S6 GeographyS6 Geography

What is Geography?What is Geography?►Geography by nature is a Geography by nature is a

discipline which asks questions discipline which asks questions arising from the arising from the spatial structuringspatial structuring (distribution and arrangement) of (distribution and arrangement) of the environment and from the environment and from spatial spatial situationssituations in which physical, biotic in which physical, biotic and socioeconomic phenomena and socioeconomic phenomena interact.interact.

It seeks to establish theories It seeks to establish theories onon

►how people and things are distributed and how people and things are distributed and organized spatially on the earthorganized spatially on the earth

►why people and things form certain kinds why people and things form certain kinds of spatial patterns in particular placesof spatial patterns in particular places

►whether similar patterns of interactions whether similar patterns of interactions between people and their environment between people and their environment recurrecur in different parts of the world in different parts of the world

►the nature of the processes that have the nature of the processes that have operated to produce these spatial operated to produce these spatial patternspatterns

It seeks to establish theories It seeks to establish theories onon

►how knowledge of these processes how knowledge of these processes may provide guidance to people may provide guidance to people making decisions about the location of making decisions about the location of activities, the use of the land and activities, the use of the land and other resources, the environmental other resources, the environmental impact of human activities, and the impact of human activities, and the planning, prediction and control of planning, prediction and control of selected phenomena on the earth’s selected phenomena on the earth’s surface.surface.

AL Geography SyllabusAL Geography Syllabus►There are 3 landscapesThere are 3 landscapes►Natural LandscapesNatural Landscapes►Agricultural LandscapesAgricultural Landscapes►Urban & Industrial LandscapesUrban & Industrial Landscapes

Natural LandscapesNatural Landscapes►Climatic SystemClimatic System►Biotic SystemBiotic System►Man-land RelationshipMan-land Relationship►Landform SystemLandform System

AL ExaminationAL ExaminationPaper 1Paper 1 Paper 2Paper 2

Time allowedTime allowed

Type of QuestionType of Question

No. of questions setNo. of questions setNo. of questions No. of questions should be answeredshould be answeredAny compulsory Any compulsory questionquestion

3 hours 3 hoursStructural

question Essay

9 115 4

1 Nil

Reading AssignmentReading Assignment►David Waugh, Geography: An Integrated ADavid Waugh, Geography: An Integrated Approach, Chapter 9, pp. 206-259pproach, Chapter 9, pp. 206-259

Components of Climatic Components of Climatic SystemSystem

Atmosphere

Hydrosphere Biosphere

Lithosphere

Components of Climatic Components of Climatic SystemSystem

►AtmosphereAtmosphere►HydrosphereHydrosphere►LithosphereLithosphere►BiosphereBiosphere

Structure of the atmosphere

The atmosphere can be divided into several layers according to temperature.

• troposphere (對流層 )• stratosphere (平流層 )• mesosphere• thermosphere

Structure of the atmosphereTroposphereTropospherecontains most of the gases• the layer where major weather occurs• air mixing• temperature decreases with increasing altitude• 6.5oC per 1 km• environmental lapse rate

Components of the atmosphere

Structure of AtmosphereStructure of Atmosphere

Climatologists divide the atmosphere into different layers according to the change in temperature

►Air pressure Air pressure decreases decreases as altitude as altitude increasesincreases

►because of because of gravitygravity

Spatial Spatial distribution distribution of Gasesof Gases

Components of Components of AtmosphereAtmosphere

►Nitrogen 78.9%Nitrogen 78.9%►Oxygen 20.95 %Oxygen 20.95 %►Water vapour 0.2 - 4.0%Water vapour 0.2 - 4.0%►C0C022 0.03% 0.03%►Ozone 0.00006%Ozone 0.00006%► Inert gasesInert gases►Dust Dust ►Pollutants e.g. C0Pollutants e.g. C022 , NO, methane , NO, methane