Sabah 20 Point Agreement 1963 0

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Sabah 20-point Agreement

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The 20-point agreement, or the 20-point memorandum, is a list of 20 points drawn upby North Borneo, proposing terms for its incorporation into the new federation as theState of Sabah, during negotiations prior to the formation of Malaysia on 16 September1963[1][2].Some of the twenty points were incorporated, to varying degrees, into whatbecame the Constitution of Malaysia; others were merely accepted orally, thus notgaining legal status. The memorandum often serves as a focal point amongst those whoargue that Sabah's rights within the Federation have been eroded over time[3].

Contents

1 Historyo 1.1 Brief timeline of related events (1962)

2 The 20 pointso 2.1 Point 1: Religiono 2.2 Point 2: Languageo 2.3 Point 3: Constitutiono 2.4 Point 4: Head of Federationo 2.5 Point 5: Name of Federationo 2.6 Point 6: Immigrationo 2.7 Point 7: Right of Secessiono 2.8 Point 8: Borneanisationo 2.9 Point 9: British Officerso 2.10 Point 10: Citizenshipo 2.11 Point 11: Tariffs and Financeo 2.12 Point 12: Special position of indigenous raceso 2.13 Point 13: State Governmento 2.14 Point 14: Transitional periodo 2.15 Point 15: Educationo 2.16 Point 16: Constitutional safeguardso 2.17 Point 17: Representation in Federal Parliamento 2.18 Point 18: Name of Head of Stateo 2.19 Point 19: Name of Stateo 2.20 Point 20: Land, Forests, Local Government, etc.

3 See also 4 References

History

The 20 points were written with a view to safeguarding the interests, rights, and theautonomy of the people of Sabah upon the formation of the federation of Malaysia. A
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similar proposal, with certain differences in content, was made by Sarawak, and iscommonly referred to as the 18-point agreement.

Attention is often drawn to these memoranda by those who believe that their principleswere not subsequently adhered to after federation. There have been numerous calls for

the 20 point memorandum to be reviewed so as to take into account social, economic,and political changes over time[4]

.

Brief timeline of related events (1962)

21 March: At a meeting of the Greater Malaysia Committee there was agreementthat it would be preferable to wait for theCobbold Commission,which had beentasked with assessment of support for the proposal in North Borneo andSarawak, to complete its report, in order to consider its findings before a decisionwas made on the federation of Malaysia.

21 June: The Cobbold Report was completed and submitted to the prime

ministers of Britain and Malaya (confidentially). The report concluded that onethird fully supported the idea, one third were in favour provided that safeguardswere included, and the remaining one third were divided between those whowould prefer North Borneo and Sarawak to gain independence prior to themerger and those who rejected the merger outright. The Commission's view was- firm support for a federated Malaysia (with transfer of sovereignty within twelvemonths), incorporating a transitional arrangement in which the British wouldremain for the first few years.[5]

31 July: The British and Malayan governments decided in principle that theproposed Federation of Malaysia should be brought into being by 31 August1963. An Inter-Governmental Committee (IGC) was to be formed to work on

future constitutional arrangements.

[6]

August: The Report was published to all parties. Reportedly, this came as a

surprise to North Borneo. 13 14 August:Donald Stephensconvened a meeting of political leaders who

drew up a 14 point (later 20 point) memorandum of minimum demands. Thisgained support from Sarawak.[7].

12 & 26 September (respectively): North Borneo and Sarawak legislativecouncil agreed to the formation of Malaysia on condition that state rights weresafeguarded.[7]

The 20 points

Point 1: Religion

While there was no objection to Islam being the national religion of Malaysia thereshould be no State religion in North Borneo, and the provisions relating to Islam in thepresent Constitution of Malaya should not apply to North Borneo
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Point 2: Language

a. Malay should be the national language of the Federation b. English should continue to be used for a period of 10 years after Malaysia Day c. English should be an official language of North Borneo for all purposes, State

or Federal, without limitation of time.

Point 3: Constitution

Whilst accepting that the present Constitution of the Federation of Malaya should formthe basis of the Constitution of Malaysia, the Constitution of Malaysia should be acompletely new document drafted and agreed in the light of a free association of statesand should not be a series of amendments to a Constitution drafted and agreed bydifferent states in totally different circumstances. A new Constitution for North Borneo(Sabah) was of course essential.

Point 4: Head of Federation

The Head of State in North Borneo should not be eligible for election as Head of theFederation

Point 5: Name of Federation

Malaysia but not Melayu Raya

Point 6: Immigration

Control over immigration into any part of Malaysia from outside should rest with theCentral Government but entry into North Borneo should also require the approval of theState Government. The Federal Government should not be able to veto the entry ofpersons into North Borneo for State Government purposes except on strictly securitygrounds. North Borneo should have unfettered control over the movements of personsother than those in Federal Government employ from other parts of Malaysia into NorthBorneo.

Point 7: Right of Secession

There should be no right to secede from the Federation [8].

Point 8: Borneanisation

Borneanisation of the public service should proceed as quickly as possible[8].

Point 9: British Officers
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Every effort should be made to encourage British Officers to remain in the public serviceuntil their places can be taken by suitably qualified people from North Borneo[8].

Point 10: Citizenship

The recommendation in paragraph 148(k) of the Report of the Cobbold Commissionshould govern the citizenship rights in the Federation of North Borneo subject to thefollowing amendments:

a) sub-paragraph (i) should not contain the proviso as to five years residence b) in order to tie up with our law, sub-paragraph (ii)(a) should read 7 out of 10

years instead of 8 out of 10 years c) sub-paragraph (iii) should not contain any restriction tied to the citizenship of

parentsa person born in North Borneo after Malaysia must be federal citizen[8].

Point 11: Tariffs and Finance

North Borneo should retain control of its own finance, development and tariff[8],andshould have the right to work up its own taxation and to raise loans on its own credit.

Point 12: Special position of indigenous races

In principle the indigenous races of North Borneo should enjoy special rights analogousto those enjoyed by Malays in Malaya, but the present Malaya formula in this regard isnot necessarily applicable in North Borneo[8].

Point 13: State Government

a) the Chief Minister should be elected by unofficial members of LegislativeCouncil

b) There should be a proper Ministerial system in North Borneo[8].

Point 14: Transitional period

This should be seven years and during such period legislative power must be left withthe State of North Borneo by the Constitution and not be merely delegated to the StateGovernment by the Federal Government[8].

Point 15: Education

The existing educational system of North Borneo should be maintained and for thisreason it should be under state control[8].

Point 16: Constitutional safeguards
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No amendment modification or withdrawal of any special safeguard granted to NorthBorneo should be made by the Central Government without the positive concurrence ofthe Government of the State of North Borneo

The power of amending the Constitution of the State of North Borneo should belong

exclusively to the people in the state

[8]

.(Note: The United Party, The Democratic Partyand the Pasok Momogun Party considered that a three-fourth majority would berequired in order to effect any amendment to the Federal and State Constitutionswhereas the UNKO and USNO considered a two-thirds majority would be sufficient.)

Point 17: Representation in Federal Parliament

This should take account not only of the population of North Borneo but also of its sizeand potentialities and in any case should not be less than that of Singapore [8].

Point 18: Name of Head of State

Yang di-Pertua Negara[8].

Point 19: Name of State

Sabah[8].

Point 20: Land, Forests, Local Government, etc.

The provisions in the Constitution of the Federation in respect of the powers of theNational Land Council should not apply in North Borneo. Likewise, the National Council

for Local Government should not apply in North Borneo[8].

References

1. ^"No.10760: Agreement relating to Malaysia"(PDF). United Nations TreatyCollection. United Nations. July 1963. Retrieved 2010-09-22.

2. Âgreement Concluded Between the United Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore.Government Press, Kuala Lumpur (1 January 1963)

3. Âbdication of Responsibility: The Commonwealth and Human Rights,United

States of America: Human Rights Watch, October 1991, pp. 3334,ISBN1-56432-047-2,retrieved 2010-09-154. ^"Sabah, S'wak urged to review agreements".Daily Express. 2004-12-21.

Retrieved 2010-09-15.5. ^Cobbold Commission (1962)."Report of the Commission of Enquiry, North

Borneo and Sarawak, 1962"(pdf). DigitaLibrary. DigitaLibrary Malaysia.Retrieved 2010-09-16.

6. Â J Stockwell (2004), p.377
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i/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=_QTz5PCDvjEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=abdication+of+responsibility+and&hl=en&ei=a2eQTNLiDYimvQOfjuDVCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-point_agreement_%28Sabah%29#cite_ref-Human_Rights_Watch_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-point_agreement_%28Sabah%29#cite_ref-1http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/21/36/00041791.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-point_agreement_%28Sabah%29#cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-point_agreement_%28Sabah%29#cite_note-R_B_Mandal-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-point_agreement_%28Sabah%29#cite_note-R_B_Mandal-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-point_agreement_%28Sabah%29#cite_note-R_B_Mandal-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-point_agreement_%28Sabah%29#cite_note-R_B_Mandal-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-point_agreement_%28Sabah%29#cite_note-R_B_Mandal-7


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7. ^abA J Stockwell, ed. (2004),British Documents on the End of Empire,B, 8,Norwich, UK: TSO (The Stationery Office), pp. 386 [141],ISBN0 11 290581 1,retrieved 2010-09-16

8. ^abcdefghijklmnRam Bahadur Mandal, ed. (1990),Patterns of RegionalGeography: An International Perspective,3, New Delhi: Concept Publishing,

pp. 252254,ISBN81-7022-292-3,retrieved 2010-09-15
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