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Safe Drinking Water Safe Drinking Water What’s New?What’s New?
Spring, 2008Spring, 2008
Drinking Water ProgramDrinking Water ProgramOffice of Environmental Public HealthOffice of Environmental Public Health
Public Health DivisionPublic Health Division
Oregon Department of Human ServicesOregon Department of Human Services
TopicsTopics
Drinking water and public healthDrinking water and public health Public water systemsPublic water systems State/county drinking water State/county drinking water
programprogram EPA drinking water standardsEPA drinking water standards How safe is our drinking water?How safe is our drinking water? Emerging contaminantsEmerging contaminants
Drinking Water Matters!Drinking Water Matters!
Fundamental for healthFundamental for health
Fundamental for quality of lifeFundamental for quality of life
Fundamental for the economyFundamental for the economy
Fundamental for fire protectionFundamental for fire protection
Where Do Drinking Where Do Drinking Water Contaminants Water Contaminants Come From?Come From?
Pollution of the source of supply - Pollution of the source of supply - natural and people-causednatural and people-caused
Water treatment failureWater treatment failure Water treatment chemicalsWater treatment chemicals By-products of water treatmentBy-products of water treatment Water system materials, coatingsWater system materials, coatings Pipe breaks, leaks in storage tanksPipe breaks, leaks in storage tanks Cross connectionsCross connections Plumbing materialsPlumbing materials
Protecting Drinking Protecting Drinking Water from “Source to Water from “Source to
Tap”Tap” Source water selection/protectionSource water selection/protection Water treatmentWater treatment Distribution system protectionDistribution system protection Management and operations Management and operations
competencecompetence
Drinking Water – Who’s Drinking Water – Who’s Involved?Involved? Public Water SystemsPublic Water Systems
– PROVIDE safe waterPROVIDE safe water
State/County Public Health/Partner State/County Public Health/Partner AgenciesAgencies
– ASSURE health standards are metASSURE health standards are met
US EPAUS EPA
– SET standards to protect healthSET standards to protect health
Public Water System -Ground Water Source
Public Water System -Surface Water Source
Oregon Public Water Oregon Public Water Systems Systems
3,620 total public water systems
882
346
1471
921
Community (cities, mobilehome parks)
Semi-residential (schools,employers), nontransientnoncommunity
Transient (campgrounds,parks, restaurants, motels)
Very small systems (4-14connections, 10-24 people),ORS 448
Oregon Public Water Oregon Public Water Systems by SizeSystems by Size
91% of water systems serve fewer than 500 people
7%
91%
0%1%
1% More than 100,000people (4)10,001-100,000people (50)3,301-10,000people (54)501-3,300 people(260)10-500 people(3,252)
Oregon Population Oregon Population Served by Public Water Served by Public Water SystemsSystems
54 large water systems serve 70% of population
337,000
302,000 945,000
1,332,000
305,000
More than 100,000people (4 systems)10,001-100,000people (50)3,301-10,000people (54)501-3,300 people(260)10-500 people(3,252)
Basic Health Basic Health Responsibilities of Public Responsibilities of Public Water Systems Water Systems
Take water samplesTake water samples Report test results Report test results
and treatment dataand treatment data Take action when Take action when
standards not metstandards not met Notify public when Notify public when
standards not metstandards not met Notify public when Notify public when
tests not tests not done/reporteddone/reported
Keep recordsKeep records Maintain minimum Maintain minimum
20 psi pressure20 psi pressure Prepare/submit plansPrepare/submit plans Conduct cross Conduct cross
connection programconnection program Supervision by a Supervision by a
certified operatorcertified operator Respond to user Respond to user
complaintscomplaints
State Drinking Water State Drinking Water Authorities and RulesAuthorities and Rules
ORS 448 – Water SystemsORS 448 – Water Systems OAR 333-061 – Public Water OAR 333-061 – Public Water
SystemsSystems Primacy Agreement with USEPAPrimacy Agreement with USEPA
State/County Drinking State/County Drinking Water ProgramWater Program MissionMission - Assure Oregonians safe - Assure Oregonians safe
drinking waterdrinking water GoalsGoals
– Contamination of public water Contamination of public water systems is prevented or reduced, by systems is prevented or reduced, by protecting drinking water sources protecting drinking water sources and adequately treating waterand adequately treating water
– Water system personnel have Water system personnel have knowledge, skills, and abilities to knowledge, skills, and abilities to produce safe drinking waterproduce safe drinking water
Drinking WaterDrinking Water
GoalsGoals (continued) (continued)– Public water system facilities are Public water system facilities are
adequate to reliably and continuously adequate to reliably and continuously produce safe drinking waterproduce safe drinking water
– Water users are knowledgeable about Water users are knowledgeable about safe drinking water and support their safe drinking water and support their local water supplierlocal water supplier
– All safe drinking water standards are All safe drinking water standards are fully implemented and met by water fully implemented and met by water supplierssuppliers
Drinking Water Drinking Water Advisory Committee Advisory Committee MembersMembers Large water systemsLarge water systems Pacific NW water Pacific NW water
assoc.assoc. OR Assoc. of Water OR Assoc. of Water
UtilitiesUtilities Special districtsSpecial districts CitiesCities Private-owned Private-owned
systemssystems Certified labsCertified labs Engineering firmsEngineering firms
Local health officialsLocal health officials OR Environmental OR Environmental
Health Assoc.Health Assoc. League of Women League of Women
VotersVoters Environmental Environmental
groupsgroups Plumbers/backflow Plumbers/backflow
testerstesters Water consumersWater consumers Watershed councilsWatershed councils
Federal Drinking Federal Drinking Water Authorities and Water Authorities and RulesRules US Environmental Protection AgencyUS Environmental Protection Agency Safe Drinking Water Act Safe Drinking Water Act
– 19741974– 1986 amendments1986 amendments– 1996 amendments1996 amendments
Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR parts 141, 142, 143, 149)parts 141, 142, 143, 149)
USEPA FunctionsUSEPA Functions
Establish national drinking water standardsEstablish national drinking water standards Oversee and assist state Primacy programsOversee and assist state Primacy programs Administer grants and work plans of statesAdminister grants and work plans of states Directly oversee tribal water systemsDirectly oversee tribal water systems Directly implement federal drinking water Directly implement federal drinking water
rules until state applies for and receives rules until state applies for and receives PrimacyPrimacy
Which Contaminants Which Contaminants Does EPA Regulate?Does EPA Regulate? May have adverse effect on the health May have adverse effect on the health
of persons, andof persons, and Known or likely to occur in public Known or likely to occur in public
drinking water systems with drinking water systems with frequencies and levels of health frequencies and levels of health concern, andconcern, and
Regulation presents meaningful Regulation presents meaningful opportunity for health risk reduction opportunity for health risk reduction for persons served by public water for persons served by public water systemssystems
Setting Standards - Setting Standards - Health Effects MatterHealth Effects Matter
Acute effectsAcute effects – occur within hours or – occur within hours or days of the time that a person days of the time that a person consumes a contaminant at high consumes a contaminant at high levels. Example: acute gastrointestinal levels. Example: acute gastrointestinal illness.illness.
Chronic effectsChronic effects – occur after people – occur after people consume a contaminant at low levels consume a contaminant at low levels over many years. Examples: cancers, over many years. Examples: cancers, organ damageorgan damage
Setting Standards - Setting Standards - Exposure MattersExposure Matters
Long-term exposureLong-term exposure – same people daily – same people daily (communities, schools, workplaces):(communities, schools, workplaces):– Acute contaminants, andAcute contaminants, and– Chronic contaminantsChronic contaminants
Short-term exposureShort-term exposure – different people – different people daily (campgrounds, parks, motels, daily (campgrounds, parks, motels, restaurants):restaurants):– Acute contaminantsAcute contaminants
EPA bases drinking water exposure on 2 EPA bases drinking water exposure on 2 liters per dayliters per day
Forms of EPA Forms of EPA Drinking Water Drinking Water StandardsStandards Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG)Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) – –
no known or anticipated adverse health no known or anticipated adverse health effects, with margin of safetyeffects, with margin of safety
Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) – – enforceable standard set as close as enforceable standard set as close as feasible to MCLG considering technology, feasible to MCLG considering technology, treatment, cost, field conditionstreatment, cost, field conditions
Treatment Technique (TT)Treatment Technique (TT) – in lieu of MCL – in lieu of MCL when levels can’t be measuredwhen levels can’t be measured
Action Level (AL)Action Level (AL) – triggers action by water – triggers action by water suppliersupplier
EPA Regulations, EPA Regulations, TrendsTrends 1976: 22 regulated contaminants, 20 1976: 22 regulated contaminants, 20
pages of federal rulespages of federal rules 2005: 91 regulated contaminants, 280 2005: 91 regulated contaminants, 280
pages of federal rulespages of federal rules 2008: ___ pages of federal rules2008: ___ pages of federal rules Newer rules are highly complex, Newer rules are highly complex,
“targeted risk”“targeted risk”
91 Regulated Drinking 91 Regulated Drinking Water ContaminantsWater Contaminants 7 Microbials (bacteria, viruses, 7 Microbials (bacteria, viruses,
parasites)parasites) 7 Disinfection by-products 7 Disinfection by-products
(trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids)(trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids) 16 Inorganic chemicals (arsenic, nitrate, 16 Inorganic chemicals (arsenic, nitrate,
lead)lead) 56 Organic chemicals (solvents, 56 Organic chemicals (solvents,
pesticides)pesticides) 5 Radiologic contaminants (uranium)5 Radiologic contaminants (uranium)
Newest Newest EPA Standards EPA Standards (2005-07)(2005-07)
Parasitic microorganisms Parasitic microorganisms ((CryptosporidiumCryptosporidium in source waters) in source waters)
Disinfection by-products (distribution Disinfection by-products (distribution “hot spots”)“hot spots”)
Arsenic (increased protection)Arsenic (increased protection) Groundwater (viruses)Groundwater (viruses) Lead and Copper revisions (improve Lead and Copper revisions (improve
education)education)
Setting Future EPA Setting Future EPA StandardsStandards
Contaminant Candidate ListContaminant Candidate List Unregulated Contaminant MonitoringUnregulated Contaminant Monitoring National Contaminant Occurrence National Contaminant Occurrence
DatabaseDatabase Consider five contaminants every five Consider five contaminants every five
years, regulate or notyears, regulate or not
Contaminant Contaminant Candidate List 3 - 2008Candidate List 3 - 2008 7500 contaminants evaluated7500 contaminants evaluated 104 candidate contaminants listed:104 candidate contaminants listed:
– 11 microbials – waterborne pathogens11 microbials – waterborne pathogens– 93 chemicals93 chemicals
Commercial chemicalsCommercial chemicals Biological toxinsBiological toxins PesticidesPesticides Disinfection by-productsDisinfection by-products
How Safe Is Oregon’s How Safe Is Oregon’s Drinking Water?Drinking Water?
Safer than it was!Safer than it was!
Not as safe as it should Not as safe as it should bebe
Oregon Waterborne Oregon Waterborne Disease Outbreaks Disease Outbreaks (bacteria, viruses, parasites )(bacteria, viruses, parasites )
Total Cases, 26 Outbreaks-7,000 sickened (CDC)
6
32
15
024
68
1012
1416
1970s (federal Act)
1980s (StateAct, Primacy)
1990s (federalrevolving fund)
2000s (newEPA standards)
Decades
Num
ber
of O
utbr
eaks
What’s Accomplished What’s Accomplished in Oregon?in Oregon? Getting surface water sources filtered Getting surface water sources filtered
and disinfectedand disinfected Reducing Lead and copper at the tapReducing Lead and copper at the tap Identifying and reducing inorganicsIdentifying and reducing inorganics Identifying and reducing organicsIdentifying and reducing organics
Unfiltered Water Unfiltered Water Systems Systems (1988-2004)(1988-2004)
Filtration Deadline - 1993
020406080
100120
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
Num
ber
of w
ater
sys
tem
s to
fil
ter
Community Noncommunity
Lead at the Tap Lead at the Tap (1992-2005)(1992-2005)
Lead Rule Deadline - 2000
01020304050607080
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Year
Num
ber
of L
ead
Act
ion
Lev
el E
xcee
denc
es
Top 3 InorganicsTop 3 Inorganics
Contaminant Contaminant (MCL, mg/l)(MCL, mg/l)
No. of No. of detectiondetectionss
No. of water No. of water systemssystems
Low-High Low-High ConcentratioConcentration mg/ln mg/l
Nitrate (10)Nitrate (10) 20702070 436436 3-28.53-28.5
Arsenic (0.010)Arsenic (0.010) 397397 194194 0.010-0.4110.010-0.411
Fluoride (4)Fluoride (4) 2222 1515 2.4-5.92.4-5.9
Top 3 Volatile OrganicsTop 3 Volatile Organics(75 water systems with detections)(75 water systems with detections)
Contaminant (MCL, Contaminant (MCL, mg/l)mg/l)
No. of No. of detectiondetectionss
No. of No. of water water systemssystems
Low-High Low-High ConcentratioConcentration mg/ln mg/l
TetrachloroethylenTetrachloroethylene (0.005)e (0.005)
9999 2121 >0-0.0177>0-0.0177
Xylenes (10)Xylenes (10) 4040 2222 >0-1.86>0-1.86
Toluene (1)Toluene (1) 2626 2525 >0-0.0548>0-0.0548
Top 3 Synthetic Top 3 Synthetic OrganicsOrganics(53 water systems with detections)(53 water systems with detections)
Contaminant Contaminant (MCL, mg/l)(MCL, mg/l)
No. of No. of detectiondetectionss
No. of water No. of water systemssystems
Low-High Low-High ConcentratioConcentration mg/ln mg/l
Phthlalate Phthlalate (0.006)(0.006)
3939 3333 >0-0.25>0-0.25
Ethylene Ethylene Dibromide Dibromide (0.00005)(0.00005)
88 22 >0-0.0016>0-0.0016
PentachlorophePentachlorophenol (0.001)nol (0.001)
77 77 >0-0.0007>0-0.0007
Oregon Drinking Water Oregon Drinking Water Benchmark (#69)Benchmark (#69) Establish goals for safe drinking water Establish goals for safe drinking water
and track/report progress annually to and track/report progress annually to Oregon Progress Board, legislature, Oregon Progress Board, legislature, publicpublic
Two-part benchmark:Two-part benchmark:– PopulationPopulation– Water systemsWater systems
Ties directly to EPA national measures Ties directly to EPA national measures and goals, and allows state-by-state and goals, and allows state-by-state comparisonscomparisons
Benchmark - PopulationBenchmark - Population
% of Oregonians served by community water systems that meet health-based
standards throughout the year
020406080
100
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2011
goal
Perc
ent
Benchmark – Water Benchmark – Water SystemsSystems
% of Oregon community water systems that meet health-based standards
throughout the year
020406080
100
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2011
goal
Perc
ent
What Threats Remain?What Threats Remain?
Chronic diseasesChronic diseases – from long-term exposure to chemicals from long-term exposure to chemicals – increased potential as population grows?increased potential as population grows?
Smaller systemsSmaller systems – don’t reliably meet all health standards all don’t reliably meet all health standards all
the timethe time– increased potential as population grows?increased potential as population grows?
Very small systemsVery small systems– no assistance from state or local programs no assistance from state or local programs
for yearsfor years– increased potential as population grows?increased potential as population grows?
What Threats Remain?What Threats Remain?
Current standardsCurrent standards– Not yet fully implementedNot yet fully implemented
Future standardsFuture standards– Need to implementNeed to implement
Emerging contaminantsEmerging contaminants– Occurrence?Occurrence?– Significance?Significance?
Adding State/County Adding State/County Public Health Capacity Public Health Capacity (2007)(2007)
Approved current fees raised in 2006Approved current fees raised in 2006 Increased general funding,Increased general funding, Authorized sanitary survey inspection Authorized sanitary survey inspection
fee, fee, andand Established statutory Drinking Water Established statutory Drinking Water
Advisory CommitteeAdvisory Committee
The Fully Capable The Fully Capable Program Program
Adopts and implements all EPA rulesAdopts and implements all EPA rules Conducts effective and timely oversight Conducts effective and timely oversight
of all public water systems:of all public water systems:– Large and smallLarge and small– EPA and non-EPAEPA and non-EPA
Addresses and prevents significant Addresses and prevents significant noncompliancenoncompliance
Performs timely sanitary surveys and Performs timely sanitary surveys and assures deficiencies are correctedassures deficiencies are corrected
Assures timely, accurate, and complete Assures timely, accurate, and complete water system datawater system data
Capacity Building Completed Capacity Building Completed ––Setting UpSetting Up
2007-09 legislatively approved budget2007-09 legislatively approved budget Amended county/ag intergovernmental Amended county/ag intergovernmental
agreements for drinking wateragreements for drinking water Adopted sanitary survey inspection feeAdopted sanitary survey inspection fee Revised Oregon Drinking Water Revised Oregon Drinking Water
Benchmark Benchmark Received 2-year Primacy extension from Received 2-year Primacy extension from
EPA for new rulesEPA for new rules
Capacity Building Capacity Building Underway - WorkforceUnderway - Workforce
Organization revisionOrganization revision Unit manager developmental Unit manager developmental
assignmentsassignments Lead worker assignmentsLead worker assignments Recruitment – 11 new FTERecruitment – 11 new FTE Initial state/county staff training Initial state/county staff training
(April and beyond)(April and beyond)
Capacity Building Capacity Building Remaining - By July 09Remaining - By July 09
Adopt EPA rules and apply for Adopt EPA rules and apply for Primacy:Primacy:– Long-term 2 surface water treatment ruleLong-term 2 surface water treatment rule– Stage 2 disinfection by-products ruleStage 2 disinfection by-products rule– Ground water ruleGround water rule
HB 3469 (2007) – Treatment HB 3469 (2007) – Treatment technique variance ruletechnique variance rule
Remaining Drinking Water Remaining Drinking Water Concerns and Issues Concerns and Issues (2009)(2009)
Private wells (arsenic)Private wells (arsenic) Monitoring Oregon’s surface and ground Monitoring Oregon’s surface and ground
waters for potential contaminants waters for potential contaminants identified in drinking water source identified in drinking water source assessments (pilot with DEQ)assessments (pilot with DEQ)– PesticidesPesticides– PharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals
Flooding and landslides (2007 winter Flooding and landslides (2007 winter storm)storm)
Growth and development outside urban Growth and development outside urban areasareas
Pharmaceuticals in Pharmaceuticals in Drinking Water!Drinking Water!
AP survey of 62 large water providers AP survey of 62 large water providers and independent researchersand independent researchers– Pharmaceuticals in 24 systems, serving Pharmaceuticals in 24 systems, serving
~41 million people~41 million people– Antibiotics, anti-convulsants, mood Antibiotics, anti-convulsants, mood
stabilizers and sex hormonesstabilizers and sex hormones– Detections at very low levels (ppb-ppt)Detections at very low levels (ppb-ppt)
Most detections occur, or are at higher Most detections occur, or are at higher levels, downstream from wastewater levels, downstream from wastewater treatment plantstreatment plants
Portland Drinking Portland Drinking Water SourcesWater Sources
Pharmaceuticals and Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products Personal Care Products (PPCPs)(PPCPs)
Thousands of diverse chemical Thousands of diverse chemical compounds: used by people, pets, and compounds: used by people, pets, and livestocklivestock
Virtually constant loading into the Virtually constant loading into the environmentenvironment
Prescription drug use has increased by Prescription drug use has increased by ~12% since 2003~12% since 2003
Pharmaceuticals and Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products Personal Care Products (PPCPs)(PPCPs)
Includes prescription and over-the-Includes prescription and over-the-counter substancescounter substances– Antibiotics, steroids, synthetic Antibiotics, steroids, synthetic
hormoneshormones– Therapeutic drugs, herbal remediesTherapeutic drugs, herbal remedies– Cosmetics, fragrances, shampoos, sun Cosmetics, fragrances, shampoos, sun
screen additivesscreen additives– Veterinary drugsVeterinary drugs– Feed additives Feed additives
Source of PPCPsSource of PPCPs
Agriculture: Animal Agriculture: Animal waste, feed waste, feed supplementssupplements
Veterinary drug use, Veterinary drug use, especially antibiotics especially antibiotics and steroidsand steroids
Wastewater Wastewater Treatment Facilities Treatment Facilities
Land application of Land application of sludgesludge
PPCPs Not Fully PPCPs Not Fully Metabolized by the Metabolized by the BodyBody
Discarding unused drugs and personal care products down the toilet is a common but poor disposal method.
This drawing shows the pathway between homes and septic or municipal sewage facilities.
Disposal of Drugs -Disposal of Drugs -Federal GuidelinesFederal Guidelines•Take unused, unneeded, or expired prescription drugs out of their original containers and throw them in the trash.•Mixing prescription drugs with an undesirable substance, such as used coffee grounds or kitty litter, and putting them in impermeable, non-descript containers, such as empty cans or sealable bags, will further ensure the drugs are not diverted.•Drug take-back programs!!!!
USGS Reconnaissance USGS Reconnaissance Study 1999-2000: 139 Study 1999-2000: 139 StreamsStreams
PPCPs in 1999-2000 PPCPs in 1999-2000 Reconnaissance StudyReconnaissance Study
Surface Water Surface Water (139)(139)
Groundwater Groundwater (47)(47)
Drinking Drinking WaterWater
(74)(74)
Non-DrugsNon-Drugs 81%81% 15%15% 64%64%
AntibioticsAntibiotics 48%48% 26%26% 26%26%
PharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals 32%32% 6%6% 23%23%
MetabolitesMetabolites 69%69% 43%43% 19%19%
DEETDEET 74%74% 35%35% 19%19%
CaffeineCaffeine 71%71% 11%11% 54%54%
Treatment Treatment EffectivenessEffectiveness
Major source is from wastewater Major source is from wastewater treatment plant effluent discharged to treatment plant effluent discharged to surface watersurface water
Surface water treatment, study evaluatedSurface water treatment, study evaluated– Conventional/Direct filtrationConventional/Direct filtration– Slow sandSlow sand– Variety of coagulants/conditionersVariety of coagulants/conditioners
Limited ability to remove these chemicalsLimited ability to remove these chemicals
Ranking of Treatment Ranking of Treatment Methods Removal of Methods Removal of PPCPsPPCPs1.1. Reverse Osmosis (RO)Reverse Osmosis (RO)2.2. NanofiltrationNanofiltration3.3. Advanced Oxidation (AOP)Advanced Oxidation (AOP)4.4. Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)5.5. OzoneOzone6.6. ChlorineChlorine7.7. Micro/UltrafiltrationMicro/Ultrafiltration8.8. UVUV
Pesticides and PPCPs in Pesticides and PPCPs in Drinking WaterDrinking Water
Concentrations of many of these Concentrations of many of these chemicals are very low, in the ng to ug chemicals are very low, in the ng to ug rangerange
Generally more than one contaminant Generally more than one contaminant in any given water sourcein any given water source
Human health impacts at these low Human health impacts at these low concentrations unknown but probably concentrations unknown but probably lowlow
Studies lacking however, and possible Studies lacking however, and possible health impacts of additive or health impacts of additive or synergistic effects uncertainsynergistic effects uncertain
Pesticides and PPCPs in Pesticides and PPCPs in Drinking WaterDrinking Water
Regulation of these chemicals via the Regulation of these chemicals via the SDWA in the near future?SDWA in the near future?
Impact on aquatic organisms higher Impact on aquatic organisms higher because of constant exposurebecause of constant exposure
Conventional treatment is not an Conventional treatment is not an effective barrier for these compoundseffective barrier for these compounds
For More Information!For More Information!
971-673-0405971-673-0405
oregon.gov/dhs/ph/dwporegon.gov/dhs/ph/dwp