Cold  War  in  Broad  StrokesFEBRUARY  8,  2017

The  Cold  War  1945-­‐1989

Soviet LeadersJoseph Stalin 1924-1953

Georgy Malenkov 1953-1955 Nikita Khrushchev 1955-1964 Leonid Brezhnev 1964-1982

Yuri Andropov 1982-1984 Konstantin Chernenko 1984-1985

Mikhail Gorbachev 1985-1991

American PresidentsHarry Truman 1945-1953

Dwight Eisenhower 1953-1961 John F. Kennedy 1961-1963 Lyndon Johnson 1963-1969 Richard Nixon 1969-1974 Gerald Ford 1974-1977

Jimmy Carter 1977-1981 Ronald Reagan 1981-1989

Five  Themes:  

• ideology  

• national  expansionism  

• economic  hegemony  

• militarization  

• patriotic  culture

Ideology  Soviet  Union  

• totalitarian  dictator  

• communist  autarky  

• close  observation  and  intimidation  of  the  population  

• removal  of  personal  freedoms  

• vast  majority  of  the  population  living  on  or  below  the  poverty  lime  

• closed  press  and  state  censorship  and  propaganda  

• atheist

 United  States  

• president  elected  by  the  people  in  an  open  election  

• capitalist  and  free  economy  

• freedom  of  speech  and  beliefs  held  at  the  heart  of  the  constitution  

• laissez-­‐faire  attitude  and  rights  of  the  individual  

• living  standards  generally  high,  focus  on  living  the  “American  dream”  

• free  press  and  vibrant  cultural  opportunities

National  ExpansionIT  MUST  BE  THE  POLICY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  TO  SUPPORT  FREE  PEOPLE  WHO  ARE  RESISTING  ATTEMPTED  SUBJUGATION  BY  ARMED  MINORITIES  OR  BY  OUTSIDE  PRESSURES.  

-­‐  TRUMAN  DOCTRINE

• Spheres  of  Influence  • George  Kennan’s  Long  Telegram  • Containment  • NSC-­‐68  • Proxy  Wars  

• Korean  Conflict  • Cuban  Missile  Crisis  • Vietnam  War  • Soviet-­‐Afghan  War

The Cuban Missile Crisis Timeline (Partial)1959 January 1: Fidel Castro assumes power after the Cuban Revolution - see Cuban Timeline 1960 December 19: Cuba openly aligns itself with the Soviet Union and their policies.

1961 January 3: The U.S. terminates diplomatic relations April 17: "The Bay of Pigs" - A group of Cuban exiles, backed by the US, invades Cuba at the Bay of Pigs in a failed attempt to trigger an anti-Castro rebellion June 3-4: Khrushchev and Kennedy hold summit talks in Vienna regarding the Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 August 31: Senator Kenneth Keating tells the Senate that there is evidence of Soviet missile installations in Cuba September 11: Soviet Foreign Minister, Andrei Gromyko, warns that an American attack on Cuba could mean war with the Soviet Union October 14: A U-2 flying over western Cuba obtains photographs of missile sites October 14 - 17: The Joint Chiefs of Staff strongly advise Kennedy to make an air strike ( the discussions are referred to as the EX-COMM's ) October 18: Gromyko assures Kennedy that Soviet Cuban aid has been only for the "defensive capabilities of Cuba." October 22: Congressional leaders are shown the photographic evidence of the Soviet missile Cuban installations and the President addresses the nation regarding the Cuban crisis October 22: U.S. military forces go to DEFCON 3 October 23: Kennedy receives a letter from Khrushchev in which Khrushchev states that there is a, "serious threat to peace and security of peoples." Robert Kennedy speaks with Ambassador Dobrynin

The Cuban Missile Crisis Timeline (Cont.)

October 24: Soviet ships, en route to Cuba, reverse their course except for one. US Military forces go to DEFCON 2 October 25: JFK sends a letter to Khrushchev placing the responsibility for the crisis on the Soviet Union October 26: Khrushchev sends a letter to President Kennedy proposing to remove his missiles if Kennedy publicly announces never to invade Cuba October 27: An American U-2 is shot down over Cuba killing the pilot, Major Rudolf Anderson October 27: A U-2 strays into Soviet airspace, near Alaska, and is nearly intercepted by Soviet fighters October 27: Kennedy sends Khrushchev a letter stating that he will make a statement that the U.S. will not invade Cuba if Khrushchev removes the missiles from Cuba October 28: Khrushchev announces over Radio Moscow that he has agreed to remove the missiles from Cuba. In return the US agrees to the withdrawal of US nuclear missiles from Turkey ending the Cuban Missile Crisis

Militarization• National  Security  Act  of  1947  

• Department  of  Defense  

• National  Security  Council  

• CIA  

• NATO  

• Warsaw  Pact  

• Arms  Race

• 1945  -­‐  US  tests  &  uses  bomb  on  Japan  

• 1949  -­‐  Soviet  Union  test  Joe  I  • 1950  -­‐  Truman  authorizes  h-­‐bomb  test  

• 1952  -­‐  H-­‐bomb  test,  codenamed  Mike  

• 1954  -­‐  BRAVO  tests  in  Bikini  Atoll  (14.8  megaton  yield)  

• 1955  -­‐  Soviet  H-­‐bomb  test  • 1961  -­‐  Soviet  H-­‐bomb  test  with  58  megaton  yield

Hiroshima Before  Mike

After  Mike

Patriotic  Culture

Spies

de-­‐Stalinization

Economic  Hegemony

Brezhnev  Doctrine Sinatra  Doctrine

Hungary Poland

East  Germany

Bulgaria Czechoslovakia

Romania