S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar

8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar

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Dr. Kamal Kar

CLTS Foundation, Calcutta, India

2nd ADB Partners Sanitation Dialogue

23-25 May 2011, Manila Philippines



Globally millions of tones of humanexcreta poured in the open everyday

In India alone nearly 600 millions are practicing

open defecation, thousands of truck loads of shit is

being released in the open everyday, more than 42

children dying every hour from diarrhea, &waterborne enteric diseases

OD contaminates water bodies on a daily basis and

valuable human excreta not used in food security A

child dies in every 15 second, millions of U5

children suffering sever bouts of diarrhea (mostly

poor)



Traditional - professional ‘mind-set’ intackling the problems

Subsidize * Standardize *Prescribe *

Top-down hygiene behaviour teaching*

Health as key motivator for hygiene

behaviour change

Attract the poor in ways like rewards so that

they use toilets



Fate of free toilets in a slum of a

Municipality town near Calcutta, India



Fate of subsidized sanitation hardware-Portloko, Sierra Leone, Ibb, Yemen

Who’s

design for

whom?

QuickTime™ and adecompressor

are needed to see this picture.



Fate of sanitation subsidy in Yemen



Abandoned Collapsed Communal Latrine –Dangme

West District, Greater Accra Region, Ghana



The Origin

Originated in Bangladesh in 1999-2000 from the process of

evaluation of a traditional WATSAN project

Spread rapidly in Bangladesh through NGOs mainly Water

Aid, Plan International and partner NGOs

DFID supported scaling it up in Bangladesh

WSP (SA and EAP) was instrumental in bringing it to India,

Indonesia, and other countries in South Asia and East Asia

Pacific regions

Through Plan International introduced in 13 countries inEastern and Southern Africa in 2007

Since 2008 with support of UNICEF introduced in 22 countries

in Africa including West and Central Africa and in Latin

America (Bolivia)



• More than 20 million people in 44 countries across

Asia, Africa and Latin America benefit from CLTS

• More than 1000 facilitators and trainers in these

countries have been actively engaged inimplementing and training of CLTS

• The Hand Book on CLTS has been translated in to

at least ten different languages including French,

Spanish and Portuguese

•



What is Community – Led TotalSanitation ?

They are total & involve/affect everyone incommunities e.g. total elimination of opendefecation, total freedom from hunger)

Collective Community decision & collective localaction are the keys

Social Solidarity and cooperation are in abundance They are locally decided and don't dependent on

external subsidies and prescriptions or pressures

Natural Leaders emerge from collective local actions

who lead future collective initiatives They often don’t follow externally determined mode

of development and blue print

Local diversity and innovations are main elements



Entry/ IgnitionPRA

DefecationareaansectDefecationMappingFlowiagramCalculation

faecesetc.

Community

realization of

terrible impact

of faecal-oral

contamination

Self EmpoweredCommittee formed

Identification

of right

person in the

community

How to get a

latrine slab Registration

daily monitoring

on mapStart pit

latrine

from

tomorrow

We do it

first and

stop open

defecatio

n

10 H/H10 H/H

Spreading

messagesfrom the

mosque

Each of us

cover 10

families



P. R. A.

X

X

X

L

LL

L

LL

L

L

X

X

XX

X

X

X

X

XX

X

X

XX

X

X

X

XX

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Land less don’t have place for defecation.

Land owners often blame them for defecating

in open. Landless poor (women specially) are

the worst victims who want to come out of

that humiliation.

Participatory

Planning

Latrineowners can’t

get rid of

negative

impacts as

many others

adding faceseverywhere.

Spoilingenvironment

by open

defecation

Will form positive

pressure groups

from within to

convince others for

having latrineBetter

off

Med

ium

Poor

Very poor

Moving towards 100% sanitised village



More yellow powder in places where there is more shit-

Sierra Leone


are needed to see this picture.




are neededto see this picture.



QuickTime™ andadecompressor

are needed to seethis picture.

Food and shit demonstration





Children’s procession protesting againstopen defecation





Worried faces of mothers after their own

analysis- Llala Gua, Bolivia

Shit

everywhere.

Our

childrengrowing on

shit- we

can’t accept

this





Notice who is teaching and who is learning



“If we defecate in the open, we eat eachothers shit, if you don’t wash your hands with

ash or soap, you eat your own shit” - a

Natural Leader of CLTS from Malawi





Who’s idea and who's decision matters in householdsanitation?South Sumatra, Indonesia



N e w l y c o n s t r u c t e d t o i l e t s i n v i l l a g e s o f B a n g l a d e s hN e w l y c o n s t r u c t e d t o i l e t s i n v i l l a g e s o f B a n g l a d e s h -- g r e a tg r e a t

s e n s e o f o w n e r s h i p a n d p r i d es e n s e o f o w n e r s h i p a n d p r i d e



Great mosaic of latrine models innovated bylocal communities in Kampung Spu in

Cambodia



Do we have patience to allow communities to

gradually move up the Sanitation Ladder?

OpendefecationO

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

Pour flush latrine

Latrines with plasticpan and water seal

Offset Pit latrines

Simple Pit Latrines

S ani t a t i on b e h a vi or s c h an g

e s a s c omm uni

t y

m o v e s u p t h e l a d d e r





C it I t d di t it l t i Sk ill



Community Innovated direct pit latrine- Skun village,

Banteay Srei, Cambodia





Proud Kepala Desa showing different toiletmodels to visitors- Lumajang,East Java,Indonesia





Tin sheet,

old plastic

bottles and

plasticsheets are

used to

construct

such toilets



Locally innovated toilet model in flood proneareas and in places with high water table at

Sambas, West Kalimantan



Stop

Open

DefecationAll 213 H/H

Repair

platform

of all 69

hand tube wells

Clean up

garbage and

Repair Road

Clean up

drain

In 5 months

ten slums covering

more than 800 H/Hs

have stopped OD by

constructing toilets mobilizinmore money than what KUS









BOLIVIABOLIVIA

SIERRA LEONESIERRA LEONE NIGERIANIGERIA

UGANDAUGANDA

ZAMBIAZAMBIA

MALAWIMALAWI

KENYAKENYA

ETHIOPIAETHIOPIA

YEMENYEMEN

TANZANIATANZANIA

NEPALNEPALPAKISTANPAKISTAN

INDIAINDIA

BANGLADESHBANGLADESH

CAMBODIACAMBODIA

INDONESIAINDONESIA

EAST TIMOREAST TIMOR

Global Spread of CLTS

AfghanistanAfghanistan

EGYPTEGYPT



Challenges of sustainability what

Markets could do?Linking market is necessary wherever possible.

Participatory Technology Development followedby Market Research is necessary

2.6 billion we are targeting need wide range of choice which addresses location specificity,diversity and captures their perceptions of toilets

This includes all the shifts we have learnt in CLTS

in materials of construction, longevity and design



Challenge of multiplying Facilitators,

Trainers and Community Consultants The pace with which demand for CLTS is growing

there is need to train hundreds of trainersimmediately in Africa and Latin America (Franco phone Africa,

Spanish speaking countries specially)

Thousands of ‘Natural Leaders’ turned in to‘Community Consultants’ with in countries

Dozens of Champions with in the GovernmentMinistries and Departments

A few Ministers and MPs or elected people’srepresentatives in each countries





Institutional ChallengesDifficulty to escape from the old established

mind-set of ‘donor’ and ‘recipient’ defining‘uppers’ and ‘lowers’

Inertia in moving out of the preference of ‘things’ to ‘people’. Shift from ‘latrineconstruction’ to ‘ creating Natural Leaders’ and ‘ ODF villages’

Pressure of spending huge sums

Variations in the focus of institutions workingonly on water and sanitation versus thoseworking with wider humane objectives



Institutional ChallengesCLTS as a fad and some have their own

version of ‘community led’ (subtle difference between‘functional participation’ to ‘interactive participation’ or ‘self mobilization’)

Struggle to streamline other approaches of sanitation with true empowermentencouraged in CLTS. TSSM in Indonesia, TSC in India, others in

Ethiopia, individual house hold vs community

CLTS is just one another approach and it

might survive better if other sanitationapproaches work freely without using thislabel. All approaches have uniqueness.



Institutional ChallengesChallenges of intellectual institutional

supremacy- who knows more and whoprescribes the best solutions?

Competition for attracting more donorfunding by implementing agencies

Struggle and compromise to fit in a new

community led approach in the oldexisting system of government structuredesigned to perform in a ‘supply driven’ rather than ‘demand driven’ mode



Political ChallengesAsia: Countries like India, China with better per

capita still support subsidized, externallyprescribed household sanitation where ascountries like Bangladesh, Cambodia scaled up

CLTS exponentially. Percentage of usage of externally funded toilets are appalling

Africa: Quicker understanding and acceptance of the approach by governments of Sierra Leone,Malawi, Zambia, Ethiopia

Ab d d F L i d i



Abandoned Free Latrines depicts

welfare mindset of institutions

in Fatenayili ODF Village



Existing ‘Social solidarity and communitycooperation’ as insider to insider subsidy- can

those be recognized?Need to document and recognize huge local

resources mobilized by local communities



Wh t i th t ti l f CLTS i



What is the potential of CLTS incountries in the East Asia and the

Pacific region?CLTS has been adopted by the government of

Indonesia, Cambodia and has been spreading fast

WESLIC-III has been scaling up CLTS

In Cambodia, Lao, PDR, VietnamIntroduced in East Timor by Water Aid Australia

Still a lot need to be done

Major sector players and funding agencies need to have

a better understanding of the approach and itsunderlying principals, and support





The Ethical Challenges The challenges are personal, professional and

institutional.“We” and our normal views and reflexes are the

problem.

“They”, people in communities, are the solution.

Serious unlearning is entailed, and then continuouslearning, adapting, improvising and innovating to

enable the poor to become an active partner in

development and not remain as passive recipient.

These changes of understanding and behaviour applyat all levels – Ministers, senior officials, staff in funding

agencies, and Government and NGO staff.



What are our challenges today?

Sanitation to be addressed as a part of larger poverty reductionstrategy given its known implications for dignity, productivity,

human health and well being.

Emergence of ODF communities - first critical step towards

achieving safe sanitation that effectively prevents the fecal

contamination of water

Initially developing few hundreds of ODF Communities as

learning laboratories for CLTS

Natural Leaders as Community Consultants- scaling up CLTS

How to enhance emergence of innovative local institutions aschampions on CLTS?

How to involve local communities as active partners of research

in technology development and in sanitation marketing?



THANK YOU

Documents

S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar