Sacrifice, cult, and atonement in early JudaiSm and chriStianity

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reSourceS for BiBlical Study

Editormarvin a. Sweeney, old testament/hebrew Bible

number 85

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Sacrifice, cult, and atonement in early JudaiSm and chriStianity

constituents and critique

Edited by

henrietta l. Wiley and christian a. eberhart

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copyright © 2017 by SBl Press

all rights reserved. no part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by means of any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permit-ted by the 1976 copyright act or in writing from the publisher. requests for permission should be addressed in writing to the rights and Permissions office, SBl Press, 825 hous-ton mill road, atlanta, Ga 30329 uSa.

library of congress cataloging-in-Publication data

names: eberhart, christian, editor. | Wiley, henrietta l., editor.title: Sacrifice, cult, and atonement in early Judaism and christianity : constituents and

critique / edited by henrietta l. Wiley and christian a. eberhart.description: atlanta : SBl Press, [2017] | Series: resources for biblical study ; number 85

| “This volume features a selection of presentations delivered at annual conferences of the Society of Biblical literature for the Sacrifice, cult, and atonement section between the years 2011 and 2014”—introduction. | includes bibliographical references and index.

identifiers: lccn 2017009199 (print) | lccn 2017010558 (ebook) | iSBn 9781628371550 (pbk. : alk. paper) | iSBn 9780884141914 (hardcover : alk. paper) | iSBn 9780884141907 (ebook)

Subjects: lcSh: Sacrifice—Judaism—congresses. | temple of Jerusalem (Jerusalem)—congresses. | Purity, ritual—congresses. | atonement—congresses. | atonement (Judaism)—congresses.

classification: lcc Bm715 .S23 2017 (print) | lcc Bm715 (ebook) | ddc296.4/92—dc23lc record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017009199

Printed on acid-free paper.

Atlanta

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contents

acknowledgments ............................................................................................viabbreviations ....................................................................................................ix

introduction: constituents and critique of Sacrifice, cult, and atonement in early Judaism and christianity christian a. eberhart ................................................................................1

Part 1: Purification: Perspectives from the torah and the dead Sea Scrolls

The Purgation of Persons through the Purification offeringJoshua m. Vis ............................................................................................33

“She Shall remain in (accordance to) her Blood-of-Purification”: ritual dynamics of defilement and Purification in leviticus 12dorothea erbele-Küster ..........................................................................59

accessing holiness via ritual ablutions in the dead Sea Scrolls and related literaturehannah K. harrington ............................................................................71

Part 2: Sacrifice: ritual aspects and Prophetic critique

a reexamination of the ancient israelite Gesture of hand Placementdavid calabro ...........................................................................................99

“i Will not accept Them”: Sacrifice and reciprocity in the Prophetic literatureaaron Glaim ...........................................................................................125

Prophetic cult-criticism in Support of Sacrificial Worship? The case of JeremiahGöran eidevall ........................................................................................151SBL P

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“What to me is the multitude of your Sacrifices?”: exploring the critique of Sacrificial cult and the metaphors for yhWh in the Prophetic lawsuit (micah 6:1–8 and isaiah 1:1–20)ma. maricel S. ibita ...............................................................................169

Part 3: atonement: alternative concepts

to atone or not to atone: remarks on the day of atonement rituals according to leviticus 16 and the meaning of atonementchristian a. eberhart ............................................................................197

cultic action and cultic function in Second temple Jewish martyrologies: The Jewish martyrs as israel’s yom KippurJarvis J. Williams .....................................................................................233

resistance is not futile: restraint as cultic action in 2 Thessalonians 2:1–12ross e. Winkle ........................................................................................265

Part 4: temple and Priesthood: rethinking Sacred authority

Pillars, foundations, and Stones: individual Believers as constituent Parts of the early christian communal templetimothy Wardle ......................................................................................289

“not one Stone Will Be left on another”: The destruction of the temple and the crucifixion of Jesus in mark’s Gospelnicole Wilkinson duran .......................................................................311

“you are What you Wear”: The dress and identity of Jesus as high Priest in John’s apocalypseross e. Winkle ........................................................................................327

Bibliography ...................................................................................................347list of contributors .......................................................................................393ancient Sources index ..................................................................................399Subject index ..................................................................................................425

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acknowledgments

this volume makes the scholarly work of the Sacrifice, cult, and atone-ment section, which until 2016 convened once a year at the annual meet-ing of the Society of Biblical literature, available to a wider academic audi-ence. as chairs of this program unit, we wish to thank the members of the steering committee Bill Gilders, Steve finlan, Jason tatlock, and nicole duran for their collaboration. they have pursued the themes of this pro-gram section with scholarly rigor and professional engagement for almost a decade. We have experienced their team spirit, felt their enthusiasm, benefitted from their expertise, and appreciated their creative ideas. We would also like to express our deep gratitude to the multitude of biblical scholars who contributed their research first through presentations and then in writing.

moreover, we are very thankful to Bob Buller and nicole l. tilford of SBl Press for their continued interest in the topic of this collection of essays and the pleasant cooperation during the process of its production and to marvin a. Sweeney, hebrew Bible editor of Society of Biblical lit-erature resources for Biblical Study, who adopted the present volume into this series. Special thanks are directed to Wipf & Stock/Pickwick for the kindness of granting permissions to reprint a chapter of the book by Jarvis J. Williams, Christ Died For Our Sins: Representation and Substitution in Romans and Their Jewish Martyrological Background (eugene, or: Pick-wick, 2015), under the title “representation and Substitution in Second temple Jewish martyrologies.” it provides a fitting contribution to the sec-tion on the theme of atonement in the present volume.

We gratefully acknowledge that the following funds were made avail-able to support the finalization of the manuscript and its preparation for publication: first, a Project completion Grant by the college of liberal arts and Social Sciences at the university of houston; we are grateful to anadeli Bencomo, associate dean for faculty and research at this col-lege, for her continued support. a second book completion grant was

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graciously awarded from the Pangborn fund by the School of arts, Sci-ences, and Business at notre dame of maryland university. our thanks go particularly to Sabita Persaud, chair of the committee for faculty research and development at ndmu, for her enthusiasm and support for this project.

We would also like to express our gratitude to monika c. müller, lektorat texttradition // academic Bible Services, friedrichsdorf (Ger-many), and robert matthew calhoun, houston (tX), for providing excellent editorial assistance, helping with the task of proof reading, compiling the indexes, and giving much valuable advice. We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of robert Gaddie, student at the university of houston, who aided with the task of proofreading. We thank James W. Watts of Syracuse university, who has been an experienced mentor for this annual conference section of the Society of Biblical literature and a good friend for more than a decade. finally we are specifically grateful to the lanier theological library (houston, texas), its founders mark and Becky lanier, and its director charles mickey for their support and gener-osity during the work of finalizing this volume.

christian a. eberhart (houston, texas)henrietta l. Wiley (Baltimore, maryland)

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abbreviations

aB anchor BibleABD Anchor Bible Dictionary. edited by david n. freed-

man. 6 vols. new york: doubleday, 1992.avot r. nat. avot de rabbi nathanaBrl anchor Bible reference libraryacBib academia Biblicaadj. adjective, adjectivaladPV abhandlungen des deutschen Palästina-VereinsAg. Ap. Josephus, Against ApionaGJu arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums

und des urchristentumsAJA American Journal of Archaeologyald aramaic levi documentalGhJ arbeiten zur literatur und Geschichte des hellenis-

tischen JudentumsAmJTh American Journal of TheologyanBib analecta BiblicaAnt. Josephus, Jewish Antiquitiesaoat alter orient und altes testamentaotc abingdon old testament commentariesARA Annual Review of AnthropologyaSSm accordia Specialist Studies on the mediterraneanAThR Anglican Theological ReviewAUSS Andrews University Seminary StudiesBA Biblical ArchaeologistBariS British archaeological reports, international SeriesBarn. BarnabasBBB Bonner biblische BeiträgeBBrSup Bulletin for Biblical research SupplementsBcBc Believers church Bible commentary

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BdaG Bauer, W., f. W. danker, W. f. arndt, and f. W. Gin-grich. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 3rd ed. chi-cago: university of chicago Press, 2000.

BdB Brown, francis, Samuel r. driver, and charles a. Briggs. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. oxford: clarendon, 1907.

Betl Bibliotheca ephemeridum Theologicarum lovani-ensium

BevTh Beiträge zur evangelischen TheologieBib BiblicaBiBe Biblische BeiträgeBibint Biblical interpretation SeriesBibor Biblica et orientaliaBik. BikkurimBJS Brown Judaic StudiesBJSucSd Biblical and Judaic Studies from the university of

california, San diegoBK Bibel und KircheBKat Biblischer Kommentar. altes testamentBN Biblische NotizenBrlJ Brill reference library of JudaismBScS Brill Septuagint commentary SeriesBTB Biblical Theology BulletinBtS Biblical tools and StudiesBW Bible and WomenBZaW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche

WissenschaftCA Current AnthropologyCAD The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of

the University of Chicago. chicago: oriental insti-tute of the university of chicago, 1956–2006

CBÅ Collegium Biblicum ÅrsskriftcBet contributions to Biblical exegesis and Theologycc continental commentarycd cairo Genizah copy of the damascus documentceJl commentaries on early Jewish literatureceS civilisations et societescJa christianity and Judaism in antiquity

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CogSci Cognitive ScienceComp. Nic. Crass. Comparatio Niciae et CrassiconBnt coniectanea Biblica: new testament Seriesconcc concordia commentaryconst. constructcQS companion to the Qumran ScrollsCSSH Comparative Studies in Society and HistoryCTRJ Clothing and Textiles Research JournalDCH Dictionary of Classical Hebrew. edited by david J.

a. clines. 9 vols. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press, 1993–2014.

dclS deuterocanonical and cognate literature StudiesDecal. Philo, De decalogodef. definitiondhr dynamics in the history of religionsdJd discoveries in the Judaean desertdiKi dialog der KirchenDSD Dead Sea Discoverieseac entretiens sur l’antiquite classiqueEBR Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception. edited by

hans-Josef Klauck et al. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2009–echc early christianity in its hellenistic contextedf erträge der forschungeec Études et commentairesefn estudios de filología neotestamentariaeJl early Judaism and its literatureEncJu1 Encyclopaedia Judaica. 17 vols. new york: macmil-

lan, 1971–1982.Ep. Epistula(e)Eph. ignatius, To the Ephesianset english translationETL Ephemerides Theologicae LovaniensesetS erfurter theologische StudienEvT Evangelische Theologieexod. rab. rabbah exodusExpTim Expository Timesfat forschungen zum alten testamentfem. feminineff foundations and facetsSBL P

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frlant forschungen zur religion und literatur des alten und neuen testaments

Fug. Philo, De fuga et inventioneG&H Gender & HistoryGdr Gorgias dissertations in religionGen. apoc. Genesis apocryphonGesB17 Wilhelm Gesenius. Hebräisches und Aramäisches

Wörterbuch zum Alten Testament: bearbeitet von F. Buhl. 17th ed. Berlin: Springer, 1962.

GK Wilhelm Gesenius. Hebräische Grammatik, völlig umgearbeitet von Emil Kautzsch. 28th ed. leipzig: Vogel, 1909.

GKc Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar. edited by emil Kautzsch. translated by arthur e. cowley. 2nd ed. oxford: clarendon, 1910.

GnS Good news StudiesGos. Pet. Gospel of PeterGtBS Gütersloher taschenbücher Siebensternh holiness code texthag. hagigahHALOT Koehler, l., W. Baumgartner, and J. J. Stamm. The

Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. translated and edited under the supervision of m. e. J. richardson. 4 vols. leiden, 1994–1999

hB hebrew BiblehBm hebrew Bible monographsHBT Horizons in Biblical Theologyhcot historical commentary on the old testamenthdo handbook of oriental Studieshdr harvard dissertations in religionHer. Philo, Quis rerum divinarum heres sitherm. Sim. Shepherd of hermas, Similitude(s)herm. Vis. Shepherd of hermas, Vision(s)hnt handbuch zum neuen testamenthntc harper’s new testament commentaryhor. horayotHR History of ReligionshThKat herders Theologischer Kommentar zum alten tes-

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HTR Harvard Theological ReviewhtS harvard Theological StudiesHUCA Hebrew Union College AnnualHvTSt Hervormde teologiese studiesiBc interpretation: a Bible commentary for teaching

and Preachingicc international critical commentaryIEJ Israel Exploration JournalIl. homer, Iliadinf. infinitiveitc international Theological commentaryitSrS italian texts and Studies on religion and SocietyiVPntc interVarsity Press new testament commentary

SeriesJANER Journal of Ancient Near Eastern ReligionsJANESCU Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of the

Columbia UniversityJAOS Journal of the American Oriental SocietyJBL Journal of Biblical LiteratureJcc Jewish culture and contextsJcPS Jewish and christian Perspectives SeriesJEH Journal of Ecclesiastical HistoryJSHJ Journal for the Study of the Historical JesusJShrZ Jüdische Schriften aus hellenistisch-römischer ZeitJSJ Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hel-

lenistic, and Roman PeriodsJSJSup Journal for the Study of Judaism Supplement SeriesJSNT Journal for the Study of the New TestamentJSntSup Journal for the Study of the new testament Supple-

ment SeriesJSOT Journal for the Study of the Old TestamentJSotSup Journal for the Study of the old testament Supple-

ment Series.JTS Journal of Theological StudiesJub. JubileesJ.W. Josephus, Jewish WarKaW Kulturgeschichte der antiken WeltKeK Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar über das neue

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Ker. KerithotlaB liber antiquitatum biblicarumlae The life of adam and evelcl loeb classical libraryLDiff lectio difficiliorLeg. Philo, Legum allegoriaeLegat. Philo, Legatio ad Gaiumlet. aris. letter of aristeasLeuc. Clit. Leucippe et ClitophonlhBotS library of hebrew Bible/old testament StudiesLife Josephus, The Lifelit. literallylntS library of new testament StudieslSJ lidell, henry George, robert Scott, henry Stuart

Jones. A Greek-English Lexicon. 9th ed. with revised supplements. oxford: clarendon, 1996.

lSrS lincoln Studies in religion and SocietylXX SeptuagintMagn. ignatius, Epistle to the Magnesiansmasc. masculinemBt münsterische Beiträge zur Theologiemek. mekiltamenah. menahotmid. middotmidr. midrashmntc moffatt new testament commentaryMos. Philo, De vita MosismS(S) manuscript(s)mt masoretic textMThZ Münchener Theologische ZeitschriftMut. Philo, De mutatione nominumncB new century Bible commentaryncBc new cambridge Bible commentarynccS new covenant commentary SeriesNeot Neotestamenticanicnt new international commentary on the new testa-

mentnicot new international commentary on the old testa-

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NIDB New Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible. edited by Katherine doob Sakenfield. 5 vols. nashville: abingdon, 2006–2009.

niGtc new international Greek testament commentaryniVac new international Version application commen-

taryNovT Novum TestamentumnovtSup Supplements to novum testamentumnSBt new Studies in Biblical TheologynSKat neuer Stuttgarter Kommentar, altes testamentntc new testament in contextntd das neue testament deutschntG neue theologische Grundrissentl new testament libraryntm new testament monographsntr new testament readingsNTS New Testament StudiesntSi new testament and the Scriptures of israelntt new testament TheologyoBo orbis Biblicus et orientalisocm oxford classical monographsOd. homer, Odysseyora orientalische religionen der antikeorig. original (meaning)OTE Old Testament Essaysotl old testament libraryotm old testament monographsotmes old testament messageotS old testament StudiesP Priestly textParab Parabolapar(r). parallel(s)PastPsy Pastoral PsychologyPc Proclamation commentariesper. personPesiq. rab. Pesiqta rabbatiPGM Papyri Graecae Magicae: Die greichischen Zauberpa-

pyri. edited by Karl Preisendanz. 2nd ed. Stuttgart: teubner, 1973–1974.SBL P

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Phld. ignatius, Epistle to the PhiladelphiansPhSc Perspectives on hebrew Scriptures and its contextsPIBA Proceedings of the Irish Biblical Associationpl. pluralPo Popular interpretationposs. possessivePr Priestly authorpron. pronoun, pronominalPs. PseudoPss. Sol. Psalms of SolomonQuaest. conv. Plutarch, Quaestionum convivialum libri IXQd Quaestiones disputataeQE Philo, Questiones et solutiones in ExodumQVO Quaderni di Vicino OrienteRAC Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum. edited

by Theodor Klauser et al. Stuttgart: hiersemann, 1950–

RB Revue BibliqueRBL Review of Biblical LiteraturerBS resources for Biblical StudyrechBib recherches bibliquesrelSoc religion and SocietyRevQ Revue de Qumranrfcc religion in the first christian centuriesRGG4 Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart. edited by

hans dieter Betz. 4th ed. tübingen: mohr Siebeck, 1998–2007.

rivBibSup rivista biblica supplementirnt regensburger neues testamentrŠ rabbi Šimʿon bar yohairVV religionsgeschichtliche Versuche und VorarbeitenShabb. ShabbatSac Studies in antiquity and christianitySaoc Studies in ancient oriental civilizationSBFLA Studi Biblici Franciscani Liber AnnusSBldS Society of Biblical literature dissertation SeriesSBlStBl Society of Biblical literature Studies in Biblical lit-

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SeriesSNTSU Studien zum Neuen Testament und seiner UmweltSomn. Philo, De somniisSpec. Philo, De specialibus legibusSPiB Scripta Pontificii instituti BibliciSSei Smithsonian Series in ethnographic inquiryStBiblit Studies in Biblical literature (lang)StdJ Studies on the texts from the desert of JudahStW Suhrkamp taschenbuch WissenschaftSubBi Subsidia Biblicasuf. suffixSunt Studien zur umwelt des neuen testamentst. levi testament of levit. yom. tevul yomtBn Themes in Biblical narrativeTDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. edited

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tg. Ps.-J. targum Pseudo-JonathanTh. TheodotionTim. Plutarch, TimoleonTJT Toronto Journal of TheologyTLOT Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament. edited by

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mark e. Biddle. 3 vols. Peabody, ma: hendrickson, 1997.

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neuen testamentWunt Wissenschaftliche untersuchungen zum neuen tes-

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eratureZAW Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche WissenschaftZBK Zürcher BibelkommentareZebah. ZebahimZecnt Zondervan exegetical commentary on the new

testamentZNT Zeitschrift für Neues TestamentZPE Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und EpigraphikZTK Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche

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