Wayler was brought in to end the rebellion in 1890’sNicknamed the “Butcher”

Reconcentration – These were fortified concentration camps for inhabitants of more rebellious territories

All inhabitants forced to live with in the camps causing widespread hunger and

spread of Disease effective in calming rebellion but

at high civilian cost

WHITE BOARD

How do we get info from other nations?

YELLOW PRESSThe situation in Cuba

angered many AmericansLarge Newspaper companies

sent reports to cover situationJoseph Pulitzer- New York WorldWilliam Randolph Hearst- New

York JournalPlayed on Fear of Spain’s

Catholic ConnectionSensationalize acts of violence

against Cuban people(many were true)

Papers made huge profits

 DE LÔME LETTER

Private letter from Spanish Ambassador is Published by the New York Journal

characterizes U.S. President McKinley as "weak"

Portrayed the US as immature, militarily weak, and lacking in diplomatic skill

Pushed more anger towards Spain

ECONOMIC INTEREST IN CUBAThere was many

major US companies affected by violence in Cuba

Companies wanted a settled peace in protect economic interestsSugar, Shipping, and

Tobacco companiesCompanies urged US

gov to intervene.

1897 PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT IN CUBA Pres. William

McKinley was reluctant to go to war with SpainSent

Representatives to speak with Spanish government to plan a peaceful Spanish withdrawal

Cuba was given limited autonomy 1898

WHITE BOARD

What type of event would push the US to go to war with Spain?

IMMEDIATE CAUSED OF SPAMStill tension: Cubans

wanted full independence

The USS Maine Naval ship went to oversee the situations

Feb 15, 1898 the Maine explodes in Havana Harbor killing 266 sailors

Spain was blamed

WARUrged by McKinley Congress

passes $50 Million bill to increase the Military

US investigations say there was an exterior ignitions(Spain?)justification for war with SpainYellow Press began to blame

Spain and Public opinion for war grew

April 20th 1898 The US officially declared war with Spain

IMPACT OF THE WAR AND BIG STICK DIPLOMACY

IMPORTANT DATES: OF THE WAR May 1, 1898: U.S. Commodore Dewey and his Asiatic

squadron defeat the Spanish fleet at Manila Bay in the Philippines.

June 22, 1898: U.S. troops land in Cuba. July 1, 1898: U.S. forces defeat the Spanish at the

Battle of San Juan Heights. July 3, 1898: U.S. forces destroy the Spanish Fleet off

Santiago Bay, Cuba. July 17, 1898: The Spanish surrender at Santiago. August 12, 1898: Cease fire between US and Spain December 10, 1898: The Treaty of Paris is signed by

U.S. and Spain. February 6, 1899. Treaty is ratified U.S. acquires

control over Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines

DETAILS OF THE TREATY OF PARIS 1898

Spain surrendered control of Cuba, the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and parts of the West Indies.

US paid 20 million to the Spain Cuba occupied not an

American territory End of the Spanish empire in

the Americas and the Pacific Islands

Start of US becoming a world power.

Filipino now demand independence from US

DISCUSS

Positives for the US in the treaty and drawbacks

IMPACT OF THE WAR FOR THE USIt was a popular war that United the

nation after the civil war.Moral cause of Liberating CubaBy the end of the war the US joined the

ranks of the world powerThe president was seen as equal with

European powers.

POLITICAL IMPACT

Theodore Roosevelt’s rise to political power in the United States.

As the hero of the Battle of San Juan Hill, he gained much popularity within the Republican Party

Was President from 1901-1909 2 terms as President

He would go on to expand American Influence in the Americas

WHITE BOARD

List other Presidents that had a military history that helped them gain power.

ANNEXATION OF THE PHILIPPINES

Fears of Annexation An organization known

as the Anti-Imperialist League arose in the US

Fear of increased Filipino Immigrations and Money spent of the territory and not wanting to be an imperial power

WHITE BOARD

List territories that were gained and which was the only independent one.

THE TREATY OF PARIS WAS PASSED BY TWO-THIRDS OF THE SENATE IN 1899

Reasons for Passage and Territories Benefits of trade, natural resources, and Military

outpost near Asia. suggested that the sooner the US annexed the

Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico, the sooner the US could prepare them for independence.

FILIPINOS FIGHT THE US Filipinos fought with

Americans against Spain Filipinos wanted the US to

leave and give them Independence

US made Philippines a territory Filipinos felt betrayed.

FILIPINOS CLAIM INDEPEDENCE

On Jan 23, 1899, the Filipinos proclaimed an independent republic and elected long-time nationalist Emilio Aguinaldo president.

US fought Aguinaldo to control the Islands

WHAT DOES THIS CARTOON SAYING.

FILIPINO REBELLION CRUSHED

US sent in reinforcements to put down this government.

War lasted nearly 3 years with over 4000 US deaths and over 20,000 Filipino deaths

On March 23, 1901, the US finally put down the Filipino revolt by capturing Aguinaldo.

US would go on to set up naval and Army bases in the Philippines

Philippines gained independence in 1946 after WWI

INDEPENDENCE OF CUBA The U.S., after the Spanish-

American expansionists who wanted to annex Cuba.

Cuba would be a Protectorate: Independent nation protected and influenced by the US

felt that a foreign power (outside of the U.S.) would control a portion of Cuba,

Teller Amendment, which states only intervene to bring peace to Island Once done the US must allow people

to govern themselves

DISCUSS

Why do you feel the US made the Cuba a protectorate and not the Philippines?

PLATT AMENDMENT 1901 Cuba pledged herself not to incur an

indebtedness beyond her means The United States was at liberty to intervene

for the purpose of preserving order and maintaining Cuban independence.

Cuba would agree to an American-sponsored sanitation

Cuba would agree to sell or lease to the United States sites for naval or coaling stations [Guantánamo became the principal base].

By 1903 US Troops would leave mainland Cuba

DISCUSS

“Speak softly and carry a big stick” what does this quote mean?

BIG STICK DIPLOMACY

Asserted U.S Dominance when such dominance was considered important.

Motive to increase the military to have better diplomatic influence over other nations

The idea of negotiating peacefully, simultaneously threatening with the “big stick”,

West African proverb, “Speak softly and carry a big stick”

ROOSEVELT COROLLARY 1904 Extension of the Monroe

Doctrine US will intervene in conflicts

between European and Latin American countries.

1905, Dominican Republic was in jeopardy of invasion by European debt collectors.

US invaded ruled the Dominican Republic as a protectorate until the situation was stabilized.

DISCUSS

How was the Dominican Republic Issues an example of Big Stick Dipolomacy

BUILDING A CANAL Construction of the

Nicaraguan Canal In 1901, Nicaragua $1.5 million in

ratification $100,000 annually

Nicaragua wanted $6 million dollars on ratification.

NO DEAL

DISCUSS WHY A CANAL IS SO IMPORTANT ECONOMICALLY

PANAMA CANAL Panama was then a small

portion of Colombia) Colombia and the French

company raised prices for canal building Materials

Colombia was not willing to give US control to Canal region.

U.S. “engineered a revolution” in Panama to liberate from Colombia.

ON NOVEMBER 3, 1903, PANAMA FREE

• With US Naval support Panama revolted and won independence from Colombia.

Panama gained• new republic,• receiving $10 million from

the U.S. • annual payment of

$250,000, US Gained• rights to the canal strip

“in perpetuity.”