Unit 2 Multiple Choice test

Name: __________________________ Date: _____________

1. Discuss why “consciousness” was not frequently studied by psychologists in the 1950s and 1960s, and why psychologists started researching consciousness again after this period.

2. Because he has difficulty falling asleep at night, Dr. Hogan doesn't go to bed until very late. Before he retires, he tries to wear himself out by running around the block several times. Then he treats himself to a beer and perhaps a pizza while preparing for the next day's early morning classes. What specific advice would you give Dr. Hogan to help him fall asleep?

3. Franco studied all evening for a chemistry test scheduled the following morning. That night he dreamt that he accurately copied a female classmate's correct answers to the test questions as they unexpectedly flashed before his eyes. Compare and contrast explanations of Franco's dream that might be provided by Freudian, memory consolidation, and activation-synthesis theories. In what sense is the dream a reflection of Franco's level of cognitive development?

4. A good friend of yours hopes that hypnosis will improve his memory and help him study longer and more effectively. He worries, however, that he might not be easily hypnotized. Your mother hopes that hypnosis will help relieve her arthritis pain but fears that under hypnosis she might do something embarrassing. Discuss the extent to which the hopes and fears of your friend and your mother are realistic. Where appropriate, use research evidence to support your conclusions.

5. A classmate believes that alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine all have similar effects on behavior and that therefore all three drugs ought to be legalized. Carefully evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of your classmate's position.

6. When light strikes the retina, it signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus to alter ________ production by the pineal gland.A) melatoninB) serotoninC) acetylcholineD) dopamineE) endorphin

7. Paradoxical sleep is to slow-wave sleep as ________ sleep is to ________ sleep.A) REM; Stage 1B) Stage 1; REMC) REM; Stage 2D) Stage 2; REME) REM; Stage 4

8. Which of the following is bad advice for a person trying to overcome insomnia?A) Awaken at the same time every day even if you have had a restless night.B) Drink a glass of milk 15 minutes before bedtime.C) Avoid taking short naps during the day.D) Drink a glass of wine 15 minutes before bedtime.E) Don't engage in strenuous physical exercise just before bedtime.

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Unit 2 Multiple Choice test

9. Research studies of the content of dreams indicate thatA) men are less likely than women to report dreams with sexual overtones.B) the genital arousal that occurs during sleep is typically related to sexual dreams.C) people are more likely to dream of failure than of success.D) most dreams are pleasant, exotic, and unrelated to ordinary daily life.E) hypnosis increases the amount of time we spend in NREM sleep, which interferes with

dreams.

10. People with sleep apnea do not recall being awake and gasping for air, then falling back to sleep. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?A) Activity in the limbic system is inhibited during REM sleep.B) Dreams that occur during NREM sleep are rarely recalled.C) Anything that happens during the 5 minutes just before we fall asleep is typically lost from

memory.D) The hormone orexin, which is lacking in such patients, hinders the consolidation of memory.E) The free radicals produced during sleep weaken unused neural connections and affect

memory formation.

11. The best indication that dreaming serves a necessary biological function is provided by the fact thatA) most dreams are psychologically meaningless.B) the disruption of REM sleep leads to narcolepsy.C) most mammals experience REM rebound.D) sexual tension is naturally discharged during REM sleep.E) manifest content often replaces latent content in NREM dreams.

12. Twenty-two-year-old Felicia scores high in hypnotic responsiveness as measured by the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale. Research suggests that Felicia may also haveA) below-average intelligence.B) an above-average ability to hypnotize others.C) difficulty keeping her attention focused on any specific task.D) a rich fantasy life.E) a dependent personality type.

13. People hypnotized for pain relief may show activity in brain areas that receive pain sensations but not in brain areas that make us consciously aware of the pain. This most directly supports the theory that hypnosis involvesA) paradoxical sleep.B) narcolepsy.C) dissociation.D) hallucinations.E) social influences.

14. To move beyond the “hypnosis is social influence” versus “hypnosis is divided consciousness” debate, today's hypnosis researchers are using a unified ________ approach.A) neuroadaptationB) biopsychosocialC) parallel processingD) activation-synthesisE) humanistic

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Unit 2 Multiple Choice test

15. Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates thatA) the majority of people become addicted to cocaine within a couple of years of their first use.B) individuals who are given morphine for pain relief seldom develop the irresistible cravings of

an addict.C) only a small minority of America's ex-smokers kicked the habit on their own.D) regular marijuana smokers typically experience an irresistible craving for LSD.E) people who respond strongly to hypnosis are more prone to drug addiction.

16. After a stressful day at the office, Arthur has five or six drinks at a local bar before going home for dinner. Research suggests that Arthur's heavy drinking will have the most adverse effect on his ability to rememberA) at the time he is drinking the names of the people he has just met.B) the next day the names of the people he talked to and what he said while drinking.C) at the time he is drinking the name of his employer and his own home address.D) the next day the names of the business associates he talked to before going to the bar.E) at the time he is drinking how to do long division.

17. Sodium pentothal has sometimes been called a “truth serum” because it relaxes people and enables them to more freely disclose personally embarrassing experiences. It is most likely that sodium pentothal is a(n)A) barbiturate.B) amphetamine.C) hallucinogen.D) form of cocaine.E) opiate.

18. When cocaine is snorted, free-based, or injected, it produces a rush of euphoria byA) producing hallucinations.B) blocking the reuptake of dopamine.C) increasing the occurrence of alpha waves.D) triggering a state of dissociation.E) decreasing manifest content.

19. One of the immediate effects of Ecstasy isA) increased appetite.B) dehydration.C) lethargy.D) pupil constriction.E) decreased blood pressure.

20. The release of stored serotonin and the eventual damage of serotonin-producing neurons is most closely associated with the long-term use ofA) alcohol.B) Ecstasy.C) morphine.D) barbiturates.E) amphetamines.

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Unit 2 Multiple Choice test

21. LSD and other powerful hallucinogens are chemically similar to, and therefore block the actions of, a subtype of the neurotransmitter serotonin. At the synapse, these drugs act as a(n)A) agonist.B) stimulant.C) endorphin.D) depressant.E) antagonist.

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Unit 2 Multiple Choice test

Answer Key

1. Students should explain that psychologists increasingly focused on direct observations of behavior during the 1950s and 1960s. As a result, the study of consciousness (which is obviously not directly observable) became less popular. Students should then identify that technological advances in neuroscience after 1960 made it more possible to measure aspects of consciousness (e.g., brain waves), so the study of consciousness became more common and popular again.

2. Students should point out that Dr. Hogan's behaviors contradict the recommendations of sleep researchers regarding insomnia. People who struggle to fall asleep should not exercise in the evening, and should avoid alcohol and rich food right before bedtime. Dr. Hogan should be advised to stop those behaviors and use any of the other techniques researchers recommend for treating insomnia: avoid caffeine after noon, sleep on a regular schedule, put clocks out of sight, and manage stress levels during the day.

3. Students should explain possible interpretations of Franco's dream: A Freudian interpretation would involve identifying symbols in the manifest content of the dream (the apparent dream content) and what those symbols indicate about unconscious wishes and anxieties (the latent content). A memory consolidation (or information-processing) interpretation would explain that the dream most likely occurred during REM sleep, and that REM sleep is associated with encoding memories. Activation-synthesis theory explains that dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural activity and do not “symbolize” anything about Franco's psychological state.

4. Students should explain that your friend should not count on hypnosis to improve his recall after studying, because research indicates that “hypnotically refreshed” memories are often inaccurate. Your friend could be told that approximately 20 percent of people are highly hypnotizable. Your mother should be told that studies support the idea that hypnosis can relieve pain, but studies also indicate that hypnotists can induce patients to perform unlikely acts (although a legitimate therapist would be unlikely to induce anything unethical or harmful to the patient).

5. Students should point out that these three drugs belong in different categories and have very different effects on the body. Alcohol is classified as a depressant and acts to slow the body down. Alcohol also has a disinhibiting effect on behavior, causing some people to act on harmful impulses. People who abuse alcohol develop a tolerance for the drug, which can lead to dependency and addiction. Marijuana is categorized as a hallucinogen, amplifying sensations (which can interfere with coordination and perceptual skills) and producing euphoria. Unlike the other drugs, regular use of marijuana doesn't produce increased tolerance for the drug. Cocaine is categorized as a powerful stimulant, and use can very quickly produce tolerance and addiction. The stimulant effects of cocaine are dramatic, with a very intense high followed by a period of agitation and depression.

6. A7. E8. D9. C

10. C11. C12. D13. C14. B15. B16. B17. A18. B19. B20. B21. E

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Unit 2 Multiple Choice test

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