S5 Carbon Nanotubes

7/28/2019 S5 Carbon Nanotubes

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Carbon NanotubesTeam S5

Laura YoungTrevor Seidel

Pradip Rijal

Jason Savatsky

http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/2435

http://onorbit.com/node/825


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What Are They?

Allotropes ofcarbon with a

cylindrical structure Can be capped onthe ends withbuckyballs or open

ended Composed entirelyof sp2 bonds


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Why Should We Care?

Unique properties

Material of the future

Seemingly infiniteapplications

Possible health issues

http://www-ibmc.u-strasbg.fr/ict/images/CNT_Peptide.jpg


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Properties

132,000,000:1 Length-To-Diameter Ratio

Diameter of 3 to 9 nm

Lengths in the millimeter

range Efficient electrical conductors

Can act as both thermalconductors and thermalinsulators

http://brent.kearneys.ca/wp-content/uploads/2006/05/carbon_nanotube.jpg


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Strength

SWNT compared to some common materials

Youngs

Modulus*

TensileStreng

th* Density*

Steel 5 30 0.167

Kevlar 10 3 0.9

Rubber 10,000 700

Polypropylene

500 500 1.5

Glass 750 220 0.5

*Values = (Carbon Nanotube Property) / (MaterialProperty)


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Reactivity

Flourination

Diazonium saltaddition

Possible catalyst http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/a/ac/Diazonium.svg/180px-Diazonium.svg.png


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Toxicity

Research is still in theearly stages

In rodents, carbon

nanotubes have beenfound to cause severallung issues

The needle-like shape

of the fibers is similarto that of asbestos http://www.phy.mtu.edu/newsletter/research/FatNanotubes.jpg


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Single-Wall Nanotube (SWNT)

Armchair Zig-Zag


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Multi-Walled Nanotubes (MWNT)

Multiple rolled layers

of graphene sheets More resistant to

chemical changesthan SWNTs

http://www.siemens.com/innovation/en/about_fande/corp_technology/partnerships_experts/uc_berkeley.htm


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Four Ways to SynthesizeCarbon Nanotubes

Arc Discharge

Laser Ablation

Chemical VaporDeposition (CVD)

Ball Milling

http://students.chem.tue.nl/ifp03/synthesis.html


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Arc Discharge

A direct current creates ahigh temperature discharge

between two electrodes Atmosphere is composed of

inert gas at a low pressure

Originally used to make C60fullerenes

Cobalt is a popular catalyst

Typical yield is 30-90%http://lnnme.epfl.ch/page80437.html


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Arc Discharge

Advantages

Simple procedure

High quality product

Inexpensive

Disadvantages

Requires further purification

Tubes tend to be short withrandom sizes

http://www.mfa.kfki.hu/int/nano/results/arc.html


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Laser Ablation

Discovered in 1995 at RiceUniversity

Vaporizes graphite at 1200 C

Helium or argon gas

A hot vapor plume forms andexpands and cools rapidly

Carbon molecules condense toform large clusters

Similar to arc discharge Yield of up to 70%



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Types of Laser Ablation

Pulsed

Much higher lightintensity (100

kW/cm2) Continuous Much lower light

intensity (12kW/cm2)

http://www.goalfinder.com/product.asp?productid=112


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Ultra Fast-pulsed Laser Ablation



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Laser Ablation

Advantages

Good diameter control

Few defects

Pure product

Disadvantages

Expensive because oflasers and high

powered equipment

http://www.gsiglasers.com/MarketSectors.aspx?page=56


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Chemical Vapor Deposition

Carbon is in the gas phase

Energy source transfers

energy to carbon molecule Common Carbon Gases

Methane

Carbon monoxide

Acetylenehttp://neurophilosophy.files.wordpress.com/2006/08/multiwall

-large.jpg


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After energy transfer, thecarbon molecule binds tothe substrate

Temperature between 650

900 C Yield is usually about 30%

One of the most commonmethods of carbon nanotubesynthesis


http://nanoscale-materials-and-nanotechnolog.blogspot.com/2007_04_13_archive.html


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Advantages

Disadvantages

Easy to increase scale to

industrial production Large length

Simple to perform

Pure product

http://endomoribu.shinshu-u.ac.jp/research/cnt/images/cat_cnt.jpg

Defects are common


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Ball Milling

Powder graphite isplaced in a stainlesssteel container

Argon gas is used

Process occurs atroom temperature

Powder is thenannealed

http://www.rsphysse.anu.edu.au/nanotube/


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Combining Ball Milling and VaporDeposition

Arkema Francedeveloped the

process Process generates

the highest carbonpurity

Products haveimproved dispersion

http://nanopatentsandinnovations.blogspot.com/2009/12/arkema-combines-ball-milling-with-vapor.html


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Electrical Field emission in vacuum

electronics Application in electrodes,

capacitors

Energy storage Lithium batteries Hydrogen storage

Biological sensors AFM tips DNA sequencing

Applications


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Electrical Application: FEDField Emission Display ( FED)- Uses electron beam to produce

color images (FED)- Traditionally cathode ray tubes

are used but recently more focuson using carbon nanotubes

- NASA is researching this

technology to use in spaceexploration


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Energy Storage: Lithium batteries

Nanotubes have the highest reversiblecapacity of any carbon material for use inLithium ion batteries

Nanotubes have intrinsic characteristicsdesired in material used as electrodes inbatteries and capacitors

Nanotubes are outstanding materials forsuper capacitor electrodes

They also have a number of propertiesincluding high surface area and thermalconductivity that make them useful aselectrode catalyst supports in PolymerElectrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cells


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Energy storage: Hydrogen storage

Single-walled carbonNanotubes can storehydrogen

Nano tube technology will

meet the challenge of storinghydrogen and releasing themadequately in hydrogen fuelcar in future

Physisorption and

chemisorption e mechanismsused for hydrogen storage incarbon nanotubes


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Biological applications: sensing

Many spherical Nano-particles have beenfabricated for biological applications.

Nanotubes offer some advantages relative to

Nano-particles by the following aspects:1. Larger inner volumes can be filled with chemical or biological

species.

2. Open mouths of Nano tubes make the inner surface accessible.

3. Distinct inner and outer surface can be modified separately.


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Biological applications: AFM tips

Resolution of ~ 12nm is achieved

Carbon nanotubes as AFM probe tips:1. Small diameter maximum resolution


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Biological applications: DNAsequencing

Nanotubes fit intothe grove of theDNA strand

Apply voltage

across CNT,different DNAbase-pairs giverise to differentcurrent signals

With multipleCNT, it is possibleto do parallel fastDNA sequencing

Top view and side view of theassembled CNT-DNA system


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Paper battery

Could easily be mistaken fora sheet of black paper

Functions as both a lithium-

ion battery and asupercapacitor

Lightweight, thin, flexible

Can function at a wide rangeof temperatures


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Nanotube speakers

Thin carbonnanotube filmscan act asspeakers

New generation ofcheap, flatspeakers

Transparent,flexible,stretchable, andmagnet free


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Artificial muscles

Aerogels made from carbon nanotubes (CNTs) canserve as electrically powered artificial muscles

Sheet becomes 220% wider and thicker when voltage

is applied

Flexes about 3 orders of magnitude faster andgenerates more than 30 times the force than humanmuscles of the same size


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Nanotube thermocell uses multiwalled

carbon nanotubes aselectrodes

3 times efficient than

conventional Converts waste heat

from industrial plants,pipelines into

electricity


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Nanotube Catalysts

Carbon nanotubesdoped with Nitrogen

Reduce oxygen more

effectively thanplatinum catalysts

Not susceptible tocarbon monoxide

poisoning, known todeactive platinumcatalysts


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In Conclusion

There are many unique properties

Further investigation of toxicity is needed

There are many ways to synthesize

Method of synthesis depends on financialneeds and amount of product desired

There are many exciting applications of

carbon nanotubes


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Questions?


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References

www.ece.rochester.edu/courses/ECE580/docs/Nanotubes_Fu.ppt

www.ece.rochester.edu/courses/ECE580/docs/Nanotubes_Fu.ppt

http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=4154.php

http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=980#_Energy_Storage

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6THY-493PC9C-

1&_user=952835&_coverDate=12/30/2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1231942804&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000049198&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=952835&md5=03c5f21cb002be312d9fc81685b8914b

http://www.icdd.com/resources/axa/vol47/v47_33.pdf

http://lnnme.epfl.ch/page80437.html


http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1561

http://nanopatentsandinnovations.blogspot.com/2009/12/arkema-combines-ball-mill
http://www.ece.rochester.edu/courses/ECE580/docs/Nanotubes_Fu.ppthttp://www.ece.rochester.edu/courses/ECE580/docs/Nanotubes_Fu.ppthttp://www.ece.rochester.edu/courses/ECE580/docs/Nanotubes_Fu.ppthttp://www.ece.rochester.edu/courses/ECE580/docs/Nanotubes_Fu.ppthttp://www.ece.rochester.edu/courses/ECE580/docs/Nanotubes_Fu.ppthttp://www.ece.rochester.edu/courses/ECE580/docs/Nanotubes_Fu.ppthttp://www.ece.rochester.edu/courses/ECE580/docs/Nanotubes_Fu.ppthttp://www.ece.rochester.edu/courses/ECE580/docs/Nanotubes_Fu.ppthttp://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=4154.phphttp://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=980http://lnnme.epfl.ch/page80437.htmlhttp://students.chem.tue.nl/ifp03/synthesis.htmlhttp://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1561http://nanopatentsandinnovations.blogspot.com/2009/12/arkema-combines-ball-milling-with-vapor.htmlhttp://nanopatentsandinnovations.blogspot.com/2009/12/arkema-combines-ball-milling-with-vapor.htmlhttp://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1561http://students.chem.tue.nl/ifp03/synthesis.htmlhttp://lnnme.epfl.ch/page80437.htmlhttp://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=980http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=4154.phphttp://www.ece.rochester.edu/courses/ECE580/docs/Nanotubes_Fu.ppthttp://www.ece.rochester.edu/courses/ECE580/docs/Nanotubes_Fu.ppthttp://www.ece.rochester.edu/courses/ECE580/docs/Nanotubes_Fu.ppthttp://www.ece.rochester.edu/courses/ECE580/docs/Nanotubes_Fu.ppthttp://www.ece.rochester.edu/courses/ECE580/docs/Nanotubes_Fu.ppthttp://www.ece.rochester.edu/courses/ECE580/docs/Nanotubes_Fu.ppthttp://www.ece.rochester.edu/courses/ECE580/docs/Nanotubes_Fu.ppthttp://www.ece.rochester.edu/courses/ECE580/docs/Nanotubes_Fu.ppt


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Group S5Carbon Nanotubes


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S5 presentation 1 rebuttal

S5 agrees with the criticism made for the most part. Our approach was to briefly touch variousproperties of nanotubes such as reactivity and talk in detail about the application of nanotubes, sosome of the slides may have little reference to the topic. We as a group feel that we should not haveused filler words. Few slides in the second of the presentation were prepared by Pradip but he wasunable to present the materials so we decided put few more words in those slides to help the speakerpresent slides prepared by him. Jason could have put more effort into his slides and rehearsed hispart. The group should have taken more time to explain some of the charts and graphs. We didinclude the sources of graphics in the Literature Cited section but forgot to cite each graphic

towards the end of the presentation.


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Group 1 Evaluation of

Group 5Presentation:

Carbon Nanotubes

By Group 5


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The introduction was very solid Good information was presented

Initial animated graphics quickly grabbed theaudiences attention

The first half of the presentation used slidesthat were easy to read and follow.

Showing the summary charts of the positiveand negative processes for creating carbon

nanotubes was helpful as a quickcomparison guide.

Positive Notes


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Each of the speakers, especially the third,used too many filler words, such as um.

The third speaker was clearly nervous infront of the audience. It made hispresentation very dry, uninteresting, anddetracted from the first two presenters.

The text used in second half of the

presentation began to get crowded. Moreslides with fewer words per slide wouldvebeen helpful.

Opportunities for Improvement


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Slides (19/20)

Well designed, but very basic in appearance. Educational Value (20/20)

A lot of research was presented in a very clear andunderstandable manner about a new field.

Graphics (19/20)

Use of 3-D animation was great Made presentation more enjoyable

But replace a few pictures with diagrams

Oral presentation (16/20) 1st speaker did well

3rd speaker was extremely nervous and unprepared Group Analysis of Research (20/20)

It was evident that plenty of research was done to give a verythorough presentation.

Overall (94/100)

Grade


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Group S2

Review of Carbon TubesChris Heflin

Rachael HoukMichael Jones


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Positives

The first two speakers spoke clearlyand eloquently.

The slides had both pictures andwords, with graphics providing goodinsight into the intricacies of theprocess.

The group was well prepared andanswered questions well.


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Negatives

The third speaker read his materialdirectly off of the slide the vast majorityof the time. Also, almost every sentence

contained an Um The second speaker spoke quickly and

moved swiftly through the slides, she

could have elaborated more andallowed more time for the material tosink in.


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Group S3

Review of S5Carbon Nanotubes

James Kancewick

Michael KoettingBradford Lamb


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Positives

The introduction to the topic was simple andeasy to understand, while providing enoughbackground to follow the presentation.

The slides appeared well-made and did notpresent too much information at any onetime.

The first two speakers did a good jobspeaking on their respective topics and wereeasy to follow.


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Areas for Improvement

The third speaker appeared unrehearsed andmostly read off the slides in an uninspiredmanner. More rehearsal would have helpedimprove the presentation greatly.

The comments about safety needed some sort ofresearch information to back up the concerns.

Sometimes the presentation was moved along a

little too quickly, especially with charts andgraphs.


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S4 Review of S5 Presentation

Group S4

REVIEW of Carbon-Nanotubes


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Things Done Well

Did a good job of defining any technical terms usedthroughout the presentation.

Had a nice basic informative introduction that

allowed the audience to follow along in thepresentation.

Did an excellent job of explaining graphics.

Laura and Travis had good eye contact andprojection.


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Things to Improve On

Graphics in the first half of presentation hadcitations, but toward the end of presentation there

were absolutely no citations for the graphics used.

What article were you critiquing?Some slides were too wordy, but overall most of the

slides had a nice layout.


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Things To improve On

Jason- Your part of the presentation contained themost interesting topics, but you were so nervous thatit was hard to follow along..Relax! Have confidencein what you are going to say and look up.

Laura- use a transition or at least a statement tointroduce new slides; you just read the title of theslide and proceeded to talk about the body of the

slide.


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Group S6REVIEW of Carbon-Nanotubes

John BaumhardtDaniel Arnold

Michael TrevathanMichael Tran


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Review Good color scheme for a professional presentation;

however, formatting on each slide was not consistent(text sizing and bullet use).

The presentation went into impressive detail on thesynthesis of nanotubes. There is too much text on

the application slides. Most of the group spoke very well. We would

recommend that the last speaker work on his publicspeaking. Public speaking is not learned over night,and is an important skill to possess.

Overall, it was a very interesting in the presentation.


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Critique of Information

During the presentation, we would have liked to havethe information on the strength of nanotubes (slide 5)explained more thoroughly. The slide was changedbefore we realized the numbers given were ratios.

There should have been a slide concluding all of the

types of synthesizing nanotubes. Comparing andcontrasting the multiple methods would have helped tiethe information together.

When presented with the multiple applications thatcarbon nanotubes have, it was hard to determine whichones were practical, and in what timeframe we wouldexpect to see them in use.

The slide on reactivity did not add anything to thepresentation and was not tied in to the overallpresentation.


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Critique (continued)

Our main concerns are that:

There was not any real connections between each of thesynthesis methods (compare and contrast).

No timetable or discussion on the practicality of nanotube

application. Information was not always tied into the topic.

Extraneous information was given.

It is clear that this group extensively researchedtheir topic, and concise organization of the material

would have served to emphasize this aspect to agreater extent.

Documents

S5 Carbon Nanotubes