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1Challenges for Batteries and Supercapacitors l June 12th, 2019
Challenges for Batteries and SupercapacitorsChristophe AucherPrincipal researcher LEITAT Energy Storage
S3Chem Seminars.“La química de les bateries”Barcelona, 12 de juny de 2019
Challenges for Batteries and Supercapacitors l June 12th, 2019 2
LEITAT Technological center
LEITAT in 2018
312 persons
50% Women – 50% Men
24 M€ Income*
> 1.500 customers
> 90% Customers loyalty
77 Ongoing R&D European projects**
154 Ongoing R&D National projects
365 Industrial contracts
2.900 Advanced Technological solutions
* 16% non competitive public funding
**We participate in European projects with
more than 550 partners from 58 countries with a
global budget of 361M €
Founded in 1906 Leitat is a private & non profit technological center.
It is recognised by the Catalan Government (TECNIO) and by the
Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation.
MissionCreate and transfer economic, social and sustainable value to
companies and entities, through research and technology
processes.
VisionBe an acknowledged technological partner in the management of
innovative technologies, stimulating people’s creativity and talent.
Values• Respect
• Achievement
• Enthusiasm
Challenges for Batteries and Supercapacitors l June 12th, 2019 3
LEITAT Location
Health & Biomedicine
Circular Economy
Energy + Engineering
Advanced Technological
Solutions
Applied Chemistry &
Materials
Spain
Chile
Business
5 Units
Hospital Vall d’Herbron
Parc Cientificde Barcelona
Hospital la FeValencia
4
LEITAT infrastructure overview related to Energy Storage
Electrospinning Glove Box
ARBIN &Biologic(80V, 10A)
Thermal evaporator
Plasma
Dispersion/Milling Regatron(16kW, 130Vcc, 192Acc)
Climatic ChamberEUCAR HLnº4
ChemicalLab
TRL4
PhysicalCoating
TRL3
SurfaceTRL5
Ink Manufacturing
TRL5
EnergyLab
TRL3
TestingLab
TRL9
Polymer& Process
TRL6
Twin-screw extruder
Autoclave
ModelingTRL3
AdditiveManufacturing
TRL6
Thermal modeling
3D Multi Jet Fusion
Challenges for Batteries and Supercapacitors l June 12th, 2019
Challenges for Batteries and Supercapacitors l June 12th, 2019 5
Outline - Challenges for Batteries and SupercapacitorsChristophe AucherPrincipal researcher LEITAT Energy Storage
❖ EU Battery cell manufacturing is mandatory to decrease energy dependence
❖ Critical Raw Material – an opportunity for “post Li-ion” technologies
Use case 1 – The used of nanocellulose
❖ Current initiative, EBA, Electrification Roadmaps, Battery 2030+
❖ Technological Readiness level value chain – Material AND Manufacturing
❖ Power OR Energy - status and challenges
Use case 2 – Aluminium ion for stationary (Power)
Use case 3 – Lithium Sulfur for e-mobility (Energy)
Challenges for Batteries and Supercapacitors l June 12th, 2019 6
Global Li-ion battery manufacturing
❑ Asia and USA are leading Li-ion mass production
market
❑ In Europe, lithium-ion cell manufacturer andcapacity are lacking in the value chain
❑ Impacting on industrial sector (OEM, TIER1...)
Capacity201628 GWh
2020174 GWh
TodayIn 2020
Source: Visual capitalist (2016)
Challenges for Batteries and Supercapacitors l June 12th, 2019 7
LG reportedly threaten to cut VW’s battery cell supply for EVs over gigafactory plans
“We must not make ourselves dependent on a few Asian manufacturers in the long term,” VW CEO Herbert Diess
LG Chem, Samsung SDI, CATL andSK Innovation were all named ascell suppliers last year for theVolkswagen Group, which is oncourse to become the largest cellcustomer in Europe. In MarchVW Group said it was planning tolaunch 50 full-electric vehiclesglobally by 2025 and increase itsrange to nearly 70 battery-powered vehicles by 2028. VWwill invest 30 billion euros inelectromobility by 2023 and willrequire battery capacity of 150GWh per year by 2025.
Challenges for Batteries and Supercapacitors l June 12th, 2019 8
Critical Raw Materialhttps://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52017DC0490&from=EN
Natural Graphite
Cobalt
Nickel
LithiumManganese
Pulpwood
Challenges for Batteries and Supercapacitors l June 12th, 2019 9
Critical Raw Material
Cobalt prices Apr. 2016 – Apr. 2019
Li / Li-ionExpensive materials, such as nickel and cobalt• Batteries still cost ca. US$150/kWh, limit set by the
US Department of Energy: US$100
• Cobalt speculation (Bloomberg, “Cobalt’s Klondike in Congo”). Rebound is starting. Price currently ca. US$ 33k/Tonne.
• Geopolitical issues
• Cobalt shortages by early 2030. Nickel crisis is expected by mid-2030.
US$
per
to
nn
e
Challenges for Batteries and Supercapacitors l June 12th, 2019 10
Nanocelulose to replace polymers
Cyclic voltametry of reference electrode (CMC+SBR as a binder) and electrode with CNC at 50mV/s with 1M Et4NBF4-ACN electrolyte.
Replacement of CMC+SBR by CNC for aqueous ink formulation with higher capacity and energy (+40%) for the same power.
https://www.greensense-project.eu/
Challenges for Batteries and Supercapacitors l June 12th, 2019 11
European Battery Alliance SET-Plan ACTION n°7"Become competitive in the global battery sector to drive e-mobility forward".
https://ec.europa.eu/inea/en/news-events/newsroom/horizon-2020-nearly-500-million-requested-next-generation-batteries
https://setis.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/set_plan_batteries_implementation_plan.pdf
• Target and priority roadmap (KPI per technologies/application types is given• Gathering feedback from all stakeholder (Material->Integration)
1. Advanced lithium-ion batteries for e-mobility
2. Influence of fast/hyper charging of Li ion batteries on
materials and battery degradation
3. Advancement of batteries for stationary energy storage
4. Post Li ion for e- mobility
5. Recycling of batteries (Li-ion and Post Li-ion)
6. Lithium recovery from European geothermal brines
7. Foster development of materials processing techniques
8. Foster development of cell and battery manufacturing
equipment
9. Hybridisation of battery systems for stationary energy
storage
10. Second use and smart integration into the Grid
Challenges for Batteries and Supercapacitors l June 12th, 2019 12
BATTERY 2030+https://battery2030.eu/
• Chemistry neutral
• Manufacturability
• Sensing
• Self-Healing
• Powder-to-power-
to-powder
Challenges for Batteries and Supercapacitors l June 12th, 2019 13
Technological Readiness Levelhttps://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2014_2015/annexes/h2020-wp1415-annex-g-trl_en.pdf
Material Device SystemIdea
(TRL1)
Demonstration (TRL 3-4)
Mature (TRL 5-7)
(quantity, quality, reproducibility)
Industrial competiveness (TRL9) (opposite to Innovation)
Component
Challenges for Batteries and Supercapacitors l June 12th, 2019 14
Battery cell chemistries which have been or are considered in R&D to have technological relevanceJ Solid State Electrochem DOI 10.1007/s10008-017-3610-7
• Primary batteries• Lead-acid• Rechargeable Ni-batteries• HT Na-batteries• Li-ion• Redox-flow batteries
• Fluoride-shuttle batteries• Secondary metal-air batteries• Secondary metal-sulfur batteries• All-solid-state batteries• Dual-ion batteries• K-ion• Na-ion• Ca-ion• Mg-ion
Up
to th
e 90
s
Tod
ay
Challenges for Batteries and Supercapacitors l June 12th, 2019 15
Power or Energy Challenges
CapacitiveSupercape.g. Stationary
€/kWh/Cycles
ConversionLi-S
Wh/kg
IntercalationLi-ion
e.g. E-mobility
Safety, Wh/L, W/L, cycles, €/kWh
Energy Max.Power Max.Flow
battery
Challenges for Batteries and Supercapacitors l June 12th, 2019 16
Power or Energy Status
POWER ENERGY
Challenges for Batteries and Supercapacitors l June 12th, 2019 17
Al-ion for eletrical grid stabilizationhttp://alionproject.eu/
Lab cell: TiO2 in aqueous Al-based electrolyte
• 15 Wh/kg of cell
• 43,000 W/kg of cell
• 7.000 cycles
360C
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-018-1154-x
Challenges for Batteries and Supercapacitors l June 12th, 2019 18
Lithium Sulphur versus Lithium ion battery cell state-of-the-art• 2 kinds of Li-ion, High Power OR High Energy (e.g. Toshiba and LG Chem charge respectively in 6 and 40 minutes)• Lithium Sulphur achievements in 2019 is 440 and 360 Wh kg-1 respectively at C/10 (10 hours discharge) and at C/5 (5 hours)• ALISE demonstrators reached 325 Wh kg-1 (x2.5 our reference), 340 Wh L-1 at C/5 (5 hours), 21 Ah, 80% of the C/5 BoL at 1C
Challenges for Batteries and Supercapacitors l June 12th, 2019 19
ALISE results
Challenges for Batteries and Supercapacitors l June 12th, 2019 20
LISA Project dedicated to lithium metal protection (started in Feb. 2019)
Obj. 450 Wh kg-1, 700 Wh L-1, 700 W kg-1, 1.000 cycles at 80% BoL
Challenges for Batteries and Supercapacitors l June 12th, 2019 21
❖ Existing guidelines and working groups driving material development
❖ Material, technologies, advantages and barriers are already well identified
❖ Application is driving technology, and technology is driving material
❖ Manufacturing concept have to be considered (existing production, and TRL value chain)
❖ New opportunities from a real EU (public/private) motivation to be competitive
❖ New opportunities such as sensor, self-healing and circular economy
Take away - Challenges for Batteries and SupercapacitorsChristophe AucherPrincipal researcher LEITAT Energy Storage
Challenges for Batteries and Supercapacitors l June 12th, 2019 22
Thanks for your attention
Christophe Aucher, PhDPrincipal Researcher
Energy StorageEnergy & Engineering Business Unit
C/ de la Innovació, 2 · 08225 Terrassa (Barcelona) Tel. (+34) 93 788 23 00 Ext. 3207 · Fax (+34) 93 789 19 06 - Skype ID: christophe.aucher.leitat
www.leitat.org
