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Sacramento International Airport (SMF)Air Quality Improvement Programs

“Green Airport Initiative”August 24, 2005Greg Rowe, Senior Environmental Analyst - Planning and Development

““Green Airport InitiativeGreen Airport Initiative””August 24, 2005August 24, 2005Greg Rowe, Senior Environmental Greg Rowe, Senior Environmental Analyst Analyst -- Planning and Development Planning and Development

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Summary of Air Quality Initiatives Sacramento International Airport (SMF)

1. Jet Bridge Modification for 400 Hz Power & Preconditioned Air 2. Early Phase Electric Ground Support Equipment 3. Inherently Low Emission Airport Vehicle (ILEAV) Pilot Program

• Airline Electric Ground Service Equipment (eGSE)• Replacement of diesel busses with CNG busses• CNG Refueling Station Upgrade• Other Vehicles

4. Other Current Air Quality Initiatives• Low Emission/Zero Emission Airport Vehicles• Jet Fuel Pipeline and Tank Farm: eliminated jet fuel delivery by tanker trucks• New Fleet of trucks for delivering fuel to aircraft. • Photovoltaic arrays for power generation.• Electric Vehicle chargers in new Terminal A Parking Garage

5. Future Initiatives Under Consideration 6. Trends in Commercial Aircraft: Emissions, Fuel Use and Noise

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Sacramento International Airport (SMF)

Aerial view, May 2004Airport property includes 5,400 acres

• About half of the property is leased to farmers as a buffer between the airport and residential development.

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Jet Bridge Modification – APU

Aircraft must have a power source at the gate to maintain electronic systems and pneumatic pressure for air conditioning.Aircraft formerly met this need with portable ground power units, or by running an onboard Auxiliary Power Unit (APU), a small turbine engine inside the fuselage.APU exhaust pipe can be seen at rear of most aircraft. (See exhaust outlet on following photo of Boeing 737.)

• Using an APU wastes jet fuel. A B-737 APU will burn 34 gallons of jet fuel/hour, emit exhaust on the airport ramp, and is noisy. Southwest estimates that a typical land-takeoff cycle of 15 – 26 minutes will burn 12-17 gallons of jet fuel if the APU is used the entire time.

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Aircraft Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)

APU exhaust outlet at rear of Boeing 737, below tail

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Aircraft Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)

APU exhaust outlet at rear of Boeing 767, below tail

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Jet Bridge Electrification Project –Eliminates Need for Aircraft Use of APU

Passenger Jet Bridge

Duct for Pre-conditioned air (PCA)

400 Hz Ground Power Unit (GPU) at left side, below jet bridge and 400 Hz power cable; converts power from 480v@60Hz to 117v@400Hz

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400 Hz Ground Power Unit (GPU)

400 hz GPU at right;con-verts 480 volt/60 Hz power to 117 volt/ 400 Hz; solid state technol-ogy (no motor)

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Power Supply to Aircraft

400 Hz Power cable connected to aircraft

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Close-up view of 400 Hz electric plug

400 Hz Power receptacle.

All commercial aircraft have such receptacles.

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Jet Bridge Preconditioned Air

Air Conditioning Duct Connected to Aircraft

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Airport System Jet Bridge Investment

Preconditioned Air and 400 Hz Power added to 28 jet bridges.Unit Cost: $83,465 per bridge.Terminal B electric upgrade: $800,000.Total Cost to Airport System: $2,253,636

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Jet Bridge Emission Reduction Benefits

Assuming a typical B-737 runs APU for 26 minutes per landing-takeoff cycle (LTO), the following emissions are produced:

• CO 2.22 pounds• NOx 0.56 pounds• HC 0.12 pounds• Sox 0.18 pounds

If 100 aircraft/day eliminated use of the APU, there would be an annual NOx reduction of 10 tons/year.

SMF has about 224 flights/day

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Early Phase Alternative Vehicle Equipment: Delta Airlines Electric Chargers

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Early Phase Alternative Vehicle Equipment: United Airlines (UA) eGSE and Chargers

Battery charger

Electric Baggage Tug

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FAA ILEAV Pilot Program: Foundation for New FAA “VALE” Program

Congress authorized Inherently Low Emission Airport Vehicle (ILEAV) pilot program in 2000 “Aviation and Reform Act for the 21st Century” (AIR-21).Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) announced availability of demonstration grants in early 2001.$2 million made available to each of ten commercial airports, with 50/50 cost share, i.e. minimum airport participation of $2 million.Gave airports an opportunity to deploy low emission technologies and to evaluate performance in the airport environment.

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ILEAV Program at Sacramento International Airport

SMF proposed ambitious $5.4 million program, with $2 million from FAA and $3.4 million from Airport System and other sources.

• Assumed strong airline involvement to replace diesel and gasoline powered Ground Service Equipment (GSE).

ILEAV grant awarded to SMF in September 2001.• Ultimately, other funding sources did not materialize.

Airline interest waned after 9-11-01. Only 6 of the 10 grantee airports are still implementing ILEAV programs.Limitation of Program: FAA pays only 50% of incremental cost difference between a base model, conventionally powered vehicle and the low-emission version. Airports provided remaining half of the cost difference.

– Note: GSE is owned by airlines or tenants that serve them, such as Worldwide Flight Services. Airports do not own GSE.

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Rescoping the SMF ILEAV Program

Consultant hired in 2003 to rescope SMF program and amend ILEAV grant to reflect post 9-11-01 conditions. Budget now $3.8 million. FAA approved amended program in May 2004.Renewed interest by 2 airlines: America West (AWA) and United Airlines (UA).

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Rescoped SMF ILEAV Program

Great progress has been made in revised program.

• Southwest Airlines (SWA) completed eGSE program. The ILEAV grant funded $307,354, shared equally by FAA grant and Airport System ($153,677 each).

Total SWA investment in SMF low-emission technology: $1,208,500

• January 2005: United Airlines (UA) and America West Airlines (AWA) signed participation agreements and are completing deployment.

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Amended SMF ILEAV Program - 2004ILEAV Project Total Budget ($) County Share ($) FAA Share ($)

CNG Busses (20) 1,267,500 583,750 583,750CNG Fueling Station 1,128,470 564,235 564,235Electric Infrastructure

311,594 15,000 296,594

Electric Belt loaders 139,512 697,756 697,756Electric Belt loader Conversions (SWA)

119,996 59,998 59,998

Electric Bag Tugs 167,860 83,930 83,930Two Neighborhood Electric Vehicles

25,000 12,500 12,500

Terminal Power 281,594 281,594 0Technical Assistance

224,286 224,286 224,286

Totals 3,790,097 1,895,049 1,895,049

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Amended ILEAV Project: 60 Vehicles

ILEAV Project Vehicle County SWA AWA UALCNG Busses 20

CNG Fueling Station 1

Super Chargers 8 4 3

Electric Belt loaders 6 4Electric Belt Loader Conversions 16

Electric Bag Tugs 4 4 4

NEVs 2

NEV Chargers 2

Terminal A & B Electrical Upgrades 1

Totals 26 28 14 11

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Southwest Airlines ILEAV Program –Conversion of 16 Belt Loaders

16 Belt Loaders were sent to SWA Phoenix Ground Support service center for overhaul and conversion to electric battery power.

Cost to overhaul an existing belt loader was $10,000 less than the cost of a new electric belt loader, so SWA saved $160,000.

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Southwest Airlines – Electric Belt loaderNote new Allied Aviation aircraft fueling truck in right corner.Allied’s new fleet replaced SMF’s fleet of old, higher emission fueling trucks.SWA converted belt loader.Battery compartment shown here.

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Southwest Airlines – Electric Fast Charger and Electric Baggage Tug

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SWA Electric Pushback Vehicle

These vehicles are used to push planes back from the gate.

This equipment is not part of the ILEAV program at SMF.

Southwest made this investment on its own.

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America West Airlines ILEAV Program

AWA Belt Loader to be converted to electric, similar to SWA Belt Loader conversion program.

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CNG Busses Replacing Diesel BussesSMF had 27 CNG busses as of summer 2005.20 of the 27 busses ordered under ILEAV program.3 more will be ordered in 2006.Cost per bus: $186,033 + $80,000 Para transit lift = $266,033, or $58,375 more than a diesel bus. ILEAV grant paid $29,117/bus.

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CNG Refueling Station

CNG refueling station is used by SMF busses, Super Shuttle, other shuttle companies, and school districts.Existing CNG equipment has reached end of useful life.ILEAV grant is funding 50% of upgrade cost; Airport System funding the other half.Total budget: $1,128,470.Construction to be complete August 2005.

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CNG Refueling Station

•Fuel Pump

•Fuel tank storage behind fence

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CNG Refueling Station

Compressed Natural Gas fuel pump at right

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CNG Refueling Station

Bus refueling at right

Photo-voltaic Array at left

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CNG Refueling Station Upgrade – Part of ILEAV Program – March 2005

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One of 2 NEVs Acquired Through ILEAV Program – March 2005

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Estimated ILEAV Emission Reductions

Project Emissions Reductions Cost Effectiveness

Actual (tons/calendar year) Estimated Actual

2002 2003 2004 2005 Totals

ProjectLifetime($/ton)

Annual $/ton/year

Project to Date($/ton)

NOx 309.69613.086 15.06 28.146 12238.121 15813.120 62558.623

HC 516.21619.088 11.434 30.522 7342.076 9486.843 57688.716

Ozone(NOx

+ HC)

825.912 32.174 26.494

58.668 4588.984 6056.588 30012.528

CO 10892.880 404.08 374.532 778.612 347.943 449.584 2261.428

PM10 7.308 0.33 0.043 0.373 518623.016 670123.153 4720576.408

SO2 1.464 0.064 4.06 4.124 2588864.071 3345122.951 426958.050

Estimated Lifetime (tons)

Pollutant

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Potential Future Actions at SMF

Taxi Fleets: County Airport System may require fleets to include a certain percentage of “Advanced Technology Partial Zero Emission Vehicles” (AT PZEV) as defined by California Air Resources Board . Next phase of bus replacement: hybrid busses.Underground aircraft hydrant fueling for new Terminal B.

• Would eliminate emissions from truck deliveries to aircraft.• Eligible for FAA “Voluntary Airport Low Emission” (VALE) grant.

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Other Potential Future Initiatives

Electric Pre-conditioned air (PCA) units and 400 Hz electric service for freight aircraft.Downtown-Airport light rail line (2012 at the earliest)Airport System will seek Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) designation from the U.S. Green Building Council for new Terminal B.

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Current SMF Low-Emission Vehicles

6 Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEV)37 Ultra-low emission vehicles8 transitional low-emission vehicles3 Super Ultra Low-Emission Vehicles (Honda Civic Hybrid pool cars)18 Low-emission vehicles (LEV)2 Neighborhood Electric Vehicles (NEV)

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Other Current Programs: Photovoltaic Arrays (Solar Panels)

Two Installations at SMF:• 8 kilowatt (KW) array installed near CNG facility in 1994.• 158 kW array installed in Parking Lot 12 (airline

employee parking west of Terminal B) in 1996.

A collaborative effort between County Airport System and Sacramento Municipal District (SMUD) to reduce emissions through alternative power sources. Power is placed on SMUD grid; not dedicated to SMF use.

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Other Current Programs: Jet Fuel Pipeline and Tank Farm

Existing aircraft fuel farm has been in place since 1967, and expanded periodically. Chevron is the fuel farm operator/tenant.Daily diesel-powered tank truck deliveries of jet fuel to tank farm: about 30 round tripsUntil 2004, SMF operated fuel trucks that delivered fuel from fuel farm to aircraft.SMF is privatizing the fueling business.Aircraft fueling now done by Allied Aviation.

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Fuel Farm, continuedAirport System executed aircraft fueling agreement with consortium of airlines headed by SWA.SWA hired Aircraft Fueling Systems (AFS) to build new tank farm, which will open Sept. 2005. Chevron will vacate existing fuel farm.March 2001 EIR for tank farm estimated that elimination of tanker truck deliveries would eliminate 6,360 pounds of NOx emissions annually based on estimated 24 round trips/day.

• Actual number is now about 30 deliveries daily.

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Existing Chevron Aircraft Fuel Tanks

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New Fuel Tanks Under Construction March 2005

•Each tank is 37 feet high, diameter of 94 feet.

•Welded steel construction

•Each tank holds 1,764,000 gallons of jet fuel.

•Can store 10 days of fuel use.

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Other Current Programs: Replacement of Jet Fuel Delivery Trucks

Until February 2004 the SMF Airfield Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) department operated a fleet of 16 diesel powered jet fuel delivery trucks.

• Age ranged 1982 – 1999 (half were early 1990s models)

The fleet was retired in February 2004. Replaced by a fleet of 15 new trucks operated by Allied Aviation, all but two of which are 2003 –2004 models.

• Eleven are 2004 models.

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New Allied Aviation Jet Fuel Truck

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Other Current Programs: Terminal A Parking Garage

Potential for reduced traffic congestion—and lower idling emissions—in front of Terminal A.Free 30-minute parking reduces need for low-speed “cruising” for passenger pick-ups.Inductive and Conductive vehicle chargers on all floors.

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Trends in Commercial Aircraft Emissions

Aircraft emissions are regulated by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), a United Nations affiliate.1964-2004: Aircraft fuel efficiency improved 70%.

• CO and HC emissions dropped 50% and 90%, respectively.• Research programs aim to achieve further 50% fuel savings and 80%

NOx reduction by 2020.

New engines certified after 2008 must have12% lower NOx emissions than existing engines.Constant improvements in fuel efficiency (about 1.3%/year) means that CO2 emissions from aviation are growing at a slower rate than growth in air traffic.

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Trends in Aircraft Fuel Use

Modern aircraft achieve fuel efficiencies of 3.5 liters/100 passenger-km (67 passenger miles per U.S. gallon).

• This is comparable to fuel efficiency of a small passenger car, but with greater speed.

New Airbus 380 and Boeing 787 entering service in the next few years will have fuel efficiency of 2.5 liters/100 passenger-km.

• Air Canada estimates that fuel and maintenance savings for the B-787 be 30% less than the 767’s that will be replaced. (Sacramento Bee, 4- 26- 05)

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Trends in Aircraft Noise

Since the late 1950s and early 1960s, aircraft noise levels have been reduced by approximately 20 decibels (dB)--effectively a 75% drop in noise annoyance.Trade-off: the high combustion temperatures and pressures that reduce noise tend to increase NOx emissions.